International Journal of Concrete Technology is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all topics related to advancement in concrete technology i.e., from the types of different concrete mixtures, its various parameters, techniques, equipment design and more. This journal encompasses both experimental as well as theoretical articles and review papers of pronounced importance.

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4. International Journal of
Concrete Technology
International Journal of Concrete Technology is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all
topics related to advancement in concrete technology i.e., from the types of different concrete mixtures, its
various parameters, techniques, equipment design and more. This journal encompasses both experimental
as wellas theoreticalarticlesandreviewpapers ofpronouncedimportance.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
! Advanced concrete technology
! Self-drying concrete technology
! Concrete leveling
! Concrete mixer
! Concrete masonry unit
! Concrete moisture meter
! Concrete plant
! Concrete recycling
! Reinforced concrete
International Journals of Concrete Technology is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an
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Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. A. F. M. Saiful Amin
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh
Univeristy of Engineering and Technology,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dr. Hasan Dilbas
Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department,
Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul Turkey
Dr. J. Karthikeyan
Department Civil Engineering, National Institute
of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Mujahid Faiyaz Hussain
Shram Sadhna Trust's College of Engineering
and Technology, Bambhori,Jalgaon, India
Dr. P. Ratish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, National
Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
Dr. Samer Al- Martini
Department of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering and Computer Science, Abu Dhabi
University, United Arab Emirates
Dr. Anil Kumar Sachan
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
India
Dr. Saleem Muhammad
Department of Basic Engineering, College of
Engineering, University of Dammam, Saudi
Arabia
Rakesh Mehar,
Transportation Engineering Department,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, MP, India
Shalem Ernest
Department of Civil Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Raipur,
India
Prof. Saad Issa Sarsam
University of Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. Cengiz Duran Atis
ERCIYES University, Turkey
Zhenjun He
North China University of Technology,
China
Mohamed Heikal
Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University, Saudi Arabia
M. N. Islam
National University of Malaysia (UKM),
Malaysia
C. M. Tam
Department of Building and Construction, City
University of Hong Kong, China
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, M.P., India
Dr. G. Nandini Devi,
Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar,
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of
Civil Engineering, University College of
Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India
Sandeep Choudhary
Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,
MP, India

7. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (MP), India
Dr. G. Nandini Devi
Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur, Tamil Nadu 635109
Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of
Civil Engineering, University College of
Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India
Rajan Wankhade
Assistant Professor Applied Mechanics
Department Government College of
Engineering, Karad Maharashtra, India,
India
Rakesh Mehar
Transportation Engineering Department,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (MP), INDIA, India

8. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Concrete Technology. This journal is part of the
Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Concrete Technology, from
theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Concrete Technology as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing
researchers andpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Concrete Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Concrete Technology in general. Journals Pub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Concrete Technology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
advanced concrete technology, self-drying concrete technology, cement accelerator, concrete canoe,
concreteleveling,concreteplant,and concreterecycling.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Concrete
Technologyand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Concrete Technology
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofConcreteTechnology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournals Pub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Concrete Technology readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofConcreteTechnology.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

9. 1. Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision Trees
Saha Dauji 1
2. Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Using Non-bituminous
Modifier – Candle Wax
Enwuso A. Igwe, Jonah C. Agwunwamba 12
3. A Review on Use of Recycled Aggregates
Tej Prakash Kumawat, Avanish Kumar Mishra 19
4. Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures through Rubberization at the
Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer Interface
Enwuso A. Igwe 26
Contents

