International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
Thermal Energy &
Applications
IJTEAJan – Jun 2016
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! Thermal and non-thermal processes
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! Thermochemical Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Plants
! Enhanced Heat Transfer in Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage System
! Thermodynamic energy
! Thermal interface materials
! Ocean thermal energy
! Energy Control Systems
! Exothermic reaction and endothermic reactions
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Dr. Balaram Kundu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Jadavpur University, Kolkata (West Bengal),
India
Dr. Harishankar Chandra
Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College,
Lakhanpur (CG) Sarguja University,
Ambikapur (CG), India
Dr. Jahar Sarkar
Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India
Dr. Nataraj J. R
R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Qingsong Wang
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,
University of Science and Technology of China,
China
Dr. Ramjee Repaka
Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar,
India
Dr. K J Sreekanth,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar
Baselios College of Engineering & Technology,
University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Engineering, College of Science Engineering
and Technology, University of South Africa
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Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh,
Perak, Malaysia
Dr. Chitranjan Agrawal
College of Technology and Engineering,
MPUAT, Udaipur, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications. This journal is part of
the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Thermal Energy issues,
from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging
technologies.
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Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications focuses on original high-quality research in the
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applications.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Design and Thermal Analysis of Shell and Tube Type Condenser
P. Diwan 1
2. Clean Energy CNG for Indian Telecom Towers
Shivaji Bhandarkar 11
3. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pongamia Pinnata Oil With Pulsating Heating
R. Chandra Kumar, M.M. Benal, B. Durga Prasad, M.S. Krupashankara 18
4. A Past Review on Solar-Powered Water Purification Systems
P. Garg, S. Sharmila 23
5. Highlights on the TPS Used For Spacecraft during Atmospheric Reentry
Priyanka Garg 26
Contents

IJTEA (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Design and Thermal Analysis of Shell and Tube Type Condenser
P. Diwan*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VEC Lakhanpur, Sarguja University, Ambikapur (C.G.), India
Abstract
Today shell and tube heat exchanger is the most common type heat exchanger widely used in
oil refinery and chemical process, because it suits high pressure application. Using CFD
package ANSYS 12.0, the simulation consists of modelling and meshing of basic geometry.
The objective of the project is to design of shell and tube heat exchanger with helical baffle
using design software and study the flow and temperature field inside the shell using ANSYS
software tools. The helix angle of helical baffle will be varied from 0 to 200 degree. The heat
exchanger contains 27 tubes and 5490 mm length shell diameter 540 mm. In simulation, we
will show how the temperature and heat flux vary throughout the surface of the condenser.
The flow pattern in the shell side with continuous helical baffles was forced to be rotational
and helical due to the continuous helical baffles, which further results in a significant
increase in heat transfer coefficient per unit pressure drop in the condensers.
Keywords: ANSYS 12.0, baffles, CFD, simulation
INTRODUCTION
Condenser is a necessary component of
any refrigeration system. In any refrigerant
condenser, the refrigerant must enters the
condenser is in a superheated state. It is
de-superheated first then condensed by
rejecting heat to an external medium. The
refrigerant leaves the condenser as a
saturated or a sub-cooled liquid, depending
upon the temperature of the external
medium and design of the condenser. The
variation of refrigeration cycle on T-S
diagram as shown in Figure 1. The profile
of the temperature of the external fluid,
which is assumed to undergo only sensible
heat transfer, is shown by dashed lines. It
can be seen that process 2–3 is a de-
superheating process, during which the
refrigerant is cooled sensibly from a
temperature T2 to the saturation
temperature corresponding condensing
pressure, T3’. The condensation process is
represented by process 3’-3, during which
the temperature of the refrigerant remains
constant as it undergoes a phase change
process. In actual refrigeration systems,
temperature of the refrigerant changes
during the condensation process also with
a finite pressure drops in the condenser.
Process 3–4 is a sensible, sub cooling
process, during which the refrigerant
temperature drops from T3 to T4. However,
at present for simplicity, it is assumed that
the refrigerant used is a pure refrigerant
and during the condensation process. The
condenser pressure remains constant. [1, 2]
Fig. 1. Refrigration Cycle on T-S
Diagram.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Clean Energy CNG for Indian Telecom Towers
Shivaji Bhandarkar*
Department of Automobile Engineering, Pusa Institute Techlology, DTTE, Govt of NCT, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The study is concerned with the development, encouragement and use of more environment-
friendly forms of alternative fuels for Telecom Tower Generator sets. These innovative
solutions encompass new more environment-friendly Telecom Tower technologies (and also
innovative Green Energy concepts with potential for lowering environmental impacts, such
as minimizing exhaust emissions). This study mainly deals with the sustainable development
Telecom Towers by the use of Alternative fuel-CNG. Particularly it focuses on the suggestion
to curb the generator pollution by the use of CNG. In this study the pollution loads have been
calculated and compared by considering usage of the CNG in place of conventional diesel
fuel in Generators. The total money which we can save by the use of CNG is also calculated
and shown here. For the purpose of this study, the all the Towers of Department of Telecom
(DoT) were considered. In India about 6 lakh telecom towers have been constructed. These
towers get power from diesel fuel and are responsible for large amount of lead emissions and
various other pollutants. The pollution loads were calculated on the basis of information
collected from the Telecom Regulatory Authority India (TRAI) Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB), Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and previous studies carried out in
this regard by various important agencies. The use of CNG shows tremendous reduction in
various pollutants. By the use of CNG we can reduce a 30% reduction in NOx and a more
than 50% reduction in PM when operating in bi-fuel compared to straight diesel mode. Gas
also produces 25–33 (An average of 29%) percent less CO2 than oil.
Keywords: CPCB, DoT, green fuels, pollution, TRAI, telecom towers
INTRODUCTION
In India Six lakh telecom towers are being
established all over the country. They are
using Diesel generators to provide power
to these towers.
The telecom companies are estimated to be
the second-biggest consumers of Diesel in
the country; behind only the Railways.
Apart from leading to high carbon
emission, diesel usage by telecom towers
is also a big drain on the exchequer as the
loss to the government on account of the
cheaper fuel is pegged at over Rs. 4500
crore.
Average fuel consumption by a single
telecom tower is estimated by a single
telecom tower is estimated at 8760 litre
diesel annually, assuming 8 hours of
operation by diesel generator sets.
The total diesel usage by the telecom
tower apparatus spread all over the country
is pegged at 5.12 billion litres a year.
The total carbon emission on account of
Diesel usage by the telecom towers is
estimated to be around 10 million tons of
Carbon-dioxide (CO2).

