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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Nursing
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STM JOURNALS

1. An Indian Perspective of Needs and Problems Faced by the Family Caregivers of Mentally
Challenged Children: A Review Article
M. Vijayarani, G. Balamurgan 1
2. Mental Health Problems Related to Memory Loss among Senior Citizens
Harpreet Kaur, Priyanka Dogra, Kanika 6
3. Treatment Approaches in Intracranial Hypertension: A Review
Vijay V.R., Jaison Joseph 10
4. Factors Associated with Nursing Student's Intention to Leave Own Country
Bharat Pareek, Jyoti Mahajan, Gurchetan Kaur 20
5. Nonrandomized Trial on Assertive Training Module among Nursing Students
Poonam Devi, Bharat Pareek, N. Sujata 26
6. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Awareness Regarding Preconception Care among
Married Women Planning for Pregnancy with a view to Conduct Health Teaching
Programme in Selected Rural Areas of Ahmedabad District
Vandana Chauhan 33
7. A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Married Women Regarding Prevention of Lower
Reproductive Tract Infection at Bettahalsur, Bangalore
Hetal Patel 37
8. A Descriptive Study on Prevalence of Health Problems, their Treatment-Seeking Behavior and Preventive
Measures among Selected Class C Employees of PGIMER, Chandigarh, 2015–2016
Sandhya Ghai, Mahesh Devnani, Neena Vir Singh, Suresh Kumar Bamania, Amardeep Kaur,
Harpreet Kaur, Kirti Thakur, Navneet Kaur, Pushpreet Kaur, Shivani Thakur 40
9. A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Adolescent Girls in a
Selected College of New Delhi
Sarita Ahwal 57
10.Nonpharmacological Methods Used in the Management of Pain Caused by
Peripheral Intravenous Catheters
Dilek Yılmaz, Yurdanur Dikmen 61
ContentsJournal of Nursing Science & Practice

JoNSP (2016) 1-5 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
An Indian Perspective of Needs and Problems Faced by
the Family Caregivers of Mentally Challenged Children:
A Review Article
M. Vijayarani1,
*, G. Balamurgan2
1
Department of Mental Health Nursing, ESIC College of Nursing, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
2
Department of Mental Health Nursing, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education and Research,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
In India, the prevalence of mental retardation varies from 0.22 to 32.7 per thousand
populations. The needs expressed by families of mentally challenged children are different
from person to person and family to family. Basic needs are food, shelter and clothes. The
most pertinent areas where parents need to have support and guidance are relieving them
from a stressful situation, ensuring family stability, managing child’s maladaptive behaviour
placement options and future planning for their mentally challenged child [1]. The present
article throws light on the needs and problems faced by the family caregivers of mentally
challenged children from the Indian perspective.
Keywords: Mental retardation, child, challenges, parents, family, prevalence
INTRODUCTION
In India, the prevalence of mental retardation
varies from 0.22 to 32.7 per thousand
populations. Becoming a parent of a mentally
challenged child is not a choice of parents but
it is forced upon them. Therefore, the birth of a
mentally challenged child is a shock for them
and they undergo hostile stage like shock,
denial and anger before accepting the child.
Therefore, they have special needs and extra
requirement for child and family for the
complete development of the child. Therefore,
they require more support and help for various
needs as per their requirement. Mentally
challenged children are more and more
dependent on their family caregivers and
particularly on parents. Needs have been
defined as the basic requirements expressed by
an individual for survival [1].
Review on Needs and Problems Faced by
Family Caregivers of Mentally Challenged
Children
The needs expressed by families of mentally
challenged children are different from person
to person and family to family. Basic needs are
food, shelter and clothes [1]. The most
pertinent areas where parents need to have
support and guidance are relieving them from
a stressful situation, ensuring family stability,
managing child’s maladaptive behaviour,
placement options and future planning for
their mentally challenged child [1, 2].
Individual or families of mentally challenged
expressed their needs such as are social
support, informative needs [1–3], financial
needs, childcare needs, and professional
support and community services.
Informative needs are about mentally
challenged children’s condition, about
handling their behaviour, about how to teach
such children, how to play or talk with them
and their development [1, 2]. Mentally
challenged children in families show negative
and positive impact on family and family’s
demand for some specific needs [1, 3].
Singh et al. found a negative impact (25.26%)
which included difficulties in meeting extra
demands for physical care of the child,
experiencing health-related problems, making
career adjustments, experiencing loss of
support from the spouses, etc. [1, 3]. Also

