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4. International Journal of
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International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology aims at providing a comprehensive yet concise platform
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Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Cell transformation
! Gene cloning systems
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! Transgenic species
! Therapeutic proteins
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6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell
Biology, CAS,
China
Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni
Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute
of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad
(A. P), India
Dr. Promila Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era
University, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Brijesh Pandey
Amity University, Lucknow (U.P.),
India
Dr. P Mary Anupama
Department of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.),
India
Dr. Biswajit Majumdar
Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate
Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]
/University College of Medicine [UCM],
Kolkata, India
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Manager Systems Biology Department Sun
Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre
Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
Dr. Arvind Diwan
(Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director
(Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission
Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed
University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula
Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India
Dr. Rajat Banerjee
Department of Biotechnology, University of
Calcutta, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao
Department of Biotechnology Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT),
India
Dr. N. Manikanda Boopathi
Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural
College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Avinash Cheekoth
Management of the Scientific Centers,
Department of the President's Affairs, UAE
Dr. Aumreetam Dinabandhu
ICAR - NRC on Plant Biotechnology,
New Delhi, India
Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave
Department of Biotechnology,
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University,
Gujarat, India
Dr Indraneel Ghosh
Systems Biology Department,
Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research
Centre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur
Department of Biotechnology, SUS College of
Engineering & Technology, Tangori-Mohali,
India
Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar
Central Insititute for Cotton Research,
Nagpur,
India

7. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr Vara Prasad
Nano Research for Advanced Materials,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini
Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
Dr. Soma Roy
Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad,
India
Dr. Tha. Thayumanavan
School of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran
College of Science, Coimbatore, India.
Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan
Endocrinology and Metabolism Division,
National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of
Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali
Surgery Department, College of Medicine,
Kufa University,
Iraq
Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran
Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department
of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University,
Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Rekha Khandia
Department of Science and Technology,
High Security Animal Disease Laboratory,
IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India
Dr. Kumaresan Mohan
Udaya School of Engineering
Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Subha Parameshwaran
Department of Microbiology, KJ Somaiya
Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India
Dr. Guru Prasad
Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital
and Research Institute, Hyderabad,
India
Dr. Shashwat Sharad
Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar
University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
(HP), India
Dr. S. Thangminlal Vaiphei
Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill
University (NEHU), Meghalaya, India
Dr. Kakali Purkayastha
Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
Dr. J. John Peter Paul
St. Xavier's College (Autonomous),
Tamil Nadu, India

8. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Molecular Biotechnology issues,
from theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Molecular Biotechnology
as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and
technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Molecular Biotechnology, addressing
researchers andpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Molecular Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub
acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed &
successfully. International Journals of Molecular Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research
in the realm of Cell transformation, Gene cloning systems, Next generation sequencing, Molecular and cell
biology automation, Protein purification and analysis, Transgenic species, Therapeutic proteins, Cells
geneticandmetaboliccapacity,Molecularmarkers etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Molecular
Biotechnology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation
and the success of Molecular Biotechnology. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many
others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofMolecularBiotechnology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Molecular Biotechnology
readers andwillstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofMolecularBiotechnology.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

9. 1. COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers
Smriti Gupta, Ajit Kumar, Vishwajeet Rohil 1
2. Cell Cycle
Sahil Thakkar 14
3. Cell Death
Anshul Gupta 18
4. Transformation
Srishti Kathuria 21
5. Transgenesis
Manmeet Wadia 24
Contents

10. IJMB (2016) 1–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers
Smriti Gupta1
*, Ajit Kumar1
, Vishwajeet Rohil2
1
Department of Biochemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR Sonipat, Haryana, India
2
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Abstract
The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) became a worldwide matter of
concern due to its increasing rate of mortality and prevalence to global scenario and its
increasing burden on economic society. COPD is characterized by an abnormal
inflammatory response of the airways to inhaled particles and fumes leading towards airway
obstruction and destruction of lung tissue by progressive airflow limitation driven. The most
common factor for COPD was found cigarette smoking for a consecutive time period. The
various factors affecting the pathogenesis of the disease are inflammation, proteases-
antiproteases imbalance, oxidative stress, tissue damage and tissue repair, apoptosis and
several genes. Various cellular and molecular events and their effects are being discussed in
this review paper in terms of potential and recognizable biomarkers candidates for the better
diagnosis and proper treatment for the ailment. In this review report, we have mainly focused
the insight of the detection of molecular biomarkers in the form of single nucleotide
polymorphism for the further better understanding of COPD and the discovery of new
effective treatment.
Keywords: bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, inflammation,
single nucleotide polymorphism
INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is complex genetic disease which
has resulted in extensive morbidity and
mortality worldwide. COPD is
characterised by airway obstruction and
destruction of lung tissue by progressive
airflow limitation driven by an abnormal
inflammatory response of the airways to
inhaled particles and fumes.[1]
COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease
of the lower airways which becomes worse
and worse during exacerbations and
patients with COPD have three typical
pathological conditions (chronic
obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema and
mucus plugging).[2]
Chronic Bronchitis
It is defined as chronic or recurrent
coughing of sputum for at least three
months on regular and successive interval
of time period for consecutive two years.
Further the chronic bronchitis can be
further divided on the basis of the stages
the patient has attained. The first stage of
chronic bronchitis turns up with mucoid
hyper secretions and if not further
diagnosed and treated can leads to
mucopurulent sputum and development of
chronic obstructive bronchitis, when there
is air flow limitation.[3]
Emphysema
It is defined as an ‘anatomic alteration’ of
the lung described by an abnormal
enlargement of the air spaces distal to the