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pongamia Pinnata Oil With
Pulsating Heating
R. Chandra Kumar,1, 2
*, M.M. Benal3
, B. Durga Prasad1
, M.S. Krupashankara2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar, India
Abstract
Oil extraction from seeds is conventionally carried out by mechanical methods. There have
been research efforts to extract the oil by use of microwave energy. In this research,
microwave assisted extraction system has been developed to extract the oil from Pongamia
pinnata seeds. Pulsating heating of seeds has been adopted for efficient extraction of oil.
Keywords: microwave, oil, Pongamia pinnata, pulsating heating, seeds
BACKGROUND
Microwaves are electromagnetic energy
with frequencies from 300 MHz to 300
GHz. This energy is transmitted as waves,
which penetrates into biomaterials and
interact with molecules to generate heat. [1]
Microwaves interact selectively with the
free water molecules present, leading to
localized heating. Thus temperature
increases rapidly near or above the boiling
point of water. Thus there is rapid
expansion leading to the rupture of their
walls. [2]
Lipids have low specific heat.
Hence they become susceptible to this
radiation. [3]
This would lead to permanent
pores in the seed and thus result in higher
yield. [4]
Rapid heating is the key
advantage of microwaves. Microwave
Assisted Extraction (MAE) has shown to
reduce extraction time and minimizing
environmental impact by emitting lesser
CO2
[5, 6]
and requiring only a small
fraction of the energy used in conventional
extraction methods. [7]
This method
considerably enhances the efficiency of
the extraction.[8–10]
Thus, microwave
assisted extraction is relatively cost-
effective. [11]
The short exposure time to
microwaves, preserves most compounds
from degradation reactions. [12, 13]
Better
extraction rates, High oil yields and good
oil quality indicate that a continuous
microwave system would be feasible for a
greater variety of oil bearing seeds.[14]
Thus useful compounds can be extracted
from plants using microwave energy.
Hence it can be inferred that Microwave
method is a potential process for
extraction of oil from Pongamia Pinnata
seeds.
Pongamia Pinnata is the tree species found
abundantly in southern part of India and
oil content is non-edible. Due to increase
in demand of fuels and pressure on edible
oils, also having advantages such as being
able to be grown in non-fertile and waste
land, the pongamia pinnata is an important
sustainable feedstock for producing
biodiesel. [15]
METHODS
The seeds were fine ground using a
mechanical expeller that converted the