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Mental Health Problems Related to Memory Loss among
Senior Citizens
Harpreet Kaur1,
*, Priyanka Dogra2
, Kanika1
1
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Gian Sagar College of Nursing, Punjab, India
2
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Netaji Subhash College of Nursing, Himachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
Memory refers to a special ability of our mind to conserve or retain what has been previously
experienced or acquired through hearing and then at some later stage enable us to make use
of it by its reproduction or revival. Memory begins to deteriorate with ageing due to
destruction of body tissues and degeneration of brain cells and is referred to as memory loss.
Memory loss gives rise to many mental health problems which affects the day-to-day life
activities of the senior citizens. The study aimed to explore the mental health problems related
to memory loss among senior citizens. Ninety senior citizens were selected by purposive
sampling technique. The data was collected from the selected senior citizens by using memory
loss rating scale and questionnaire on mental health problems. The results of the study
revealed that 25.6% of senior citizens had mild memory loss and 11.1% had moderate
memory loss. 65.2% behaviour changes, 52.3% personality changes, 71.2% denial, 39.4%
confusion, 61.4% anxiety, 18.2% suicidal tendencies, 12% problems with abstract thinking
and 37.9% decreased judgement were found among 33 senior citizens with memory loss. It
was concluded that majority of senior citizens who had memory loss had mental health
problems also including behaviour changes, personality changes, denial, confusion, anxiety,
suicidal tendencies, problem with abstract thinking and decreased judgment.
Keywords: Mental health problems, memory loss, senior citizens
INTRODUCTION
Memory is the process of maintaining
information over time. It is a complex process,
which involves learning, retention, recall and
recognition. Memory plays a very important
role in our learning and psychological growth.
Through memory of our past experiences, we
handle new situations; it helps us in our
relearning, problem solving and thinking [1].
Aging is the accumulation of changes in a
person over time. Aging in humans refers to a
multidimensional process of physical,
psychological and social change. Some
dimensions of ageing grow and expand over
time, while others decline. Life experiences
increase while there is decline in the cognitive
levels and functional ability. There is also
decrease in the level of memory [2].
Memory loss is an unusual forgetfulness in
which person may not be able to remember new
events, recall one or more memories of the past,
or both. Memory loss is a common complaint in
the primary care setting among the senior
citizens. Memory loss is caused by progressive,
irreversible degeneration and atrophy of the
cerebral cortex and results in mental
deterioration, usually over several years and
there is a gradual impairment in memory [3].
Some things that can cause memory problems
are bad reactions to certain medications,
depression, dehydration (insufficient amount
of fluids in the body), poor diet (insufficient
vitamins and minerals), minor head injuries,
and thyroid problems, Parkinson disease,
multiple sclerosis, etc. [4]. In old age, the
feeling like being neglected or disrespect may
develop which may lead to emotional
problems like sadness, loneliness, worrying, or
boredom which can cause confusion and
forgetfulness [5]. Normal aging is associated
with a decline in various memory abilities in
many cognitive tasks. As we age, our brain's
memory retrieval system slows down, making
it sometimes difficult to remember things as

