International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys concerns with the recent advances in the metallurgical science and different types of metallurgy processes. The journal is determined to give its readers a concise reading material with good amount resource that is essential for the developing technology and ongoing research.

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4. International Journal of
Metallurgy and Alloys
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys concerns with the recent advances in the metallurgical
science and different types of metallurgy processes. The journal is determined to give its readers a concise
reading material with good amount resource that is essential for the developing technology and ongoing
research.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Archaeometallurgy
! Carbonyl metallurgy
! Cupellation
! Goldbeating
! Gold phosphine complex
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! Powder metallurgy
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Department YMCA University of Science and
Technology Faridabad, India
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Holy Cross College
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B.S.Abdur Rahman University,
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Dr. Yee Wen Yen,
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Engineering, National Taiwan University of
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Dr. Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(B.H.U.), India

7. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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PuneetMehrotra
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8. 1. An Overview of Rapid Prototyping-FDM
D.N. Drakshayani 1
2. Modelling the Parameters Affecting Interconnection of Grids Using ISM-MICMAC Approach
Nikhil Dev, Rajesh Attri 8
3. Review on Progress of Aluminium Industries in India – Part 1
C.B. Mohod 20
4. Challenges Faced by SMEs in India
Vikas Madhukar, Monika Sharma 27
5. Auxiliary Characterization of (Co, Mn) Co-doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films
Mansi Chopra 31
Contents

9. IJMA (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
An Overview of Rapid Prototyping-FDM
D.N. Drakshayani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir M.VIT, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP) has been introduces as a frontier technology in the modern times,
which allows direct transformation of CAD files into functional prototypes. It decreases the
lead-time to produce physical prototypes necessary for design verification, fit and functional
analysis by generating the prototypes directly from the CAD data. This paper presents an
overview of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process, process parameters and its
applications.
Keywords: additive manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, process parameters, rapid
prototyping
INTRODUCTION
Rapid prototyping (RP) or additive
manufacturing (AM) is layer by layer
manufacturing. It is an additive
manufacturing process compared to
subtractive manufacturing process such as
conventional and unconventional
machining processes. In RP, the physical
object is directly obtained from geometric
3D CAD model with the help of computer
by using software such as Catia or Pro/E
or other relevant software. Rapid
prototyping is a unique manufacturing
process and is a fast emerging technology
which is a useful tool in product
development. It produces the products at
faster rate and at lower cost than
conventional manufacturing systems.
Rapid prototyping is not a new technology.
RP has its earliest roots in research
activities from the fields of topography
and photo sculpture during the 19th
century. It was started by Professor
Herbert Voelker from University of
Rochester, in the late 1960s. His efforts
resulted in mathematical models and
algorithms. His designed tools are used
today and made rapid prototyping is
possible. The first successful attempts at
RP derived from technology developed in
the 1970s. RP first approached commercial
viability in 1983 when Charles Hull
invented stereolithography, enabling a 3D
object to be printed directly from CAD
data. In 1986, Hull co-founded 3D
Systems, Inc., the first company to
commercialize AM technology with
stereolithography (SLA) apparatus.
Selective laser sintering (SLS), was
developed by Carl Deckared and Joseph
Beaman of MED and was commercialized
in the late 1990s; just like SLA, its
applications grew from prototyping to end-
part production over the years, driven by
lower system costs. Fused Deposition
Modelling (FDM) was developed by S.
Scott Crump in the late 1980s and was
commercialized in 1990 by Stratasys.
Inc.[1]
RP or AM processes were largely geared
toward prototyping applications in the
1990s. However, since the late 1990s, AM

