International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation vol 2 issue 1

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! Design of machine elements,
! Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Robotics
! Control panel design and build
! Control panel modification
! MCC Building
! Electrical Wiring Drawings using AutoCAD
! PLC Programming
! HMI design and programming
! Robot control programming
! Machine safety systems
! Mobile Elevated Work Platform
! Safe Loading And Lashing
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School of Mechanical Engineering and Building
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Dr. S. Ramabalan
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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Dr. Mark Ovinis
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri
Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Dr. M. Syed Ali
Department of Mathematics, Thiruvalluvar
University Vellore, Tamil Nadu,
India
Dr. Dinesh Singh G. Thakur
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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Pune, India
Dr. Wilson Udo Udofia
Department of Technical Education, State
College of Education, Afaha Nsit, Akwa Ibom
State, University of Uyo,
Nigeria

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation. This journal is
part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Mechanical
Handling and Automation from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and
thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Mechanical Handling and
Automation as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science
community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation in Journals Pub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Automation in general.
Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-
time&successfully.
International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation focuses on original high-quality research in
the realm of Design of machine elements, Computer integrated manufacturing and robotics, Control panel
design and build, Control panel modification, Electrical wiring drawings using autocad, Robot control
programming etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Mechanical
HandlingandAutomationand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical
Handling and Automation community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many
others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofMechanicalHandlingandAutomation.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournals Pub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will
stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofMechanicalHandlingandAutomation.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Enhancing Stiffness of Caliper Bracket on Four Wheeler Disc Brake
R. Srisaanth, M. Balamurugan 1
2. Implementation of Machinery Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for
CNC Machines in Valve Manufacturing Industry
R.K. Salvi, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda 10
3. Review on the Use of PLCs in Control System Education
S. Sharmila, T. Devi, P. Garg 16
4. Research Insight: Guidelines for Mechanical Handling Applications
Himanshu Garg 19
5. Research Insight: Developments in Automation
Priyanka Garg 24
Contents

IJMHA (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Enhancing Stiffness of Caliper Bracket on Four Wheeler Disc
Brake
R. Srisaanth, M. Balamurugan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Brakes are most important component of any vehicle. The disc brakes are used in rear wheel
brakes of four wheelers to provide better braking. These disc brakes contain brake caliper
brackets to hold the pads of the brakes. These caliper bracket must withstand the forces
generated during braking and also should withstand heavy load during emergency or sudden
braking. These caliper brackets must possess high stiffness to resists deformation due to load
applied which leads to crack development. Due to low stiff materials used in brackets leads to
squeal which is another major concern. Hence in this paper the existing caliper bracket is
analyzed for its static strengths using ANSYS depending upon the loading conditions and
improvement is made on the bracket according to the results obtained.
Keywords: deformation, stiffness, Young’s modulus
INTRODUCTION
Disc brakes are most common in four
wheelers to make braking precise and to
gain good stopping force. One of the
important parts in disc brake is brake
caliper where caliper bracket is used. In
brake caliper the hydraulic pressure pushes
out one of the piston. This causes the outer
portion of the caliper and the piston to
squeeze the rotor between two brake pads.
The frictional forces which are produced
are conveyed at this pad interface.
A caliper bracket holds the pads and
attaches the caliper to the spindle. Thus,
the caliper bracket must withstand all the
braking forces at the wheel under heavy
braking. It should not over deflect while
withstanding the forces. If the stiffness of
the bracket reduces large deformations
occurs and even a structural failure. After
large deformation, cracks will begin to
appear soon after fracture. Material with
low stiffness will cause brake squeal. [1–3]
Fig. 1. Brake Caliper Bracket.
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The 3D model of the caliper bracket is
developed in SolidWorks using the
measurement taken. The model developed
is shown in Figure 1. The material used for
making the caliper bracket is Aluminum
7075.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Implementation of Machinery Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
for CNC Machines in Valve Manufacturing Industry
R.K. Salvi*
, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University
of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a pro-active quality tool for evaluating
potential failure modes and their reasons. It helps to prioritization of the failure modes and to
corrective measures for the avoidance of cataclysmic failures and improvement of the
quality. In this paper, an attempt has been made to implement machinery FMEA in valves
manufacturing unit of GG Valves, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The failure modes and their
causes identifying for all CNC machines, the three key indices (Severity (S), Occurrence (O)
and Detection (D)) we reassessed and the statistical analysis of failures was carried out with
help of Machinery Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (MFMEA) worksheet. Finally, the
necessary corrective actions were recommended.
Keywords: CNC machine failures, MFMEA, RPN, severity, occurrence, detection
INTRODUCTION
Failure data of CNC machine in GG
Valves industry is the basis of this work,
as a data source where the CNC machines
are being used for the machining of the
valves. This work aims to identify the
problems in manufacturing and
maintenance, especially in manufacturing
stage takes corrective actions, so that the
reliability of the machine can be
maintained.
The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
(FMEA) approach helps in identification
of occasions of malfunction of
equipments. FMEA shows the causes and
effects of potential failure modes. It also
helps to identify the occurrence of failures
in CNC machines. This technique was
firstly used by NASA in 1960s.
The first applications in automotive
industry were held by Ford Motor
Company. This method enables the
manufacturing process to increase its
efficiency. The FMEA identifies the
corrective measures and possible failure
modes by prioritization of possible failure
modes with the help of a template. [1]
There are many other advantages of
FMEA as given below:
 Identify and prevent safety hazards
 Minimize loss of product performance
or performance degradation
 Improve test and verification plans
 Improve process control plans
 Consider changes to the product design
or manufacturing process
 Identify significant product or process
characteristics
 Develop preventive maintenance plans
for in-service machinery and
equipment
 Develop online diagnostic techniques