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Treatment Approaches in Intracranial
Hypertension: A Review
Vijay V.R.1
, Jaison Joseph2,
*
1
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical
Sciences, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post
Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Abstract
Intracranial hypertension is considered, when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases above
20 mmHg for a period of more than 5 min. A persistent rise in ICP produces compression
effect over cerebral vasculature and reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral
perfusion pressure (CPP). It results in brain stem compression and herniation, if left
untreated. A systematic assessment of clinical status, serial and continuous monitoring of vital
parameters and evidence based therapeutic regimen are required for the care of patient with
intracranial hypertension. The treatment guidelines and practices related to the management
of intracranial hypertension were identified through electronic databases: Medline and
Cochrane library. Conservative interventions and surgical interventions are used when the
clinical condition demands. Conservative interventions include osmotic therapy, analgesia,
sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents, barbiturates, anti-seizure therapy and steroids.
Head end elevation (15 to 30°), optimal hyperventilation, moderate hypothermia, avoidance
of stimulations, fluid and electrolyte balance are some of the adjunct management strategies
of ICP. CSF drainage, evacuation of mass lesion and decompressive craniectomy are the
surgical interventions. Moreover, the success of ICP management depends on the control of
ICP<20 mmHg (or age appropriate) and a CPP>50 (or age appropriate), as well as
prevention of hypoxia and hypotension.
Keywords: Increased ICP, ICP monitoring, ICP management
INTRODUCTION
Intracranial pressure is defined as the total
pressure exerted by the brain, blood, and CSF
in the intracranial vault. Brain tissue, blood and
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the three
intracranial constituents responsible for intra
cranial pressure. Normal ICP varies with age
as: 5–15 mmHg for adults and older children;
3–7 mmHg for younger children; 1.5–6 mmHg
for term infants and sub atmospheric for
neonates [1, 2]. Intracranial hypertension in
adult can be defined as an ICP above 20 mmHg
for more than 5 min. Increased intracranial
pressure (ICP) or intracranial hypertension is a
common medical emergency associated with
both neurological and non-neurological
disorders which demands early and prompt
interventions. An ICP value of 20 to 30 mmHg
represents mild intracranial hypertension. A
sustained ICP of greater than 40 mmHg
indicates severe and life-threatening intracranial
hypertension. Patients with ICP value greater
than 20 to 25 mmHg require treatment in most
circumstances. Increased ICP associated
complications such as brain stem herniation and
cerebral ischemia result in permanent
neurological dysfunction or death [3].
CAUSES
Increased ICP or intracranial hypertension may
have a variety of etiologies. Based on the
Monro-Kellie doctrine (Table 1), increase of
any one of the three components (brain, blood
or CSF) may elevate ICP. Causes can occur
either solely or as combination [4]. ICP
normally increases with activities such as
suctioning, painful stimuli, coughing and other
Valsalva maneuvers.

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Factors Associated with Nursing Student’s Intention to
Leave Own Country
Bharat Pareek1,
*, Jyoti Mahajan2
, Gurchetan Kaur3
1
Vice Principal, Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India
1
National Consortium for PhD in Nursing, New Delhi, India
2
Staff Nurse, Medanta the Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
3
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India
Abstract
The worldwide migration of nursing professionals from low income countries to rich ones is
very common as nurses fill the large number of vacancies in upper income country. A study
was conducted to explore the various reasons (factors) associated with nursing students’
intention to leave own country. Data was collected from undergraduate nursing students,
GNM, post basic and B.Sc., of Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab. Findings revealed that
63.23% of study participants would like to start their professional career abroad with a mean
and SD score of associated reasons were 7.5±1.5 respectively. The most common reasons
(factors) associated with nursing students’ intention to leave own country reported by the
nursing students were better placement, money attraction, better career opportunities, job
problems in India, poor status of nurses in India, job security in abroad, for higher education,
corruption in nursing, family already settled in abroad, and want to marry with NRI. The
study concluded that majority of the nursing students intend to start their professional career
in developed countries for number of reasons which indicate high probability of brain drain
among Indian professional nurses.
Keywords: Brain drain, nursing student, nurse student, Punjab
INTRODUCTION
Brain drain is a major concern of developing
countries, especially in India. A recent study
conducted by Indian institute of management,
Bangalore shows that the students going for
higher studies abroad has increased by 256%
in the last 10 years, when 53,000 Indian
students went for higher studies in 2000,
whereas it raised to 1.9 lakh in 2010 [1].
Punjabis are now established migrant
community whose migration roots can be
traced back nearly 150 years. Total migration
of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims, is estimated at
anywhere between 2 and 2.5 million but no
precise estimates are available [2]. Nurses in
low-income countries are migrating to
wealthier countries in search of better salaries,
improved working conditions, and more
opportunities for further training, resulting in a
"brain drains". The predicted additional
nurses’ requirements of the developed world
are large enough to deplete the supply of
qualified nurses throughout the developing
world [3].
Estimates suggest 25,000 trained nurses across
India leave every year for better paying jobs.
Even the centre's notification of April 2015
banning private agencies from recruiting
nurses for overseas jobs failed to make a
significant impact in Maharashtra. The order
has hit even traditional hubs like Kerala,
which saw over a 60% decline in international
placements last year (TOI May 9, 2016) [3].
While there are numerous studies, these
studies have primarily focused on the views of
and the push/pull factors affecting nurses
already in practice. Push factors for health
workers include poor remuneration and
conditions of service, civil unrest, lack of
opportunities for postgraduate training,
feelings of lack of respect/value placed in
health workers by country/system, and
concern about poor governance and

