International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1

Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,
Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: info@journalspub.com
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
Applications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering
¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...
2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
5 more...
4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your A
rticle2016
www.journalspub.com
Jan – Jun 2016
IJOS

International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes.
ObjectivesofJournalsPub
üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.
üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications&CaseStudy.
üPublishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.
üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.
üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework.
SalientFeatures
üAn umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.
üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellenceandexposure.
üUniversaltransmissionandreflectivity.
üARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess
üSpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts
üEminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.
üFreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.
üThejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork.
International Journal of
Optical Sciences

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
?Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy
International Subscription
?OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues)
?Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes)
To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,
payableatDelhi/NewDelhi.
OnlineAccess Policy
A). ForAuthors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
B.) ForSubscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber.
The accesswillbeblocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as pertheaccesspolicy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as perthefrequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends.
Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)ofchangeof address willnotbehonored.
Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID.
Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained.
LegalDisputes
AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly.
If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam:
info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.

International Journal of
Optical Sciences
International Journal of Optical Sciences is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Optical
Sciences and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a
wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to solid state
material.Allarticlespresentedherearepeer-reviewedandareof good quality.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Nonlinear optics
! Photonics
! Quantum optics
! Super lens
! Metamaterial cloaking
! Optical software
! Optical lens design
! Image quality and system performance
! Image processing for optical engineering
! Multispectral and hyperspectral technologies
! Optical design and engineering
! Astronomical optics
! Biomedical optics
International Journal of Optical Sciences is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an
imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the
publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products
described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products
mentionedinthispublication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permissiontothepublisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
(info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi
Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian
School of Mines Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
P D Sahare
Department of Physics & Astrophysics,
University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi,
Neijing Normal University, Department of
Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
Dr. Kamlesh M Alti,
Department of Physics, Sant Gadge Baba
Amravati University, Amravati, India
Dr. Gopinath Palai,
Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement
(GITA), Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. P Murali Krishna,
National Institute of Food Technology and
Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM),
Sonipat, India
Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey,
DAV University, Jalandhar Punjab, India
Rabah Khenata,
Lpq3m-Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, Masacra University, Algeria
Dr. Santosh Kumar Karn,
Department of Science & Humanities (DSH),
PCCS, Gr. Noida, Mahamaya Technical
University, Noida, India
Dr. M. Jayasimhadri,
Department of Applied Physics, Delhi
Technological University Bawana Road,
Delhi, India
Dr. Narendra Kumar
Department of Physics (CASH),
Mody University of Science & Technology,
Rajasthan, India
Dr. M Wasi Khan,
Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of
Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, India
Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal,
Department of Physics, Sikkim Manipal Institute
of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo Sikkim,
India
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Jaiswal
Discipline of Physics, PDPM-Indian Institute
of Information Technology Design &
Manufacturing (IIITDM) Jabalpur, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Optical Sciences. This journal is part of the physics, and
is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-
dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Optical Sciences as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Physics community, addressing
researchers andpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Optical Sciences in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness
and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to
industry practitioners in a range of topics in Optical Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder
for thescientificcommunitytopublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Optical Sciences focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Nonlinear optics, Photonics, Quantum optics, Super lens, Metamaterial cloaking, Optical software, Optical
lens design, Image quality and system performance, Image processing for optical engineering,
Multispectral and hyperspectral technologies, Optical design and engineering, Astronomical optics,
Biomedicaloptics.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Optical
Sciencesandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Physics community.
We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative
platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the
fieldofOpticalSciences.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Optical Sciences readers and
willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofOpticalSciences.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon Ion Irradiation
M. Bhuyan 1
2. Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by
Chemical Bath Deposition Technique
S. Bidyaswor Singh, Kh. Kamala Devi, L. Raghumani Singh, A. Nabachandra Singh 7
3. Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural Characterization of
Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal
R.G. Vidhya, R. Ramasamy, L. Vijayalakshmi 14
4. A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics
Priyanka Garg 25
5. A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics
Shrawani Verma 28
Contents