IJMHA (2016) 16–18© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on the Use of PLCs in Control System Education
S. Sharmila*, T. Devi, P. Garg
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The paper reviews the previous researches devoted to control system education. It shows how
academic institutions are utilizing PLCs in education and how it can complement the
traditional focus on continuous-based control. A key objective of this paper is to review the
PLC use in mechanical engineering education, which traditionally takes place in a control
systems engineering course. This paper will also address a proposal by the authors that
implementing PLCs into a control systems course for mechanical engineering students can
enable a natural integration of continuous and non-continuous control theory.
Keywords: control system, automation, PLC, education, laboratory, controller
INTRODUCTION
Automation plays great role in
contemporary industries. Through the
twentieth century it has been evolved
from simple sequential control to the
complicated electronics systems. Today it
is hard to imagine a factory without
robots, numerically controlled machines
and programmable logic controllers
(PLC). Traditional control systems
engineering courses focus on the theory
and mathematics of continuous-based
control systems and rarely involve the
use of PLCs, which provide an excellent
platform to teach feedback control. Only
a few programs have included a specific
focus on non-continuous (on/off) control
commonly used in industrial
environments.
Engineering control problems can
generally be categorized solely or as a
combination of the following three ways:
1. Continuous Linear – these systems
can be described by linear differential
equations, and exact equations can be
used to design controllers.
2. Continuous Non-linear – these
systems can be described with
differential equations that are non-
linear, and the controllers can be
designed with some effort. In some
systems differential equations are not
available, forcing reliance on other
methods, such as heuristic rules.
3. Non-continuous – these systems have
discrete states and are characterized
with on/off transitions of inputs and
outputs. Logical decisions are
required to control the system.
Control Systems Engineering is
traditionally seen as a “dry” course by
students with a mechanical concentration.
The popular textbooks on the subject are
meant for a more general engineering
student audience, cover the theory that is
typically associated with the subject, and
focus mainly on continuous linear
controls. A few industrial, chemical, and
electrical engineering as well as various
technology programs have included some
introduction to PLCs into their programs,
where they are often presented as part of