10. IJMA (2016) 8–19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Modelling the Parameters Affecting Interconnection of Grids
Using ISM-MICMAC Approach
Nikhil Dev*, Rajesh Attri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana,
India
Abstract
Power grid interconnections offer links between power generating systems of adjoining
countries with the aim of economical power sharing. Grid interconnection also offers several
benefits such as reduced energy prices, better economic exchange and increased energy
supply etc. The interconnection of power grids is a complex task which is affected by
numerous parameters. These parameters not only influence the interconnection of grids but
also influence each other. The main objective of this paper is to understand the mutual
interaction of these grid interconnection parameters and identify the ‘driving parameters’
(i.e. which influence the other parameters) and the ‘dependent parameters’ (i.e. which are
influenced by others). In the present exertion, these parameters have been identified through
the extensive literature review and interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach has
been utilized in analysing their mutual interaction. An ISM model has been prepared to
identify some key parameters of grid interconnection. Moreover, the driving power and
dependence power of these parameters are also modelled by using MICMAC analysis.
Keywords: grid, interconnection, ISM, MICMAC, parameters
INTRODUCTION
It is well-known fact that electricity grid
interconnections are one of the most
revolutionizing developments of electric
power systems. The prevalence national
and regional power systems, subsisting at
present, were instigated as isolated
systems performing like an electric
generator. As electricity generation
organizations extended their services
outside their prevailing area,
interconnections among adjacent units
became growingly common.[1,2]
Different
power generating units collaborated to
each other in order to develop major power
pools, which allowed them to trade
electricity and share capacity reserves
more economically.[3]
As transmission
technologies upgraded, long distance
interconnections were industrialized inside
and outside the particular organization.
The first international interconnections
came into existence in 1906, when
Switzerland established transmission
associates to France and Italy.[4–6]
Interconnection of power grids
consistently upturns the reliability of the
whole system. Moreover, the load demand
can be met inevitability even in the case of
the power failure. The interconnection of
power grid is either done by using large
synchronous alternating current (AC)
power networks or by High voltage direct
current (HVDC) interconnections. In
synchronous AC power networks, each
interconnected system will uphold the
same precise electrical frequency,[7]
but in

11. IJMA (2016) 20–26 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 20
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Progress of Aluminium Industries in India – Part 1
C.B. Mohod
Chemical Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In India, the aluminium sector needs aluminum, which includes power (44%), transportation
(10–12%), construction (17%) and etc. aluminium industries, has covered almost more than
50 years to grow commercially. So, it took many years of research to extract aluminium from
bauxite ores. This review has been covered the progress and market growth of different
aluminum industries in India upto 2015.
Keywords: aluminium, applications, bauxite, industries, production
INTRODUCTION
As aluminum has extracted from bauxite
ore, it has many usable properties like light
weight, high strengths and recyclability
existence. Therefore, it has tremendous
application in many industries like,
transportation, packaging, construction,
electronics, defense, etc. So the need of
aluminum has been increasing in daily life.
Natural Occurrence of Bauxite
Bauxite is an ore from which aluminium
can be extracted. The name “bauxite” is
derived from the French village of “Les
Baux,” where it was first discovered in
1821. Most bauxite, including Australian
bauxites is lateritic, which are formed by
intense weathering of various rock
formations. Other bauxites contain
boehmite and diaspore which are
monohydrates. Almost all metallic
aluminium is produced from the ore
bauxite, which occurs as a weathering
product of low iron and silica. The primary
mining areas for the ore are in Ghana,
Indonesia, Jamaica, Russia, and Surinam.
Bauxite is gibbsite in nature, low in
reactive silica (1–3%), it requires lower
energy in the refining process.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Colloidal Magnetite is chemically bounded
with Hematite, whereas it is physically
absorbed with the bauxite.[1]
The porous
burner saves still further application
possibilities by the good adaptability and
flexibility both in the power density and in
geometry, in order to counteract
development.[2]
This research paper has
discussed about overview of Primary
Producers of Aluminium
Production.[3]
This research paper has
discussed about summary of Aluminium
Prices.[4]
The rising cost of production had
also caused a structural shift in global
production.[5]
The number of Extrusion Presses rose
from 100 to 400. This sudden demand led
to mushrooming of Extrusion Press
manufacturers, resulting in the presses
becoming lighter and cheaper.[6]
Shifting
of smelting operation to other low cost
region of the world may also be a viable
option before the Indian aluminium
industry.[7]
The demand of the aluminium is growing
exponentially from the various sectors