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Review on Solar-Powered Water Purification Systems
P. Garg*
, S. Sharmila
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens in developing countries cause several billion cases of disease and up
to 10 million deaths each year, at least half of which are children. In the rural areas of
developing countries, boiling is the means most often used for purifying water for food
preparation and drinking. However, boiling is relatively expensive, consumes substantial
amounts of fossil energy and the associated wood gathering contributes to depletion of
forests. Among available alternatives, solar water purification is one of the most promising
approaches for an energy-efficient, cost-effective, robust and reliable solution to these
problems. In present paper, a brief review is done on earlier developments in water
purification systems using solar power.
Keywords: solar power, purification system, water, panel, diseases, water pasteurizer
INTRODUCTION
Scarcity of water and quality of water have
long been a concern for many people in
the world. Population is increasing on an
exponential scale which leads to a greater
need for water reserves. Also with the
large population increase there is more
pollution emitted into the environment
contaminating many streams, lakes, and
rivers which carry different types of
waterborne diseases.
Drinking from untreated water can cause
illness which leads to extreme pain or even
death. Even water sources that are away
from densely populated areas can carry
pathogens detrimental to human health.
There are many areas in the world that
need a solution to make their polluted
water potable. Even areas that currently do
not need a way to provide safe drinking
water may need it in the future with the
rapid increase of pollution and scarcity of
water. [2]
Factors involved in Water Purifier
Design
The design parameters concerned to
develop an efficient, eco-friendly as well
as cost-sensitive water purifier system are
as follows:
 The system must kill all
microorganisms in the water to
make it safe for consumption.
 The system must provide a source
of power for portable use in all
locations.
 The system must have a low
construction cost.
 The system must be durable for
outdoor conditions.
 The system must provide enough
potable water for an average sized
family.
 Personal water purification systems
must be developed for household
needs.
Solar Energy for Water Purification

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Highlights on the TPS Used For Spacecraft During Atmospheric
Reentry
Priyanka Garg
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
INTRODUCTION
To protect against the heat of friction,
engineers use special insulating blankets,
foams, and tiles on the skin of the
spacecraft. The heat shield or thermal
protection system (TPS), which protects
against the heat from the engine exhaust
plumes, is a more local system that is
installed near the throat of the engine
nozzles in the base of the vehicle. [1]
A
thermal protection system or TPS is the
barrier that protects a spacecraft during the
searing heat of atmospheric reentry. A
secondary goal may be to protect the
spacecraft from the heat and cold of space
while on orbit. Multiple approaches for the
thermal protection of spacecraft are in use,
among them ablative heat shields, passive
cooling and active cooling of spacecraft
surfaces. [2]
Fig.1. Ablative Heat Shield (After Use) On
Apollo 12 Capsule
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmo
spheric_entry#/media/File:Apollo_12_hea
t_shield.JPG
Ablative
The ablative heat shield functions by
lifting the hot shock layer gas away from
the heat shield's outer wall (creating a
cooler boundary layer). The boundary
layer comes from blowing of gaseous
reaction products from the heat shield
material and provides protection against all
forms of heat flux. The overall process of
reducing the heat flux experienced by the
heat shield's outer wall by way of a
boundary layer is called blockage. [3]
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TPS USED
The thermal conductivity of a particular
TPS material is usually proportional to the
material's density. Carbon phenolic is a
very effective ablative material, but also
has high density which is undesirable. If
the heat flux experienced by an entry
vehicle is insufficient to cause pyrolysis
then the TPS material's conductivity could
allow heat flux conduction into the TPS
bond line material thus leading to TPS
failure. Consequently, for entry trajectories
causing lower heat flux, carbon phenolic is
sometimes inappropriate and lower density
TPS materials such as the following
examples can be better design choices:
SLA-561V
SLA in SLA-561V stands for super light-
weight ablator. SLA-561V is a proprietary
ablative made by Lockheed Martin that
has been used as the primary TPS material
on all of the 70 sphere-cone entry vehicles

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications vol 2 issue 1