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! Green chemistry metrics
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Rekha Lagarkha
Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand
University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Bharat Modhera
Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. R. P. Badoni
College of Engineering Studies, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, India
Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi
Nanotechnology Research Center, Research
Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Samson Maria Louis N.
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Anna
University, Coimbatore, Chennai, India
Anandkumar J.
National Institute of Technology Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Dr. Reena Singhal
Department of Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I.
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh
Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST
Sponsored), Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous
College, Chhattisgarh, India
Prof. Ahmad Reza Massah
Department of Chemistry, School of Basic
Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Dr. Nandkumar M. Patil
Wockhardt R & D Center, Aurangabad,
Bihar, India
Dr. Anuja Chauhan
Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Dr. Monika Gupta
Department of Chemistry, University of
Jammu, Jammu, India
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Nazeruddin
Nasiruddin
Department of Chemistry, Poona College of Art,
Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. P. V. Singh
Department of Chemistry, Institute of
Technology & Management, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. L. Ammayappan
National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied
Fibre Technology, West Bengal, India
Dr. Hitesh D Patel
Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
Dr. Pramendra Kumar
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Shobhna Vij
NSL, NISCAIR, India
Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam
Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central
University of South Bihar (CUSB), BIT,
Patna, Bihar, India
Dr. Lakhwinder Singh
Department of Applied Science, CGC College
of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal
Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of
Technology & Engineering, The M. S.
University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Sumita Nair
Department of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai
Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Shaista Ali
Department of Chemistry, GC University,
Lahore, Punjab, India
Dr. Suryakant B Sapkal
MGM's Jawaharlal Nehre Engineering College,
Aurangabad, Bihar, India
Dr. Someshwar Dagduappa Dindulkar
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Konkuk University, Global hall 413, Konkuk
University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangin-gu,
Seoul, South Korea
Dr. Nitinkumar S. Shetty
Department of Organic Chemistry, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal University
(Manipal), India
Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi
Department of Chemistry, University College of
Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Swapnil Dharaskar
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Chennamsetty Subramanyam
Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Green Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Green Chemistry issues, from theoretical
aspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Green Chemistry as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Green Chemistry community, addressing researchers
and practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International journal of Green Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness
and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to
industry practitioners in a range of topics in Green Chemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder
for thescientificcommunitytopublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Green Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Green
chemistry metrics, Green computing, Bioremediation, Environmental engineering science,
Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytotransformation, Renewable feed stocks and
Degradable products. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the
techniquesofGreenChemistryandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Green Chemistry
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofGreenChemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Green Chemistry readers and
willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofGreenChemistry.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Thiamine Hydrochloride (VB ) in Water: A Privileged Synthetic Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives1
Suchita S. Gadekar, Suryakant B. Sapkal, Balaji R. Madje 1
2. Redox System Initiated Improved Low-Temperature Colouration of Real Silk With
Metal-Complex Dyes for Energy Conservation
Bipin J. Agrawal 9
3. Desulfurization of Light Fuels Using Trihexyl Tetradecyl Phosphonium Bromide
Shivam Varma, Swapnil A. Dharaskar, Samir K. Deshmukh 18
4. Phytoremediation: Its Background and Global Scenario
Chhavi Jain 27
5. Soil Moisture Level and Carbon Release Are Inversely Proportional: Recent Report
Meenakshi Tripathi 30
Contents

IJGC (2016) 1–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Green Chemistry
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Thiamine Hydrochloride (VB1) in Water: A Privileged Synthetic
Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives
Suchita S. Gadekar1
, Suryakant B. Sapkal2
, Balaji R. Madje1*
1
Department of Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Thiamine hydrochloride (VB1) is found to be an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild
catalyst for the cyclocondensation of o-phenylinediamine and
aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic aldehydes in water at moderate temperature. The present
work contributes a greener approach for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives under
gracious (water) reaction medium which resulted into facile, sustainable and high yielding
methodology.
Keywords: benzimidazoles, sustainable chemistry, thiamine hydrochloride (VB1), water
INTRODUCTION
In this day and age an embryonic
awareness of the environmental
consequences of the chemical output and
protocol by which they are produced has
led to the gentle concept of “Sustainable
(Green) Chemistry.” Green Chemistry has
emerged as an important aspect of all
chemistry that reduce or eliminate the use
and generation of hazardous substances in
the design, manufacture and application of
chemical products.[1]
In a sustainable
civilization, manufacturing processes are
designed in such a way so as not to
generate waste products, else they are put
for recycling/biodegrading.[2]
Green
chemistry has produced itself the landlord
of organic chemistry, since it’s
fundamental scientific methodologies can
protect human health and the environment
in an economically beneficial manner.[3]
Therefore, there has been great expedition
towards the improvement of greener
chemical processes. The present research
involves the use of natural solvent i.e.,
“Water” that can be surrogates for organic
solvents. Water could be dedicated solvent
under reflux temperature of reaction
condition for organic transformations,
because it is readily available, highly
polar, nonflammable, nontoxic, cheap, and
could offer the easy separation of reagents
or catalysts from many organic products.[4]
Several organic transformation has been
performed by using water as a solvent.[5]
Considering the above worthwhile
advantages of water as competent
reactions medium herein, attempt has been
made to perform the cyclocondensation of
o-phenylinediamine and
aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic
aldehydes catalyzed by VB1 in water for
obtaining the desired benzimidazoles.
In the last few decades benzimidazoles
have been much utilized for the synthesis
of diverse highly functionalized molecules
because of their broad spectrum of
biological/pharmacological activities.[6]
It
has been observed that numerous
benzimidazole derivatives are successfully