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Nonrandomized Trial on Assertive Training Module
among Nursing Students
Poonam Devi*, Bharat Pareek, N. Sujata
Student, Department of Psychiatric Nursing. Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India
Vice Principal, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India
Abstract
Assertiveness is an important behavior for today’s professional nurse. As nurses move away
from traditional subservient roles and perceived stereotypes it increases a nurse’s needs to
behave in assertive manner. Time series non-equivalent control (quasi experimental) group
design was adopted to determine the effectiveness of assertiveness training module among
under graduate nursing students from Punjab. Assertiveness training module was developed.
Baseline assertiveness level of study participants was assessed with Rathus assertiveness
scale. Assertiveness training was given for subjects in experimental group. Participants in
control group were used as counterfactual with waitlist intervention. Post-test assessment of
assertiveness level of both the groups was done immediately after last training session and
thereafter on 15th and 30th day. Subjects in experimental and control group were found
homogenous at baseline (p>0.05). Test of significance revealed significant difference of mean
assertiveness score between subjects in experimental and control group (P<0.05), whereas an
estimated odd ratio for the intervention group was 0.044. The study concluded that the
assertiveness training module was effective in building assertive behavior among nursing
students, whereas estimated odds which continued to be non-assertive are 23 times higher
among non-assertive subjects who did not get the intervention as among those who do.
Keywords: Assertiveness training, program, assertive training module, assertiveness assertive
behavior, nursing students
INTRODUCTION
In everyday life situation and interaction,
individuals develop patterns of responding to
others. Some of these patterns include:
watching other people, being positively
reinforced or punished for a better way to
respond, not developing the proper skills for a
better response and consciously choosing a
response style. The four types of response
pattern are: Non-assertive, assertive, aggressive,
and passive-aggressive to control and deal with
our life in this present world of stress. We have
to act in our best interests, stand up for
ourselves without undue anxiety, express
honest feelings comfortably, and exercise
personal rights without denying the rights of
others.
This behavior is called assertive behavior
whereas assertiveness is a core human behavior
and is key to interpersonal relationships [1].
There are four response categories involved in
assertive behavior, namely: the ability to
initiate, continue and successfully terminate
conversations, the ability to say ‘no’; the ability
to make requests or ask for favors, and the
ability to express positive and negative feelings.
Individuals who are not assertive do not
respond in everyday interactions, and thus lack
in spontaneity. Non-assertive individuals with
expressive inhibitions lead unhappy lives. They
generally experience a sense of emptiness and a
feeling of dissatisfaction. Researchers have
identified and specified verbal behavior that
differentiates between assertive and non-
assertive persons.
Assertiveness is an important behavior for
today’s professional nurse. As nurses move
away from traditional subservient roles and
perceived stereotypes, it is increasingly being
recognized that a nurse needs to behave in
assertive manner. Assertiveness is necessary for