11. IJMB (2016) 14–17© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Cell Cycle
Sahil Thakkar*
Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Chennai, India
Abstract
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the sequence of events that happen in a cell prompting
its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to create two little daughter cells.
In prokaryotic organisms, which do not have a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is separated into
the B, C, and D periods. The B time frame stretches out from the end of cell division to the
start of DNA replication. DNA replication happens amid the C time frame. The D time frame
alludes to the phase between the end of DNA replication and the division of the bacterial cell
into two little daughter cells.
In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is likewise isolated into three periods:
interphase, the mitotic (M) stage, and cytokinesis. In eukaryotes, in any case, the cell cycle is
a more complex process and comprises of four discrete stages.
Keywords: cell cycle, eukaryotes, interphase, mitotic phase
INTRODUCTION
A eukaryotic cell cycle is delineated by
human cells in culture, which divide into
their respective daughter cells
approximately every 24 hours. As
observed a cell cycle is separated into two
essential parts: mitosis and interphase.[1]
The cell-division cycle is an imperative
procedure by which a single celled
fertilized egg transforms into a full grown
living being, and the procedure by which
hair, skin, platelets, and some inner organs
are recharged. After cell division, each of
the daughter cells start the interphase of
another cycle. In spite of the fact that the
different phases of interphase are not as a
rule morphologically recognizable, every
period of the cell cycle has a particular
arrangement of specific biochemical
procedures that set up the cell for start of
cell division.[2]
The division cycle of most cells comprises
of four unique processes: cell
development, DNA replication,
distribution of the replicated chromosomes
to daughter cells, and cell division. In
microbes, cell development and DNA
replication happen all through the vast
majority of the cell cycle, and copied
chromosomes are dispersed to daughter
cells along with the plasma membrane.[3]
Amid interphase, the cell develops,
collecting supplements required for
mitosis, setting it up for cell division and
replication of its DNA. Amid the mitotic
stage, the cell parts itself into two different
daughter cells. Amid the last stage,
cytokinesis, the new cell is totally
separated. To guarantee the best possible
division of the cell, there are control
systems known as cell cycle checkpoints.[4]
In spite of the fact that cell development is
generally a nonstop procedure, DNA is
synthesized amid one and only period of
the cell cycle, and the repeated

12. IJMB (2016) 18–20© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Cell Death
Anshul Gupta*
Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Cell death is referred to the process of biological cell stopping to do its functions. This might
be the after effect of the characteristic procedure of old cells dyeing and being supplanted by
new ones, or may come about because of such components as infection, restricted damage, or
the death of the living being of which the cells are part. There are various sorts of cell death.
Keywords: apoptosis, cell death, programmed cell death
INTRODUCTION
Cell death is the event wherein the
biological cells of any living organism
begin to lose their functions and ultimately
die. Cell death can be divided into various
types.
Programmed cell death (or PCD) is cell
death interceded by an intracellular
program.[1-2]
PCD is done in a controlled
procedure, which ordinarily presents
advantage amid a living being's life-cycle.
For instance, the separation of fingers and
toes in a creating human developing life
happens in light of the fact that cells
between the fingers apoptose; the outcome
is that the digits are particular. PCD serves
key capacities amid both plant and
metazoa (multicellular creatures) tissue
advancement.
Apoptosis or Type I cell-death, and
Autophagy or Type II cell-death are both
types of customized cell death, while
necrosis is a non-physiological procedure
that happens as a consequence of
contamination or injury.[3]
Necrosis is cell
death created by outer variables, for
example, injury or disease, and happens in
a few distinct structures. As of late a type
of customized putrefaction, called
necroptosis, has been perceived as a
substitute type of modified cell death. It is
conjectured that necroptosis can serve as a
cell passing reinforcement to apoptosis
when the apoptosis flagging is obstructed
by endogenous or exogenous components,
for example, infections or
transformations.[3]
Autophagy is cytoplasmic, described by
the arrangement of extensive vacuoles that
consume organelles in a particular
succession before the pulverization of the
nucleus.
Apoptosis is the procedure of programmed
cell death (PCD) that may happen in
multicellular organisms. Biochemical
occasions lead to trademark cell changes
(morphology) and death. These
progressions incorporate blebbing, cell
shrinkage, atomic discontinuity, chromatin
buildup, and chromosomal DNA fracture.
It is currently suspected that – in a
formative connection – cells are prompted
to emphatically confer suicide whilst in a
homeostatic setting; the nonappearance of
certain survival elements may give the
force to suicide.[4]

