Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx

Department of Civil Engineering
Academic Session = 2023-24
Year/ Semester- I / II
Subject- Basic Civil Engineering (BCE)
Subject code- 2FY3-09
Chapter- 4
Building
By
Denis Jangeed

Syllabus of Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building
Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor
space index, Introduction to building bye laws, concept of
sun light and ventilation. Components of Buildings & their
functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of
foundation.
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Building:-
A building is a structure with walls and roofs provide
dwelling(Residential) and shelter to human.
Ex.- House, Shop and schools.
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Selection of site for Buildings:-
Factors to be consider during selection of building site
1. Purpose of building
2. Friendly neighbourhood
3. Available facilities
4. Government laws
5. Shape & Size
6. Terrain condition
7. Type of ground soil
8. Natural light & air
9. Environmental condition
10. Legal & financial aspects
11. Other factors
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1. Purpose of Building
⮚This is the most important factor to consider before
purchasing or selecting a site.
⮚The site should be selected keeping in view the
general scope or the purpose of building and on the
basis of extent or privacy required.
2. Friendly Neighbourhood
⮚The site should be situated in locality which is
already fully developed or which is fast developing.
⮚To secure happy living conditions, generally such
neighbourhood is preferred where the neighbours
belong to an equal status in society and who should
be social and friendly.
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3. Available Facilities
⮚The plot should be in a locality where the various facilities
as mentioned below are available.
✔ Community services such as police station and fire
protection, clearing of waste and street cleaning
✔ Utility services such as water supply, gas,
electricity, and drainage
✔ Amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries,
recreation, telephone, etc
✔ Shopping facilities
✔ Means of Transportation
4. Government laws
⮚A site which comes within the limits of an area where the by-
laws of the local authority enforce restrictions regarding
proportions of plots to be built up, vacant spaces to be left in
front and sides, heights of buildings, etc., should be preferred.
⮚NBC Volume 1 & 2
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5. Shape & size
⮚Area of the plot of land should be such that the
house constructed, keeping in view the restrictions
of the local authority, would meet the requirements
of the owner, preferably with possibilities of future
extensions.
⮚The site should not be irregular in shape or having
any sharp corners.
6. Terrain condition
⮚The site should be situated on an elevated place and also
levelled with uniform slopes from one end to the other so
as to provide good and quick drainage of rainwater.
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7. Type of ground soil
⮚The ground soil of the site should be good enough to
provide economical foundations for the intended
building without causing any problems.
⮚Generally, for most satisfactory constructions, the site
should have rock, sand or dense soil below 60 to 120 cm
layer of light soil or even black cotton soil.
8. Natural light & air
⮚The location of the site should be such as to ensure
unobstructed natural light and air.
9. Environmental condition
⮚The site should be available in a locality where natural
beauty and man-made environment create healthy living
and working conditions. Environment also affected by
nearest factories, kiln etc: so these thing also need to be
considered.
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10. Legal & financial aspects
⮚The legal and financial aspects, which dictate
(permission) upon ownership rights and the costs,
should be given due consideration before the
purchase of a plot.
11. Other factors
⮚A site should be abandoned (left out) under
adverse circumstances such as unhealthy, noisy,
crowded localities; immediate neighbourhood or
rivers carrying heavy floods, badly maintained
drains; reclaimed soils or water logged areas,
subject to submergence or settlement and industrial
vicinity (neighborhood) having smoke and
obnoxious odours.
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Layout of Building Plan
⮚Building layout shows the property’s floor plan on the ground
surface. Unlike the building plan which is drawn to scale on a
sheet of paper, the building layout is done on the ground surface to
show a structure’s position.
⮚ It indicates the building’s plan on the ground surface and precisely
defines the position and orientation.
⮚ We prepare a building layout after the completion of a conditional
survey.
