4. Ray florets (ligulate)
Disk florets (tubular)
With a very short axis which swollen into a
conical structure, and on which are inserted
sessile flowers (the axis is wrongly known as
receptacle).
1. ( )
Usually there are two types of small flowers
called florets:
1. Disc florets: Tubular corollas.
2. Ray floret: Ligulate (strap-like) corollas.
Flattened strap-shaped
extension of petal
11. Powder:
Chamomile
البابونج
German Chamomile
Roman Chamomile
1. Spiny pollen grains.
2. Compositae glandular hairs.
3. Fragment of papillosed epidermis.
M.D.E.
Non-glandular
multicellular uniseriate
hair (cells are equal in
size).
Non-glandular
multicellular
uniseriate hair (with
short basal and very
long terminal cell).
12. Constituents:
Chamomile
البابونج
German Chamomile
Roman Chamomile
Volatile oils: Azulene and
chamazulene, a-bisabolol, b-
bisabolol oxide A and B
Matricarine convert to
chamazulene upon distillation.
Volatile oils: Azulene and
chamazulene.
Yellowish green color due
to Matricarine which upon
heating convert to
Chamazulene (blue)
Hexane extract azure blue
color due to Chamazulene
(blue volatile oil)
17. Active Constituents:
Pyrethrum
البايرثروم
1. 1-2% of esters called Pyrethrins:
[Pyrethrin I, Pyrethrin II, Cinerin I, Cinerin II, Jasmolin I
and Jasmolin II].
2. Flavonoid glycosides.
3. Sesquiterpene lactone.
4. Triterpenoid (Pyrethrol).
Chrysanthemum cinerarioefolium
Uses:
It is widely used as insecticide (poison for insects) either:
a) Mixed with synthetic products as D.D.T.
b) As extract in kerosene used in the form of sprays for
large verity of insects such as:
- House flies. - Scabicide. - Parasiticide.
18. Chemical test:
Pyrethrum
البايرثروم
Williamson's reagent (syrupy H3PO4 + glacial acetic acid):
o Powder, is extracted with ether.
o The ether soluble fraction was then dried to solid residue.
o Residue is then treated with Williamson's reagent
Crimson red color.
Chrysanthemum cinerarioefolium
20. Origin
Dried unexpanded flower head (capitulum) of
To prevent conversion of
active Santonin to
inactive Homosantonin.
Artemisiacina
Santonica
(Worm-Seed flower)
اخلراساني الشيح
22. Santonica
(Worm-Seed flower)
اخلراساني الشيح
Active Constituents:
1. Crystalline bitter principles Santonin and Artemisin.
2. Volatile oil containing cineole, terpinene, terpineole and
pinene.
Uses:
Anthelmintic to round worm e.g. Ascaris.
Being bitter in taste it can be administrate
in form of enema.
Chemical test:
Kazilbach test:
o Benzene extract of powdered Santonica is dried to a solid.
o The residue mixed with few drops of potassium methoxide
(CH3OK), warm carmine red color.
26. CALENDULA
(Chinese saffron, Marigold florets)
األقحوان
Active Constituents:
1. Carotene pigments (calenduin) (yellow color).
2. Volatile oils.
3. Flavonoids such as isorhamnetin and quercetin
4. Saponins.
Uses:
Treatment of bruises leading to absorption of effused blood.
Improve wound and ulcer healing
Treatment of minor skin and oral inflammations.
34. Description:
Saffron consists of trifid stigmas, each lobe has long narrow
tube and broadening towards the extremity where a slit is
present on the inner side.
It is reddish-brown and attached to
short pale yellow style. It measures
25 mm long.
It possess characteristic odor and bitter taste.
Pollen grains: Often found on
the stigma, spherical in shape,
100 u in size
SAFFRON
الزعفران مياسم
35. SAFFRON
الزعفران مياسم
Active Constituents:
1. Ester glycoside viz., crocin.
2. Volatile oils and waxes.
Uses:
Coloring agent, stimulant, antispasmodic, emenagogue
(increase blood flow during menstrual cycle) and diaphoretic.
[N.B.] Very expensive coloring matters as 1 kg require 100,000
flowers thus saffron is substituted by calendula and safflower.
Chemical test:
(1)Powder + 50% v/v H2SO4 -----> deep blue color.
(2) It imparts to water and saliva a color.