13. IJMB (2016) 21–23© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Transformation
Srishti Kathuria*
Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Transformation happens when bacteria take up DNA from the environment and afterward
change over the genes encoded by the DNA into a protein that can be seen. Transformation
was initially shown by Frederick Griffith. The process of transformation has various
applications.
Keywords: DNA exchange, transformation
INTRODUCTION
Transformation is the genetic modification
of a cell that occurs due to immediate
uptake and consolidation of exogenous
hereditary material (exogenous DNA)
from its surroundings through the cell
membrane(s). Transformation happens
actually in a few types of bacteria,
however it can likewise be affected by
artificial means in different cells. For
transformation to happen, bacteria must be
in a condition of competence, which may
happen as a period restricted reaction to
natural conditions, for example, starvation
and cell thickness.[1]
Transformation is one of three procedures
by which exogenous hereditary material
might be brought into a bacterial cell, the
other two being conjugation (exchange of
hereditary material between two bacterial
cells in direct contact) and transduction
(infusion of outside DNA by a
bacteriophage infection into the host
bacterium).
"Transformation" may likewise be used to
portray the insertion of new hereditary
material into nonbacterial cells, including
animal and plant cells; in any case, since
"transformation" has an uncommon
significance in connection to animal cells,
showing progression to a canceous state,
the term ought to be evaded for animal
cells while depicting introduction of
exogenous hereditary material.
Introduction of outside DNA into
eukaryotic cells is regularly called
“transfection”.[2]
Transformation in microorganisms was
initially discovered in 1928 by British
bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith
found that a strain of Streptococcus
pneumoniae could be made virulent in the
wake of being exposed to heat killed
viulent strains. Griffith conjectured that
some "transforming factor" from the heat
killed strain was in charge of making the
innocuous strain harmful. In 1944 this
"transforming factor" was recognized as
being hereditary by Oswald Avery, Colin
MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.[2,3]
Bacterial transformation might be alluded
to as a stable genetic change achieved by
the uptake of stripped (DNA without
related cells or proteins) to increase DNA
quantity; competence alludes to the
condition of having the capacity to take up

14. IJMB (2016) 24–25© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Transgenesis
Manmeet Wadia*
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
Abstract
Transgenesis is the process by which cloned genetic material is transferred from one species
to another. The genetic material of the organism is modified using various genetic
engineering techniques. Transgenic species, such as plants, animals have various
applications.
Keywords: transgenesis, transgenic plants, transgenic animals
INTRODUCTION
Transgenesis is the procedure in which an
exogenous gene—called a transgene—is
introduced into a living life form so that
the living being will display a different
trait and transmit that trait to its future
generations. Transgenesis can be
encouraged by liposomes, chemicals,
plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear
infusion, protoplast combination, and
ballistic DNA infusion.[1]
Transgenic organisms can express foreign
genes as the genetic code is comparable
for all life forms. This implies a particular
DNA succession will code for the same
protein in all life forms. Because of this
similitude in protein arrangement,
researchers can cut DNA at these regular
protein focuses and include different
qualities. A case of this is the "super mice"
of the 1980s. These mice could deliver the
human protein tPA to treat blood
clumps.[2]
The most widely recognized kind of
transgenesis research is done with bacteria
and viruses which can imitate remote
DNA. The plasmid DNA is cut utilizing
restriction enzymes, while the DNA to be
duplicated is additionally cut with the
same restriction enzyme, creating
complementary sticky- ends. This permits
the outside DNA to hybridize with the
plasmid DNA and be fixed by DNA ligase
enzyme, making a genetic code not
regularly found in nature. Changed DNA
is embedded into plasmids for
replication.[3]
METHODS:
1. DNA Microinjection: The desired
quality gene construct is infused in the
pronucleus of a regenerative cell utilizing a
glass needle around 0.5 to 5 micrometers
in distance across. The controlled cell is
refined in vitro to create to a particular
embryonic stage, is then transferred to a
female. DNA microinjection does not have
a high achievement rate (around 2% of all
infused subjects), regardless of the fact
that the new DNA is fused in the genome,
in the event that it is not acknowledged by
the germ-line the new attributes won't
show up in their offspring. In the event
that DNA is infused in multiple
destinations the odds of over-expression
increases.[2,3]
2. Retrovirus – Mediated Transfer:
A retrovirus is a virus that carries its

15. International Journal of
Molecular
Biotechnology
IJMBJan – Jun 2016
Mechanical Engineering
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Architecture
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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
Applications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering
¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
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Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
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Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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