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Layout of Building Plan
◆ The real meaning and purpose of setting out (layout) is to
transfer the plan, length and width of its foundation on
the ground so that the foundation can be excavated for
construction of purposed building as per drawing.
◆ The following preliminary works should be executed
before actual planning of layout for the house.
◆ Clear the site from all grass, bushes, trees, etc.
◆ Record spot levels of the ground.
◆ Construct a permanent bench mark in construction area.
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Basic Terms used for layout of building
Base Line
◆ For setting out /layout, the most important requirement is to establish a
baseline. This is marked on the ground as per site plan requirement with
the help of offsets which are taken from the existing road or existing
building.
Centre Line
◆ Centre line divides the plan into two equal parts. This can be marked in
the field with the help of baseline. This line is very necessary and useful
for layout. This line should be transferred to Burjis and be kept up to the
completion of foundation work.
'Burjis' and its' Distance
◆ Burji or marking pillars are masonry pillars constructed with bricks and
cement mortar. These are constructed on both ends of walls /columns
and center line should be marked on the top surface of the burjis with the
help of base line. Burji is also constructed for indicating the plinth level
of the building. Accuracy of the foundation can be checked with the help
of Burji at any time during construction. Burjis should be kept intact till
completion of foundation work.
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Basic Concept of sunlight and ventilation in building:
Sunlight and ventilation are two critical elements in building design that
contribute to the overall quality of life of building occupants. These two
natural sources of energy have significant health benefits and can also
lead to energy efficiency and sustainable living.
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Basic Data Required for Practice
NBC 2016
National Building Code of India
2016 Volume 1
NBC 2016
National Building Code of India
2016 Volume 2
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Page No. 43

Types of Buildings:-
According to NBC (National Building Code Link) of
India, the buildings are classified on the basis of
occupancy, are as follows:
1. Residential Buildings
2. Institutional Buildings
3. Educational Buildings
4. Assembly Buildings
5. Business Buildings
6. Mercantile Buildings
7. Industrial Buildings
8. Storage Buildings
9. Hazardous Buildings
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1. Residential Buildings:-
▪ These are buildings which are used for normal
residential purposes and should facilitate activities
such as sleeping, living and cooking.
▪ The building must include one or more family
residencies, apartments and Flats.
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2. Institutional Buildings
▪ These types of buildings consist of buildings that
are constructed by the government, semi-
government organizations or registered trusts for
specific purposes.
▪ Those specific purposes include
✔ Medical treatment purposes such as
treatment of physical or mental illness,
children’s hospitals, old age homes, centers
for the care of orphans.
✔Auditoriums or complexes meant to be used
for cultural activities.
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Institutional
Buildings
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3. Educational Buildings
▪ These are buildings housing educational
institutions such as schools or colleges which are
affiliated and recognized by an appropriate board,
university or any similar affiliation authority.
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▪ The building should promote the aggregation of
instructional, educational and recreational
activities pertaining to educational purposes.
4. Assembly Buildings:-
▪ These are defined as buildings or parts of them
which houses public gatherings congregated with
the intent of amusement, social, religious,
patriotic, civil, travel or other similar purposes.
▪ Buildings such as movie houses, drama theatres,
assembly halls, clubhouses, town halls,
auditoriums, exhibition halls, museums,
gymnasiums, sports complexes, restaurants,
boarding houses, dance clubs,
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places of worship, bus stops, taxi stands, railway stations,
airports, etc. are categorized as assembly Buildings.
Assembly
Buildings
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5. Business Buildings:
▪ If a building or a part of it is primarily used for keeping
records of business transactions, maintaining accounts,
bookkeeping purposes or managing other types of
records then it can be classified as a business building.
▪ Buildings under this category include offices, banks and
other professional establishments serving the
aforementioned purposes.
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6. Mercantile Buildings (Commercial):-
▪ In these types of buildings, either the entire building or a
part of it is used for housing shops, stores or showrooms
where display and sale of wholesale goods, retail goods
or merchandise is carried out.