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Redox System Initiated Improved Low-Temperature
Colouration of Real Silk With Metal-Complex Dyes for
Energy Conservation
Bipin J. Agrawal*
Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering,
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Silk has always been the symbol of royalty due to its lustrous appearance and peach like
softness. It can be dyed in bright shades with the available natural and many synthetic
dyestuffs. The slight cationic character of silk makes it possible to be dyed with anionic
synthetic dyes such as acid, metal complex, reactive and selected direct dyes. The main
objective of colouration of a textile fibre should be to maintain the permanency of the colour
and not allow any damage of the fibre. However, conventional dyeing of silk by exhaust
dyeing method with these dyes is usually performed at near boiling temperature, which
substantially damages the silk fibre, loses its magnificent luster and deteriorates its qualities.
Many approaches have been adopted to decrease this potential damage of silk fibre. One
such effort is redox system initiated low temperature dyeing of silk substrate to preserve its
aesthetic characteristics. The redox system is formulated by the utilization of glucose and
hydrogen peroxide as reducing agent and oxidizing agent respectively. The dyeing of silk
substrate is performed with metal-complex dyes at low-temperatures and compared with the
conventional exhaust dyeing performed at 90°C. Conventionally, an ionic bond is formed
between the silk fibre and the anionic dye(s) when the dyeing is performed at or near boil.
However, the redox system has aided a much strong covalent bond formation between the
metal-complex dyestuff and the silk substrate at much lower temperatures than the
conventional dyeing temperature. The dyeing performance has been evaluated
spectrophotmetrically in terms of colour strength (K/S) values and the results are compared
with the conventionally dyed samples. Fastness characteristics (wash, light and rub, both wet
and dry) of various dyed samples are also evaluated and compared with each other.
Keywords: Mulberry silk, metal-complex dyes, exhaust dyeing, redox system, free-radical
INTRODUCTION
The dyeing process is one of the most
significant parts of textile wet processing
that utilizes huge amounts of energy.
Generally, dyeing involves adsorption of
molecules or ions of the dye onto surface
of the fibre from solution phase (i.e.,
dyebath). This is followed by diffusion of
the adsorbed molecules into the fibre.
These processes are influenced by factors
such as pH, temperature, concentration of
dye, presence of other dyeing agents,
liquor ratio, etc. Temperature plays a key
role in the economics of the dyeing
process. Main objective of a successful
dyer is to reduce the temperature of dyeing
so as to conserve energy. Attempts have
been made to reduce the energy