12. IJMA (2016) 27–30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Challenges Faced by SMEs in India
Vikas Madhukar, Monika Sharma*
Amity Business School, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar), India
Abstract
SMEs around the globe has been beneath the most reduced desires. Absence of
administration, administration abilities, control, and straightforwardness, and misinformed
impetuses have added to ruin the financial establishments for supporting the improvement of
neighborhood money related markets. This paper dissects the execution of Banks in the
economy. The creator finds that after so much commitment SMEs are battling with Financial
limitation.
Keywords: financing, small and medium-sized enterprises, financial institution
INTRODUCTION
In the previous three decades the nearness
of State Financial Institutions has been
profoundly disputable. The proof
recommends that state-possessed banks
have failed to meet expectations and have
adversely affected financial development.
Botch of assets is as often as possible a
result of feeble governing body and
administration, political impedance, and
absence of a reasonable mission of the
Financial Institutions. The failure to
characterize their destinations is one of the
principle issues of FIs. Most nations have
incredible trouble in legitimizing the
nearness of Financial Institutions. By and
large, these FIs are a legacy from past
organizations that hold the political energy
to stop any endeavors of changing them. In
different cases, it is in light of a legitimate
concern for the legislature to keep up FIs
since it can influence appropriations to
gatherings of enthusiasm through the
SFI.[1–5]
In spite of the huge part these mechanical
elements plays, an absence of adequate
capital and credit is regularly a noteworthy
impairment to the improvement of SMEs,
especially in their initial development
stages. The center in this paper is
coordinated at portraying the structures of
SMES and the difficulties they confront
with particular spotlight on their monetary
difficulties. A few hypotheses and past
investigates directed on the topic will be
investigated with the point of drawing
nearer and making determinations that
achieves a more profound comprehension
of the financing issues of SMES in India.
This paper discusses good practices for
aligning the functions of SFIs with solving
market failures.[5–8]
Before proceeding further we must
understand what are SMEs? Various
policy measures adopted for the
development of SMEs include enacting
MSMED Act, product reservations, fiscal
concessions, preferential allocations of
credit and interest subsidy in a credit
rationing framework, extension of business
and technical services by the government,
rating of SMEs, rehabilitation of sick
units, restructuring of debts, preferential
procurement of goods from SSIs by the

13. IJMA (2016) 31–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Auxiliary Characterization of (Co, Mn) Co-doped Zinc Oxide
Thin Films
Mansi Chopra*
DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Abstract
Cobalt and manganese are both co-doped with zinc oxide films were set up by sol-gel turn
covering strategy on quartz substrate by shifting the dopants focus. The result of dopants
focus was researched by x-beam diffraction (XRD). The XRD design demonstrates that the
kept movies have polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM micrograph
demonstrates the adjustments in morphology of very thin film as dopants fixation are
fluctuating. The compositional examination did by vitality dispersive scrambling (EDS)
spectra that affirm the nearness of zinc, cobalt and manganese with no debasements.
Keywords: Co and Mn doped ZnO, thin films, spin coating process, XRD, SEM, EDS
INTRODUCTION
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known
semiconductor which has direct wide band
gap (3.37 eV) and large excitation energy
(60 meV). It has various attractive
properties such as non-toxic, good
piezoelectricity properties,
biocompatibility, abundance in nature,
high transmittance in visible region and
low electrical resistivity.[1,2]
Because of the
interesting physical, optical and electrical
properties, ZnO is attractive for various
applications such as solar cell, light
emitting diode, display devices, gas
sensor, laser diodes, antireflection coatings
and many other optoelectronics devices.[3,4]
ZnO thin films are widely used in
secondary batteries, super capacitors, thin
film transistor and surface acoustic wave
devices.[5,6
] Various deposition techniques
have been reported for the preparation of
ZnO thin films like pulsed laser deposition
(PLD),[7]
spray pyrolysis,[8]
molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE),[9]
magnetron
sputtering,[10]
metal oxide chemical vapor
deposition (MOCVD)[11]
and sol-gel spin
coating method.[12]
Among these, the sol-
gel technique offers advantages in terms of
simplicity, low cost, good homogeneity,
low processing temperature and good
optical properties.[13,14]
In the recent past,
there has been increasing degree of
awareness on using transition metals as
dopant for ZnO in view of tailoring its
electrical, optical and sensing properties.
ZnO thin films were prepared by many
researchers using different types of
dopants like Cu, Ga, In, Al, Ba, etc. and
their various properties were studied. Few
researchers have worked on Co doped
ZnO and Mn doped ZnO in both bulk and
thin film for various applications.[15]
The
present paper reports the preparation of
(Co, Mn) co-doped ZnO thin films using
spin coating technique and describes their
structural and morphological properties.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Cobalt and manganese are both co-doped
with zinc oxide films were set up by sol-
gel turn covering strategy on quartz
substrate by shifting the dopants focus.

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ALLOYS
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