▪ Such buildings should also accommodate office, storage
and service facilities essential for the business which
should be located in the same building.
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7. Industrial Buildings:
▪ Buildings used to manufacture, assemble or process
products or materials are termed as industrial buildings.
▪ They include manufacturing units, assembly plants,
factories, mills, power plants, oil refineries, gas plants,
dairy plants, laboratories, etc.
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8. Storage Buildings:
▪ If a building or a part of it is used for the storage of
commodities, goods, merchandise, etc. then it is
categorised as a storage building.
▪ They comprise buildings such as warehouses, cold
storages, grain storage units, freight depot, transit
shed, hangars, truck terminals, public garages, etc.
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9. Hazardous Buildings:-
These types of buildings have been further divided into two
subcategories by the government.
⮚Buildings used for the manufacture, processing, handling
or storage of substances which are radioactive, highly
combustible/explosive or capable of burning rapidly
with/without the potential to produce poisonous fumes or
emissions that are explosive in nature.
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⮚Buildings used for the manufacture, processing, handling
or storage of substances which are highly corrosive, toxic
or noxious alkalis, acids or other chemicals producing
explosive or poisonous fumes, explosive mixtures or
substances capable of disintegrating matter into fine
particles causing spontaneous ignition.
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Building Components and their functions:-
▪ Foundation
▪ Plinth
▪ Sills, Lintels, Cantilever (Chajja)
▪ Doors, Windows,
Ventilators
▪ Floors
▪ Roof, Beam, Parapet
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Foundation
Any building activity starts with digging the ground for the
foundation, which is the lowermost load-bearing part of the
building.
A foundation serves the following objectives:
▪ Spreads the load regularly and safely from the structure
to the soil.
▪ Secures the building firmly to the ground and prevents
the building movement under any lateral load.
▪ Provides an even surface for the construction of
superstructure.
▪ Prevents the overturning of the building due to lateral
forces.
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TYPES OF FOUNDATION AND THEIR USES
⮚Shallow foundation
– Individual footing or Isolated footing
– Combined footing
– Strip foundation
– Raft or mat foundation
⮚Deep Foundation
– Pile foundation
– Drilled Shafts or caissons
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Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
▪ A foundation that is placed near the
surface of the earth or transfers the
loads at a shallow depth
▪ A foundation that is placed at a
greater depth or transfers the loads to
deep strata
▪ The depth is generally about 3 meters
or the depth of the foundation is less
than the footing.
▪ Greater than the shallow foundation.
▪ Transfer loads mostly by end
bearing.
▪ Transfer loads by end bearing and
skin friction.
▪ Possibility of a settlement, usually
applicable for lightweight structure,
weak against lateral loads, etc.
▪ More expensive, needs skilled labor,
has complex construction
procedures, can be time-consuming.
▪ Example: Isolated foundation, strip
foundation, Mat or Raft foundation,
combined foundation, etc.
▪ Example: Pier foundation, Pile
foundation, Caissons, etc.
Difference Between Shallow and Deep Foundation
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1. Individual Footing or Isolated Footing
▪ Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common
type of foundation used for building construction. This
foundation is constructed for a single column and also called a
pad foundation.
▪ The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is
used when loads from the structure is carried by the columns.
Size is calculated based on the load on the column and the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
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2 Combined Footing
▪ Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns
are close enough and their isolated footings overlap each other.
▪ It is a combination of isolated footings, but their structural
design differs.
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3 Strip footing:-
▪ Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow
foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level strip of
support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced
rows of columns built centrally above.
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4. Raft or Mat Foundations
▪ Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are
spread across the entire area of the building to support heavy
structural loads from columns and walls.
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Types of Deep Foundation
5. Pile Foundations
▪ Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which is used to
transfer heavy loads from the structure to a hard rock strata
much deep below the ground level.
▪ Pile foundations are generally used for soils where soil
conditions near the ground surface is not suitable for heavy
loads.