10. IJCT (2016) 1–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Concrete Technology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision
Trees
Saha Dauji*
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
Abstract
In the past few researchers predicted the compressive strength of concrete from its
ingredients employing data driven technique like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and
Decision Tree (DT). For Indian concrete records, only one study was available which had
employed ANN for prediction. Evaluation of different performance metrics indicated that
there was scope of improvement in the prediction performance. In this paper experimental
data from the literature was utilized for development of prediction models with the data-
driven technique: Decision Tree (DT). While it is difficult to appreciate the underlying
rationale for the predictions by ANN, predictions by DT are rule based which can be easily
listed and comprehended by users. Decision tree gave better overall performance compared
to ANN models reported in the literature as was ascertained by higher correlation, lesser
root mean square error and mean absolute error. In the end, interpretation of the decision
rules had been attempted.
Keywords: compressive strength, concrete, decision tree, prediction
BACKGROUND
Concrete is a mixture of aggregates both
coarse and fine which is held together in
cement and water paste. Other ingredients
can include silica flume, fly ash, super-
plasticizers or additives for enhanced
properties in case of high performance
concrete (HPC). Owing to the progressive
hydration of the cement and other binders
the strength of concrete increases with age.
The compressive strength of concrete at
any particular time is influenced by many
factors including mix proportions, curing
conditions and methods of mixing,
transporting, placing and testing the
concrete. The prediction of concrete
strength assumes importance in the
modernized concrete construction and
engineering. It is useful for estimating the
time for concrete form removal, re-shoring
for slab, project scheduling and quality
control.[1]
For prediction of the strength of concrete
at various ages, the traditional approaches
are based on maturity concept where the
time and the temperature above datum
temperature are primarily considered. Such
models are available in form of equations
with certain number of parameters, and
these would have been developed on
limited data. Thus, any variation in the
ingredients could result in erroneous
predictions and would call for either new
value of parameters or even new form of
equation.
Data driven tools like Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) and Decision Tree (DT)
does not need a-priori definition of the
relationship between the different

11. IJCT (2016) 12–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Concrete Technology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Mixtures Using Non-bituminous Modifier – Candle Wax
Enwuso A. Igwe1
, Jonah C. Agwunwamba2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Abstract
Improving the performance of asphalt concrete mixtures synonymous with flexible pavement
has been a major concern in highway engineering. However, design of flexible pavement
begins with proper material characterization to ensure that designs are appropriate. It is also
pertinent to say that sometimes if not most times the properties of the individual materials
that make up the pavement structure falls short of desired expectations. This has led to
exploring techniques that will help improve the properties of the pavement structure. The
present research therefore focused on re-characterizing the strength properties and in
particular stability and density of asphalt concrete mixtures that simulate flexible pavements
by the inclusion of candle wax as a modifying agent. The research was carried out for three
categories of traffic – light, medium and heavy respectively and modifications were made by
adding 5–25% of the candle wax at optimum content. The results obtained revealed the
following; percent increase in stability – 36% for light traffic, 44.4% for medium traffic and
17.3% for heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%. Similarly, results for
density increase were – 14.6% for light traffic, 15.5% for medium traffic and 15.7% for
heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%.
Keywords: asphalt concrete and candle wax, density, re-characterization, stability.
INTRODUCTION
In highway engineering and in particular
pavement design, the term characterization
of pavement materials refers to the
evaluation of the properties of the
individual materials that make up the
pavement.
Also it includes the evaluating the
properties of the pavement as a
conglomerate such that its performance
during use is sufficient to sustain the
various loading conditions (traffic,
thermal, moisture, wind etc) during the
design period without deterioration,
deformation or failure.
The importance of characterization of
pavement materials is that it helps the
engineer to know whether or not a material
will be suitable to achieve desired results
in terms of performance during the design
period. The philosophy behind re-
characterization of pavement materials
stems from the fact that most times the
individual materials that make up a
pavement structure falls short of required
standards and stipulations. In effect when
designs are carried out such as mix design
and structural designs the pavement
performance is likely to fall short of
desired expectations. This has led to
deliberate efforts to either improve the