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Awareness
Regarding Preconception Care among Married
Women Planning for Pregnancy with a view to
Conduct Health Teaching Programme in Selected
Rural Areas of Ahmedabad District
Vandana Chauhan*
Department of Obstetric Nursing, Ahmedabad Institute of Nursing Science, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat, India
Abstract
A study to assess the awareness of women regarding preconception care among married
women planning for pregnancy in selected rural areas of Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India.
Non-experimental approach was used with descriptive research design. The investigator used
multistage simple random sampling technique for selecting 200 samples. A structured
knowledge questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of the samples. Structured
knowledge questionnaires consisted of total 30 items such as diet, folic acid supplementation,
smoking and alcohol, immunization and drugs, body weight, genetic counseling and other
tests, contraception and birth spacing. The mean knowledge score was 10.70 (35.66%). The
result suggested that there is a poor awareness regarding preconception care among married
women.
Keywords: Contraception, pregnancy, fetal development, health, women
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is the most beautiful phase in a
women’s life. It brings about emotional and
physiological changes as well as poses extra
demands on the body to give birth to a new
baby. It is important to change habits before
getting pregnant. The first few weeks of
pregnancy are most important. In terms of
fetal development, during which all major
organs are forming in the baby. Preconception
care allows a woman to be informed about
pregnancy issues, risk of pregnancy to mother
and fetus as well as education about its
dangers and appropriate interventions.
The term “preconception care” can be defined
as optimizing health prior to attempting
conception in the hope that a couple will
conceive easily and attain a healthy pregnancy
and birth [1]. Many women, however, are
unaware of how their health before conception
may influence their risk of having an adverse
outcome of pregnancy. There is perhaps a
greater need for preconception care because of
high mortality rate, high morbidity rate,
inadequate diet, a polluted environment, and
our often stressful lifestyles. Many women
first consult their doctor or obstetrician only at
around 9–10 weeks of pregnancy, which fails
to target the women in the very early stage of
pregnancy and embryo development [2].
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the awareness regarding
preconception care among married
women in selected rural areas of
Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India.
2. To find out the association between
pretest knowledge score of the samples
with selected demographic variables.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature helps the researcher to
analyze what is known about the topic and to
describe methods of inquiry used in earlier
works including the success and shortcomings
(Basavanthappa, 2007). It gives a broad
understanding of the problem.

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Married
Women Regarding Prevention of Lower Reproductive
Tract Infection at Bettahalsur, Bangalore
Hetal Patel*
Department of Obstetric Nursing, Ahmedabad Institute of Nursing Science, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat, India
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of married women regarding
prevention of lower reproductive tract infection at Bettahalsur, Bangalore, India. A total of
100 married women were selected for the study in the age group of 20–45 years by
convenience sampling technique. The knowledge questionnaire consisted of 30 items and
practise checklist consisted of 10 items. The result suggested that majority of married women
had inadequate knowledge (93%) and practices (95%) towards prevention of lower
reproductive tract infection.
Keywords: Reproductive tract infection, prevention, STD, complications, inflammation
INTRODUCTION
Reproductive tract infections are being
increasingly recognized as a serious global
health problem with impact on individual
women and men. Serious long-term
complications as a sequel to sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) in women, men,
and newborns are well-documented. The
presence of an STD, particularly ulcer-causing
STDs, can enhance the acquisition and
transmission of HIV. Efforts are being made
globally to prevent, detect and treat adequately
all reproductive tract infections. Pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID) can develop and
cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy and
chronic pain. Global observation showed that
most of the women (62%) aged between 15
and 45 years suffered with at least one or other
reproductive tract infection. Most of the
infections found among the women were
cervicitis, vaginitis with purulent vaginal
discharge. Recently, it has been shown that
certain infections can increase the chances of
HIV transmission [1]. Basic elements of
reproductive health care of the World Health
Organization (WHO) are responsible
reproductive and sexual behaviour, widely
available family planning services, effective
maternal care and safe motherhood, effective
control of reproductive tract infection,
prevention and management of infertility, and
elimination of unsafe abortion and treatment
of malignancies of reproductive organs [2].
OBJECTIVES
This study endeavoured to:
1. Assess the knowledge and practice
regarding prevention of lower
reproductive tract infection among
married women.
2. Find the relationship between knowledge
and practice of married women regarding
prevention of lower reproductive tract
infection.
Find the association between knowledge3.
regarding prevention of lower
reproductive tract infection of married
women and selected demographic
variables.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is based on an extensive
survey of books, journals and international
nursing indices. It provides basis for selection
and formulation of the problem, justifies the
need for the study, develops the proper
conceptual model for the study, throws light
on the feasibility of the study, provides