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6. Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation
▪ Drilled shafts, also called as caissons, is a type of deep
foundation and has an action similar to pile foundations
discussed above, but are high capacity cast-in-situ foundations.
▪ The construction of drilled shafts or caissons are done using an
auger.
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Plinth
▪ The part of the building between the ground level and
the ground floor level is called plinth.
▪ The role of the plinth is to keep the ground floor
above the ground level to keep the floor free from
dampness.
▪ The plinth is usually of stone masonry.
PLINTH
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Sills, Lintels and Chajja
▪ Windows should not be installed straight over walls.
They are placed over a plain concrete course of 50 -
75 mm thickness provided over the masonry, and this
course is known as the sill. It provides a good
wearing and level surface to place window frames.
▪ Lintels are RCC or stone beams provided over door
and window openings for transferring load
transversely to avoid stress on the door and window
frames.
▪ A chajja is a projection provided outside the wall to
protect doors and windows from rain and sunlight.
Regularly, it is made of RCC, but in low-cost houses,
it is made of stone slabs.
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SILL
LINTEL
CHAJJA
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Doors, Windows and Ventilators
▪ The function of a door is to provide and deny access
whenever necessary to different rooms in the
building. The size of the door should be enough to
facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to
pass through the door.
▪ Windows are fitted on the outside walls to provide light
and ventilation inside the building. The standard window
area should be 15 - 20 per cent of the floor area.
▪ Ventilators are small windows with fixed glass panes
that permit ventilation. They are provided at or very close
to the roof or floor levels for enough ventilation.
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DOOR
WINDOW
VENTILATOR
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Floors
Floors provide a useful working area for the
residents. The ground floors are filled with brickbats,
waste stones, gravel, and with other materials up to
the plinth level, which is very compacted with a sand
layer on top.
The floors are provided with RCC, mosaic or marble
finishes.
FLOOR
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Roofs, Beams and Parapets
The roof is the topmost portion that protects the
building.
The beams are supported on columns and walls
used for flat roofs, in which higher floors need
strengthening with beams.
On top of the roof or terrace, a wall is provided
along the outer edge of the roof as a protection
wall known as a parapet.
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ROOF
BEAM
PARAPET
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Plinth Area:-
▪ Plinth area is also called as built-up area and is the
entire area occupied by the building including internal
and external walls.
▪ Plinth area is generally 10-20% more than carpet
area.
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Carpet area:-
▪ The covered area of the usable spaces of rooms at any floor.
▪ The carpet area of the apartment will not include the thickness of the
inner walls, the space used in building the lobby, the elevator, the
stairs, the play area, etc.
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Building Bye laws
Building bye-laws are a set of rules that developers have to
abide by while developing projects.
Building Bye laws and Regulations
The building bye laws oversee the following rules and
regulations of building features:-
1. Set back or building line
2. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) or Floor Space Index (FSI) or Total
built-up area
3. Open space requirements all over the building
4. Plan showing internal dimensions of rooms, kitchen, living
etc.
5. Cross sectional details showing height of building and
floor height.
6. Lighting & ventilation of rooms.
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1. Set back or building line:
❑ Set back is the open space available between the
front of the building and road.
❑ The merits of the setbacks are as follows.
▪ The open space left in front of the building is
highly advantage under the circumstances of
widening of road in near future.
▪ If all the buildings parallel to the road follows
the setback rules and construct accordingly the
aesthetic of the locality will improve.
▪ The air ventilation and light of the buildings is
sufficient if setbacks maintained to the plots.
▪ The open space can be utilized for gardening or
vehicle parking purpose.
▪ The marginal distance always helpful for the
building in case of heavy traffic and other
nuisance.
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2.Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R) or Floor Space Index (F.S.I) or
Total built-up area :
Total Built-up area = (Total Plot area – All Open spaces area)
Sum of All floors area
Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R)= ——————————
Area of the Plot
Floor Area = Built up area – Area of wall thickness.