12. IJCT (2016) 19–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Concrete Technology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Use of Recycled Aggregates
Tej Prakash Kumawat*, Avanish Kumar Mishra
Department of Civil Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any
modern development. Recycled Aggregates are made from material which is usually
recovered from demolition projects then crushed, screened and washed to produce the
required grading. The recycled coarse aggregates obtained by crushed concrete were used
for concrete production. Generally recycled aggregates are cheaper than quarried
aggregates although this does not make them any less suitable. Recycled aggregates are the
materials for the future. These are eco-friendly materials and it also reduces the cost of
making concrete.
Keywords: concrete, natural resources, recycled aggregates
INTRODUCTION
Conservation of natural resources and
preservation of environment is the essence
of any modern development. Recycled
Aggregates are made from material which
is usually recovered from demolition
projects then crushed, screened and
washed to produce the required grading.
The recycled coarse aggregates obtained
by crushed concrete were used for
concrete production. Generally recycled
aggregates are cheaper than quarried
aggregates although this does not make
them any less suitable. Recycled
aggregates are the materials for the future.
Urbanization growth rate in India is very
high due to industrialization. Growth rate
of India is reaching 9% of GDP. Rapid
infrastructure development requires a large
quantity of construction materials, land
requirements & the site. For large
construction, concrete is preferred as it has
longer life, low maintenance cost & better
performance. For achieving GDP rate,
smaller structures are demolished & new
towers are constructed. Protection of
environment is a basic factor which is
directly connected with the survival of the
human race. Parameters like
environmental consciousness, protection
of natural resources, sustainable
development, play an important role in
modern requirements of construction
works. Due to modernization, demolished
materials are dumped on land & not used
for any purpose. Such situations affect the
fertility of land. As per report of Hindu
online of March 2007, India generates
23.75 million tons demolition waste
annually. As per report of Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, in
India, 48million tons solid waste is
produced out of which 14.5 million ton
waste is produced from the construction
waste sector, out of which only 3% waste
is used for embankment. Out of the total
construction demolition waste, 40% is of
concrete, 30% ceramics, 5% plastics, 10%
wood, 5% metal, & 10% other mixtures.
As reported by global insight, growth in
global construction sector predicts an
increase in construction spending of 4800

13. IJCT (2016) 26–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
International Journal of Concrete Technology
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Through
Rubberization at the Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer Interface
Enwuso A. Igwe*
Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Oroworukwo,
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
Tensile strains are major contributors in determining the fatigue life of asphalt concrete
pavement because they are responsible for fatigue cracking. Therefore, knowledge of strains
and their role is of vital importance to the Highway Engineer. However, the focus of the
present study was to investigate measures by which these damage contributing factor –
“tensile strain” could be reduced at the interface of the asphalt concrete – subgrade layer.
The methodology involved introducing rubber latex at the optimum asphalt content of the
asphalt concrete mixtures in order to alter the properties of the concrete. Results revealed
that the introduction of rubber latex at varying amounts of 0-3% into the asphalt concrete
mixtures reduced the tensile strains from 9.74 × 104
–4.27 × 104
at loading frequency of 1
Hz, 10.13 × 104
–4.52 × 104
at loading frequency of 5 Hz and 10.87 × 104
–5.46 × 104
at
loading frequency of 10 Hz, respectively. In addition, results further revealed that as tensile
strain levels reduced the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete in terms of no. of load cycles to
failure increased. This was true for all categories of loading frequencies considered.
Keywords: asphalt concrete, reduction, rubberization, tensile strain
INTRODUCTION
Asphalt concrete pavement (i.e., flexible
pavements), one of the largest
infrastructure components in some parts of
the developed nations like the United
States, is a complex system that involves
multiple layers of different materials,
various combinations of irregular traffic
loading, and varying environmental
conditions such as temperature, moisture
and oxidation rates.[1]
Therefore, a realistic
prediction of the long-term service life of
asphalt pavements is one of the most
challenging tasks for pavement engineers
in Highway Engineering. It is general
knowledge among pavement engineers
that the performance of asphalt concrete
pavements (i.e. flexible pavement) is
closely related to the performance of
asphalt concrete. Thus, proper evaluation
of the performance and behavior of asphalt
concrete is of great importance; therefore
performance models of asphalt concrete
provides the links among various
processes involved in asphalt mix design,
pavement structure design, construction,
and rehabilitation. Also asphalt mixture is
a composite material of graded aggregates
bound with a mastic mortar. The physical
properties and performance of HMA is
governed by the properties of the
aggregate (e.g., shape, surface texture,
gradation, skeletal structure, modulus,
etc.); properties of the asphalt binder (e.g.,
grade, complex modulus, relaxation
characteristics, cohesion, etc.), and asphalt
aggregate interaction (e.g., adhesion,
absorption, physiochemical interactions,

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