ISSN: 2249-4758(online), ISSN: 2348-957X (print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Descriptive Study on Prevalence of Health Problems,
their Treatment-Seeking Behavior and Preventive
Measures among Selected Class C Employees of PGIMER,
Chandigarh, 2015–2016
Sandhya Ghai1
, Mahesh Devnani2
, Neena Vir Singh1
, Suresh Kumar Bamania1,*,
Amardeep Kaur1
, Harpreet Kaur1
, Kirti Thakur1
, Navneet Kaur1
, Pushpreet Kaur1
,
Shivani Thakur1
1
National Institute of Nursing Education, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research, Chandigarh, India
2
Department of Administration, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research,
Chandigarh, India
Abstract
Health is the state of wellbeing that people define in relation to their own values, personality
and lifestyle. Thus, there should be awareness regarding prevalent diseases, common health
problems and their treatment. Prevalence refers to the total number of individuals in a
population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time, usually
expressed as a percentage of the population. Treatment-seeking behaviour refers to "sequence
of remedial actions that individuals undertake to rectify perceived health" and preventive
measures are referred to as doing something good to minimise and reduce level of illnesses or
problems. A descriptive quantitative research design was used to conduct the study to assess
the prevalence of health problems, their treatment-seeking behavior and preventive measures
among class C employees of PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Systemic random sampling
technique was utilized for this study. A structured questionnaire and biophysical assessment
was used for data collection. Total 150 study participants were assessed. Majority (36.6%) of
them were in the age group of 20–30 years, where male subjects were 65.3%. Contraceptives
were used by majority (85.30%) of people and 78% were aware about the routes of HIV
transmission. About 72.70% did not know much about vaccination and were not vaccinated
for hepatitis B. Out of 29 reproductively active women, 23 had regular menstrual flow. Only
31.25% of total women participants performed breast self-examination. A total of 69.30% of
the participants had normal BMI; 63.33% of participants exercised regularly, and 53.69% of
them exercised for an average duration of 20 min. About 97.34% participants have sitting
hours of 5–8 h per day. Twelve percent of participants were previously diagnosed with
hypertension, 25.35% participants suffered from backache, and eye problems were prevalent
in 50.70% population. In relation to their treatment-seeking behaviour, administration of self-
medication of allopathic medicine was by 66% of the participants and 58.7% received benefits
from the other modalities (Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Yoga etc.). About 24% participants were
very much influenced by advertisements, treatment methods and healthcare centres in their
decision making hence media plays a very important role in health promotion. The treatment-
seeking behavior was average and preventive measures taken were also average; so still there
is need to create awareness regarding better lifestyle, good dietary pattern and health
practices.
Keywords: Health problems, treatment-seeking behaviour, preventive measures
INTRODUCTION
Each person has a personal concept of health.
Pender et al. (2006) defined health as the
actualization of inherent and acquired human
potential through goal-directed behaviour,
competent self-care and satisfying
relationships with others while adjustment are
made as needed to maintain structural integrity

ISSN: 2249-4758(online), ISSN: 2348-957X (print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Prevalence of Iron
Deficiency Anemia among Adolescent Girls in a Selected
College of New Delhi
Sarita Ahwal*
Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New
Delhi, India
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge and prevalence of iron deficiency
anemia among adolescent girls in a selected college of New Delhi, India. Using quantitative
approach, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescent girls in the age group of
15–19 years. Using convenient sampling, 100 adolescent girls were selected. Data were
collected using subject information sheet, knowledge assessment questionnaire, and
Hemocheck to measure hemoglobin (Hb) level. Anemia, i.e., Hb <12 g/dl was found in 70% of
the study samples. However, majority of the adolescent girls had average-to-good level of
knowledge. Despite having knowledge about anemia, majority of the adolescent girls suffer
with anemia.
Keywords: Prevalence of anemia, adolescent girls, iron deficiency anemia, knowledge of
anemia, hemoglobin
INTRODUCTION
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common
type of nutritional anemia, which results from
long-term negative iron balance and is
responsible for approximately 50% of all
anemia [1]. In India, it poses a huge burden on
health. Iron deficiency anemia was the leading
cause of years lived with disability among
children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95%
UI, 618–621) million in the year 2013 [2]. As
documented by various studies, in India, 60–
90% of adolescent suffer from anemia [3].
Girls in the period of later school age and early
adolescence are prone to develop iron
deficiency. Adolescence is a phase of rapid
growth and development during which
physical, physiological, and behavioral
changes occur. They constitute more than 1.2
billion worldwide and about 21% of Indian
population [4]. In this period, more nutritious
and healthy diet is required. Accelerated
development, hormonal changes, malnutrition,
and starting of menstrual periods in girls are
the major causes of iron-deficiency anemia
during adolescence, which may also lead to
impaired perception and learning difficulties
[5]. Iron deficiency leads to many
nonhematological disturbances which include
growth and development, depressed immune
function in infants, reduced physical work
capacity, and decreased cognitive function in
both infants and adolescents [6, 7].
METHODOLOGY
Using quantitative approach a cross-sectional
survey was conducted at the Rufaida College
of Nursing, New Delhi, India from November
2015 to December 2015. The objective of the
study was to assess the prevalence and
knowledge of iron deficiency anemia among
adolescent girls.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical clearance for conducting the study was
obtained from the Ethics Committee, Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi, India. Consent was
taken from all the study subjects. The
information was dealt with confidentiality. No
charges were taken for hemoglobin (Hb)
checkups. Findings were conveyed to the
participants. The participants were also given
informational booklets to modify their lifestyle
and were educated to keep a check on their Hb
levels as appropriate.