IJMHA (2016) 19–23© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Research Insight: Guidelines for Mechanical Handling
Applications
Himanshu Garg*
IEET, Baddi, H. P. University, Shimla, India
INTRODUCTION
Handling materials shouldn’t cause
injuries or fatalities. Nor should it be a
back-breaking job. Failing to protect
workers from either mechanical or manual
material handling injuries can be costly.
Items being lifted or mechanically handled
have the potential to cause serious injury.
This has been seen in the last few years
where a number of fatalities and serious
accidents have occurred during lifting and
mechanical handling operations.
As a result of this, there is a strong desire
within the oil and gas industry to improve
the safety performance of such operations.
To achieve this aim, a work group was
established to produce these Lifting and
Mechanical Handling
Manual handling injuries are among the
most commonly sustained by people at
work, and mechanical handling aids are
often used to help prevent such injuries.
Numerous types of equipment are
available to help with the task of handling
goods, and whenever reasonably
practicable, mechanical handling systems
should be used in preference to manual
handling by people. The main types of
mechanical handling are:
• conveyorised systems
• elevators (escalators, lifts and moving
walkways)
• internal workplace transport
• goods vehicles
• other mechanical handling products
Mechanical Handling Guidelines
The guidelines define the responsibilities,
training, competencies and assessment of
those involved in lifting and mechanical
handling operations, and set out a
structured approach to ensure that such
operations are systematically planned and
carried out safely. They also provide
examples of key documents such as lift
plans and checklists which can be used
where no similar document exists or to
benchmark those that do. These guidelines
are therefore aimed at all personnel
involved in lifting and mechanical
handling operations, particularly those
who plan these operations and the
supervisors of those personnel performing
them.
This Guide addresses the requirements for
the safe use of conveying equipment and
mobile handling equipment of various
types, but does not address lifting
equipment and operations.
THE LAW RELATING TO
MECHANICAL HANDLING
The following legislation applies to
mechanical handling operations:
• ‘Health and safety at work etc act
1974’ – this deals with the general
duties of employers and employees,
and designers etc of equipment and
installations.
• ‘Provision and use of work
equipment regulations 1998’ – the
main legislation relating to mechanical
handling equipment.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Research Insight: Developments in Automation
Priyanka Garg
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
BACKGROUND
Automated systems are usually required to
interact with humans in some way. For
example, an automatic bank teller machine
must receive instructions from customers
and act accordingly. In some automated
systems, a variety of different instructions
from humans is possible, and the decision-
making capability of the system must be
quite sophisticated in order to deal with the
array of possibilities. This article covers
the fundamentals of automation, including
its historical as well as modern
development. Also, a brief description is
presented on the development of robotics
as a part of modern automation
technology.
The term automation was coined in the
automobile industry about 1946 to
describe the increased use of automatic
devices and controls in mechanized
production lines. The origin of the word is
attributed to D.S. Harder, an engineering
manager at the Ford Motor Company at
the time. The term is used widely in a
manufacturing context, but it is also
applied outside manufacturing in
connection with a variety of systems in
which there is a significant substitution of
mechanical, electrical, or computerized
action for human effort and intelligence.
In general usage, automation can be
defined as a technology concerned with
performing a process by means of
programmed commands combined with
automatic feedback control to ensure
proper execution of the instructions. The
resulting system is capable of operating
without human intervention. The
development of this technology has
become increasingly dependent on the use
of computers and computer-related
technologies. Consequently, automated
systems have become increasingly
sophisticated and complex. Advanced
systems represent a level of capability and
performance that surpass in many ways the
abilities of humans to accomplish the same
activities.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
AUTOMATION
The technology of automation has evolved
from the related field of mechanization,
which had its beginnings in the Industrial
Revolution. Mechanization refers to the
replacement of human (or animal) power
with mechanical power of some form. The
driving force behind mechanization has
been humankind’s propensity to create
tools and mechanical devices. Some of the
important historical developments in
mechanization and automation leading to
modern automated systems are described
here.
Early Developments
The first tools made of stone represented
prehistoric man’s attempts to direct his
own physical strength under the control of
human intelligence. Thousands of years
were undoubtedly required for the
development of simple mechanical devices
and machines such as the wheel, the lever,
and the pulley, by which the power of
human muscle could be magnified. The
next extension was the development of
powered machines that did not require
human strength to operate. Examples of
these machines include waterwheels,

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