IJOS (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Optical Sciences
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon
Ion Irradiation
M. Bhuyan*
Department of Physics, Rangia College, Rangia, India
Abstract
Tungsten and graphite samples are very important for the plasma facing component material
of next generation fusion reactor because of its superior thermo-physical and mechanical
properties. It is essential to study the ion material interaction for its response to severe
conditions of fusion reactor. In this work, an ingenious ion source namely plasma focus is
used to study the effect of neon (and proton) irradiation on tungsten and graphite under
various experimental conditions. To observe the structural changes of exposed and reference
tungsten and graphite samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. X-ray diffraction
pattern confirms the development of compressive stress on the samples due to thermal load
and formation of other phases or some expanded phases.
Keywords: fusion reactor, neon, X-ray diffractometer
INTRODUCTION
Material research is an important part of
fusion research. The proper understanding
of material properties in fusion
environment is quite essential for the
better operation, safety and performance of
tokamak fusion reactor. The successful
operation of International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) solely
depends upon the various types of plasma
facing components (PFC). Tungsten (W) is
one of the most important candidates as
PFCs for ITER because of its excellent
material properties such as high melting
point, high threshold energy for physical
sputtering, and low retention of hydrogen
isotopes.[1,2]
Carbon-based materials such
as isotropic graphite and carbon fiber
composites (CFCs) have been widely
employed for protection of inner walls of
existing tokamaks.[3,4]
In ITER, however,
high-Z components will be used together
with carbon materials[5,6]
and most
probably carbonized at high temperatures.
Due to high melting point, high threshold
energy for physical sputtering and low
retention of hydrogen isotopes properties
previous investigations of tungsten were
focused using various energetic ions with
different energy ranges in various facility
which are discussed in our earlier paper.[7]
Therefore, in present work we implant the
neon and proton ions on tungsten and
graphite samples to observe the structural
changes, as they plays an important role in
ITER in terms of PFCs. Hereafter, we
present experimental procedure as well as
experimental results.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The neon and proton ions are irradiated on
our tungsten and graphite targets
separately. The schematic of the
experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.
The square tungsten samples of sizes of
5 × 5 mm2
and 10 × 10 mm2
and circular
specimens of graphite with 0.5-cm
diameter were introduced inside the PF

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films
Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique
S. Bidyaswor Singh1
, Kh. Kamala Devi2
, L. Raghumani Singh3
, A. Nabachandra Singh1*
1
Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India
2
Department of Physics, Waikhom Mani Girls College, Thoubal, Manipur, India
3
Department of Physics, Pettigrew College, Ukhrul, Manipur, India
Abstract
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique was used to deposit nano-structured cadmium
sulfide (CdS) thin films on pre-treated glass substrates. The films are studied using the X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical absorption and
transmission techniques. The XRD shows that the films are polycrystalline and are a mixture
of cubic and hexagonal phases, which agrees with the earlier report of CdS thin film. The
average grain size of the film is about 39.14 nm. SEM studies indicate that the grains are
seen to be spherical and symmetrical, not uniformly distributed and not well connected to
each other. The EDAX spectrum shows that the film contains the elements Cd and S as
expected. Optical study shows that the film has a band gap of 3.15 eV.
Keywords: chemical bath deposition, EDX, nanocrystalline, SEM, thin films, XRD
INTRODUCTION
In the present development of technology,
nano-structured CdS thin films have
gained considerable research attention and
have been becoming a promising candidate
for various applications. CdS films belong
to the II–VI semiconductor compounds,
and they are highly reproducible, stable,
and cost effective material for
optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic
industry and optical detectors, etc.[1–5]
They are also widely used in photonic
devices like light emitting diodes,[6]
solar
cells,[7]
and lasers.[8]
But poor conductivity
of CdS films as low as 108
(Ωm)1
has
been reported.[9]
Such limitations in
properties can be varied over several
orders of magnitude by considering doping
of different dopants to different extends
and annealing the sample at different
temperatures.[10]
In order to enhance
applications in different fields, we must
study doping and annealing effects on CdS
thin films. There are various techniques to
prepare CdS thin films such as spray
pyrolysis,[11]
chemical bath deposition,[12–
15]
successive ionic layer adsorption and
reaction,[16]
etc. The chemical bath
deposition (CBD) technique has drawn a
special attention because this technique
has many advantages such as no
requirement for sophisticated instruments,
minimum material wastage, and
economical way of large area deposition.
The film deposited by this method has
better photoconductivity and improved
morphological properties such as
roughness and pinhole density as
compared with film processed by other
techniques.[17]
CBD can be used to deposit
any compound that satisfies four basic
requirements: simple precipitation, highly
insoluble in the solution, chemically stable