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Nonpharmacological Methods Used in the Management of
Pain Caused by Peripheral Intravenous Catheters
Dilek Yılmaz1,
*, Yurdanur Dikmen2
1
Department of Nursing, School of Health, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
2
Department of Nursing, School of Health, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
Abstract
Peripheral intravenous catheters are one of the most important tools of modern medical
treatment. Although they are commonly used in clinical practice, it is reported that this is
painful and uncomfortable for patients. In the previous studies, mostly pharmacological
methods have been used to control the pain and discomfort experienced when peripheral
intravenous catheters were used. However, although pharmacological methods are effective
in controlling pain, they also have disadvantages for patients such as the likelihood of side
effects, and additional time and cost. Therefore, there is a need for methods of controlling
pain and discomfort, which are cheap, quick and easy to use, and have no possibility of side
effects. Nonpharmacological methods are grouped as peripheral treatments, cognitive-
behavioral therapy, and treatments other than these methods. Mostly cognitive-behavioral
therapy and peripheral techniques have been tried in controlling the pain caused by
peripheral intravenous catheters. These techniques have been used to a great extent on
pediatric patients, where it was found that blowing up balloons, seeing flashing lights,
listening to music, squeezing a stress ball, watching animation shows, or using a kaleidoscope
were effective as methods of attracting attention in reducing the pain due to intravenous
catheters. In addition, it has been found that techniques such as the valsalva maneuver,
carried out by blowing into a sphygmomanometer and coughing, buzzy usage, and ice
application were also effective. The aim of this review study was to investigate
nonpharmacological methods and their effectiveness in controlling the pain experienced
during peripheral intravenous catheterization.
Keywords: Nonpharmacological methods, pain, peripheral intravenous catheters
INTRODUCTION
Peripheral intravenous catheters compose one
of the important tools of modern medicine
treatment [1–3]. Peripheral intravenous
catheters’ applications are performed in many
clinical and emergency services [4, 5],
especially in the invasive procedures applied
commonly by nurses [6–8]. Peripheral
intravenous catheters’ applications are
commonly performed to sustain fluid and
electrolyte balance, apply medicine, give
blood and blood product and provide
parenteral nutritional support [2, 9].
In the literature, it is mentioned that peripheral
intravenous catheters’ applications are painful
and annoying for patients [3, 10–12]. Besides,
the pain occurs during peripheral intravenous
catheters’ applications could increase the
anxiety level of patients because of their
existing pathologies and this situation could
affect homeostasis [11, 13]. In this direction, it
is emphasized that the pain and annoyance
related to peripheral intravenous catheters’
applications should be evaluated carefully,
several measures should be taken and effective
method should be applied [2, 11]. In the
studies conducted till date, pharmacological
methods including Emla cream, ethyl chloride,
lidocaine application are commonly used by
the doctors in order to control the pain and
annoyance occurring during peripheral
intravenous catheters’ applications [14–19].
Although pharmacological methods are
effective in controlling the pain during
peripheral intravenous catheters’ application,
they have few disadvantages such as side
effect possibilities with regards to patient, and
additional time and cost [3, 10].

Journal of Nursing science & practice vol 6 issue 3

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Journal of Nursing science & practice vol 6 issue 3