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Desulfurization of Light Fuels Using Trihexyl Tetradecyl
Phosphonium Bromide
Shivam Varma1
, Swapnil A. Dharaskar2*
, Samir K. Deshmukh1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur (M.S) India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management and Research,
Akurdi, Pune (M.S), India
Abstract
Owing to the stringent environmental regulations in many countries for production of ultra-
low sulfur petroleum fractions with the aim to reduce sulfur emissions, has resulted in
increased interest in this area among the scientific community. The need for zero sulfur
emissions enhances the requirement of more advanced techniques in desulfurization. The
mechanism of desulfurization by extraction is a promising approach having several
advantages over the conventional method of hydrodesulphurization. The data and results
provided in the present paper explore the significant insights of phosphonium based ionic
liquids as a promising environmentally benign solvent for the extractive desulfurization of
liquid fuel.
Keywords: Ionic Liquids, Desulfurization, Liquid Fuel, Extraction, Industrial Application
INTRODUCTION
The development of efficient deep
desulfurization processes for diesel fuel
has been challenging work for chemists,
since pollution caused by exhaust
emissions (especially SOx) is one of the
most serious environmental problems in
the world. For environmental protection
purposes, many countries have mandated
reduction of the S-level in fuels down to
10 ppm by 2016, and the trend is to
achieve sulfur free fuels in the following
years. In India, the present norms have
been decided by the Central Pollution
Control Board, and currently the total
sulfur content in liquid fuels is limited to
350 ppm although it should be reduced to
as low as possible. In the petroleum
reﬁning industry, the hydrodesulfurization
(HDS) processes, which has been
employed to remove organic sulfur from
fuels for several decades, needs high
temperature and pressure, large reactor
volumes, and very active catalysts. Owing
to continuous fuel quality challenges,
basic scientiﬁc research has started in the
field of extraction of sulfur compounds
with ILs, which have shown potential in
alternative and future complementary
technologies for deep desulfurization.
Subsequently, technologies such as
extractive desulfurization (EDS), selective
adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and
biodesulfurization have been applied.
Compounds such as ethers, amines,
alcohols and other volatile organic
solvents have been used for absorption,
extraction, azeotropic distillation, and
many other methods. Conventional
solvents have their own limitations on
account of environmental issues,
recyclability etc., which can be overcome
by the use of ILs as green solvents.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Phytoremediation: Its Background and Global Scenario
Chhavi Jain*
MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
BACKGROUND
Phytoremediation is an evolving in situ
remediation technology that utilizes plants
to clean polluted soil, groundwater and
wastewater. Phytoremediation is defined
as that branch of science that utilizes
inherent abilities of green plants to
remove, contain, or render harmless
environmental contaminants such as heavy
metals, metalloids, organic compounds,
trace elements, and radioactive substances
present in soil or water. The plants used in
this technology include trees, shrubs,
grasses and even aquatic plants. The idea
of using plants for cleaning up of
contaminated soil and water is not new. It
was around 300 years ago, when plants
were proposed to treat wastewater.[1]
Thlaspi caerulescens and Viola
calaminaria were the first plant species
reported to accumulate high level of
metals in their leaves.[2]
Afterwards, other
plants such as those from the genus
Astragalus, were also reported of
accumulating metals like nickel and
selenium in their shoots.[3, 4]
The idea of using plants to absorb metals
from polluted soils was developed and
reintroduced by Utsunamyia and
Chaney.[5]
The first field trial of this
concept was conducted in 1991 for
phytoextraction of zinc and cadmium.[6]
Since then, extensive research is being
carried out to investigate the biology of
this metal phytoextraction. Although
significant success has been achieved in
this regard, our understanding of plant
mechanisms that enable them to carry out
this remediation process is still emerging.
Land and water pollution due to heavy
metals is a worldwide issue.[7]
Nearly, all
countries have been affected by heavy
metal pollution, though the area and
severity of such pollution vary immensely.
This has led to an increasing concern with
regard to accumulation of heavy metals in
environment as they pose big threat to both
human health and natural environment.[8]
In this regard, the science of
phytoremediation has shown promising
results as an innovative cleanup
technology.
GLOBAL SCENARIO
Phytoremediation research is going on in
every continent, but most of the work is
carried out in US, Africa and Asia. In US,
funding agencies viz., Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the
Department of Defence (DOD) encourages
applicative research that focuses on
everyday contamination scenarios. This
has resulted in relative success of
commercial phytoremediation, as
entrepreneurial businesses attached to
research institutes. There are a number of
conventional remediation technologies
which are employed to remediate
environmental contamination with heavy
metals such as solidification, soil washing
and permeable barriers. But a majority of
these technologies are costly to implement
and cause further disturbance to the
already damaged environment.
Phytoremediation is evolving as a cost-
effective alternative to high-energy, high-
cost conventional methods. It is considered
to be a “Green Revolution” in the field of
innovative cleanup technologies.
Phytoremediation has the potential to clean
an estimated 30,000 contaminated waste
sites throughout the US according to the
EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental

IJGC (2016) 30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 30
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Soil Moisture Level and Carbon Release Are Inversely
Proportional: Recent Report
Meenakshi Tripathi*
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
With the advancements in the field of
science and technology, it is now possible
to predict or control climatic changes. A
recent scientific research shows that the
soil moisture levels can help determine the
amount of carbon that is released into the
atmosphere.
An international team led by Northern
Arizona University scientists investigated
the results of 25 experiments carried by
multiple research groups including the
Department of Energy's Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
These scientists studied the emission of
greenhouse gases from incubated soil
samples in the field sites of Alaska,
Canada and Russia, under a temperature
increase of 10° C.
It was found that soils with plenty of
oxygen from air released about 3.4 times
more carbon than wetter soils with limited
oxygen. Even accounting for the effects of
methane-an extremely potent greenhouse
gas produced by microbes in saturated,
oxygen-free soils-oxygen-rich soils still
released comparatively more carbon.
Thus, the crucial and observing point here
is when that soil becomes exposed to
oxygen. ORNL coauthor David Graham
stated that "If the soils were to drain and
dry, it would be a significant change that
dramatically alters the carbon flux coming
out of the soil".
This finding has helped the scientists to
develop refined models for predicting and
controlling future climatic changes.
"Models help us scale from the present to
the future". Such refined models can
further help to improve estimates of
methane and carbon dioxide release under
rising temperatures and changing soil
moisture conditions.
ORNL's Colleen Iversen has mentioned
that "It's one thing to say, 'What does the
Arctic look like now and what are the
implications for carbon feedbacks?'
But we really want to know what it will
look like at the end of the century. The
only way we can get there is to have
accurate processes in models that are
predicting the future."
Recognizing the importance of soil
moisture and hydrology in the Arctic will
also guide future experimental research in
future projects. This study can thus, help
improve the way the scientists predict the
future climate forecasts and that too in a
more accurate way.

International Journal of Green Chemistry vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of Green Chemistry vol 2 issue 1