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural
Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal
R.G. Vidhya1
*, R. Ramasamy2
, L. Vijayalakshmi3
1
Department of Physics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirapalli, India
2
Department of Physics, National College, Thiruchirapalli, India
3
Principal, Auxiium College of Arts and Science for Women, Pudukottai, India
Abstract
Several technical advances rest on on the accessibility of appropriate crystals having diverse
uses. The growth of crystals from gel is well suited for the crystal growth of compounds,
which are sparingly soluble and decompose fairly at low temperature. Gel grown crystals
may diffract X-rays more strongly and have a less mosaic structure. A few advancements and
modifications in these techniques are suggested. A Magnetic field has been recognized as
affecting nucleation and crystal growth rate, polymorphism and colloidal stability, and is
now being applied to crystal growth of proteins and other compounds. Strontium tartrate
crystals are grown in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field by single diffusion
method .A comparative optical, thermal and structural analysis between the outcome of the
strontium tartrate crystals grown in the absence of magnetic field and the crystals grown
under the influence of magnetic field is done.
Keywords: gel method, magnetic field, single diffusion, strontium tartrate, XRD
INTRODUCTION
The preparation of metal organic
frameworks (MOF) is an especially active
research area, due to the tunable properties
and functions of MOF. These compounds
find applications in many fields, such as
molecular recognition, adsorption and
separation processes, catalysis, ion
exchange and molecular magnetism, The
design and synthesis of novel coordination
architectures controlled by varying the
reaction conditions including temperature,
metal – to – ligand ratio and pH value are
of great interest in coordination chemistry.
Polycarboxylate ligands have created
interest as the potential bridging ligands
with a variety of connection modes with
transition metal centers and abundant
structural motifs Dicarboxylate are very
important bridging ligands, which have
attracted much interest in coordination
polymer synthesis, providing the necessary
charge balance and building the neutral
frame works.
The structure of organometallic compound
can be varied by changing the metal,
coordination number, ligands etc. A non-
aromatic acid and an inorganic salt form
the metal organic compound. The
characterization of strontium tartrate
crystals are reported in many literatures.[1-
13]
In the present study the variation in
structural characterization of strontium
tartrate crystals grown in the presence
(SrTmf) and in the absence of magnetic
(SrT) field are compared. To our
knowledge there are no literatures
reporting the structural properties of

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics
Priyanka Garg
JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India
INTRODUCTION
Nonlinear optics (NLO) designates the
behaviour of light in nonlinear media and
also is subdivision of optics. The media
which has the dielectric polarization say P
retorts nonlinearly to the electric field E of
the light.
This nonlinearity is characteristically
merely experiential at appropriate high
light intensities for example those
delivered by lasers. Directly above the
Schwinger limit, the vacuum
aforementioned is predictable to come to
be nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the
superposition norm no more grasps.[1-3]
Nonlinear optics was unknown till 1961 of
Second harmonic generation by Peter
Franken et al. at University of Michigan,
subsequently as the construction of the
first laser by Theodore Harold Maiman.
Conversely selected nonlinear properties
were learned beforehand the growth of the
laser. The hypothetical base for numerous
nonlinear procedures were first termed in
Bloembergen's monograph, Nonlinear
Optics.
Nonlinear optics is specified growing
consideration due to its extensive use in
the extent of laser skill, optical
communication and data storage skill.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES
The non-linear reaction of properties such
as frequency, polarization, phase or path of
incident light is explained by non-linear
optics. These responses gave rise to many
optical phenomena. Some of processes are
explained below:[4]
Frequency Mixing Processes
 Second harmonic generation or
frequency doubling, is the process of
creation of light with a double
frequency that is half of the
wavelength. In this process two
photons are demolished which creates
a single photon at two times the
frequency.
 Third harmonic generation includes
the process of creation of light with a
tripled frequency which is one-third
the wavelength. Here three photons are
demolished with the creation of a
single photon at three times the
frequency.
 High harmonic generation is the
process of generation of light with
much larger frequencies as compared
to the original.
 Sum frequency generation is the
process of cohort of light having a
frequency which is the sum of two
added frequencies.
Other frequency mingling methods are
as optical parametric amplification,
difference frequency generation, and
optical parametric oscillation,
nonlinear light-matter interaction with
free electrons and plasma, optical
rectification.
Few other nonlinear processes are:
 Optical Kerr outcome which is amount
reliant refractive index.

IJOS (2016) 28–33© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics
Shrawani Verma
JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India
A BRIEF ON PHYSICAL AND
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
Light proliferates as motions in an
electromagnetic field, which extend from a
point light source as equally divided and
concentric wavefronts. The energy
conveyed in the motions is measured in
quantum parcels known as photons.
The radiation of light through space can be
spoken to in two routes: (1) as real
wavefronts that grow concentrically and
radially from the light source (examination
by physical optics), or (2) as nonexistent
light beams opposite to the wavefronts that
augment radially from the light source and
show the course in which every part of the
wavefront is moving (investigation by
geometric optics). The essential
parameters of optical components
portrayed in this page are created as far as
geometric optics.[1-3]
In astronomical applications, light sources
are distance to the point that the concentric
wavefronts turn into a progression of
similarly dispersed parallel planes over the
width of any viable telescope gap. To
represent: over the opening of a 1 meter
(39.4") telescope, light beams from a
solitary point on the Moon, the nearest
cosmic item at 384,403 kilometers, veer
from parallel by close to 1/384403000 of a
radian or 0.0000026 millimeter, which is
0.0047 or 1/200 a wavelength of "green"
light. Since the creation furthest reaches of
the most astounding quality galactic optics
are around λ/20 wave, or 10 times bigger
than the wavefront dissimilarity, optical
counts can expect superbly level and
parallel wavefronts from a removed light
source. The optical way of these
wavefronts can be compressed as fanciful
yet systematically helpful light beams,
characterized as parallel to each other and
opposite to the wavefronts they portray.
WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY
The distance amid identical points on two
adjacent wavefronts of light is the
wavelength (λ) of the light. The frequency
(ν) of light is the number of wavefronts
that pass a fixed point in one second, or the
cycles per second. The relationship
between frequency and wavelength is
governed by the speed of light in a
vacuum, c:
c = ν·λ = 299,792,458 m·s–1 = 3 x 108
meters per second.
λ = c / ν.
Therefore the frequency of "green" light at
550 nm is ν = c/λ550 =
299792458/0.00000055 (wavelength in
meters) or 545 trillion cycles per second.
Light wavelengths are generally measured
in angstroms (10-10 meter), nanometers
(10-9 meter) or micrometers (10-6 meter).
Light that seems green to the human eye
has a wavelength of around 550
nanometers — 0.00055 millimeters or 0.55
micrometers (thus submicron).
Unmistakable wavelengths of respectably
brilliant light range from around 750 nm
("orange red") to 380 nm ("blue violet"),
or 0.00075 to 0.00038 millimeters. In spite
of the fact that they are interrelated, note
that recurrence is utilized to describe the
vitality conveyed by a photon of light,
while wavelength is utilized to portray the
optical conduct of wavefronts. Longer

International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1

Similar to International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1 (11)

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Journal of Optical Sciences vol 2 issue 1