The local authority is responsible for governing the value of
F.A.R, is different for different zones and type of buildings
in the locality.
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The F.S.I can be utilized for checking the density of the
population.
Ex.- If the plot area is 1200 Sq.ft. and if the allowable F.S.I
is 0.8, then the maximum built-up area allowed for the plot
is 960 Sq.ft.
As per the National Building Code (NBC-2016) for clear
understanding, the built-up area versus plot area is as
follows. S.
No.
Plot Area Max. Allowable built-up area
1 Less than 200 sq. m 60% with 2 storied structure
2 From 200 – 500 sq.m 50 % of the plot area
3 From 500 – 1000 sq.m 40% of the plot area
4 Above 1000 sq.m 33.33% of the plot area
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3. Open space requirements all over the building:
As per NBC, the open space for different heights of
buildings is listed below.
S.
No
Height of building Open space (setback) requirement
1. < 10 m
a) Front setback or open space width:
i) For a building with front road – min. 3 m.
ii) For a building with roads on 2 or more sides –
Average 3 m and in no case < 1.8 m
b) Rear setback – Average 3 m and in no case < 1.8 m
c) Side setback – Min. 3 m for every detached & semi-attached
building
d) Distance from the centreline of any road – In no case < 7.5 m or
as determined by the local authority
2. From 10 m – 25 m
Requirement as per above item S. no. 1 is increased at the rate of 1 m
for every 3 m or fraction thereof.
3. From 25 m – 30 m Minimum 10 m.
4. > 30 m
Min. 10 m. is increased by at the rate of 1 m for every 5 m or fraction
thereof subject to a max. 16 m Denis Jangeed

4.Plan showing internal dimensions of rooms, kitchen,
living, etc.
S.
No.
Type of room Minimum area
1 One habitable room 9.5 sq.m, Min. width – 2.4 m
2 Two habitable rooms
Min. area of 1 room 9.5 sq.m & of other 7.5 Sq.m with
min. width of 2.4 m
3 Kitchen only 4.5 sq.m, Min. width 1.8 m
4 Kitchen with store room 5.5 sq.m, Min. width of the kitchen – 1.8 m
5 Kitchen cum dining room 9.5 sq.m, Min. width 2.4 m
6 Bathroom 1.8 sq.m or Min. size 1.5 m x 1.2 m
7 Water closet (WC) 1.1 sq. m Floor Area
8 Bath & WC combined 2.8 sq.m (Floor area) – Min. width 1.2 m
9 Living room 9.5 sq.m ( less than 1/3 of plinth area )
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5. Cross-sectional details showing the height of the
building and floor height:
S. No. Height of the building Width of the Road
1
General criteria – 1.5 times the width
of the road
-
2 Not more than 12 m
Above 8 m or Equal
to 12 m
3
Not more than road width and
not > 24m
Above 12 m
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6. Lighting & ventilation of rooms:
In order to get proper air and ventilation to the rooms
of building, all openings such as windows, ventilators
or direct openings are provided at suitable places.
S.
No.
Openings of the building The floor area of the room
1
For dry and hot climate excluding
door areas
Min. 1/10th of floor area
2
For Wet hot climate excluding door
areas
Min. 1/6th of floor area
3
The total doors, windows, and
ventilators
< than 1/7th of floor area
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RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete )
▪ Reinforced cement concrete is defined as a types of
concrete that consists of Plain concrete with
Steel reinforcement to increase the Tensile strength of
concrete.
▪ RCC is known as reinforced cement concrete in civil
engineering.
▪ Plain concrete is very strong in a compressive strength but it
is very weak in tensile Strength.
▪ Steel reinforcement used in Plain concrete to increase
tensile strength of concrete and make it ductile.
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Why is RCC used ?
R.C.C. is a versatile construction material which is strong in
compression as well as tension. The use of reinforcement in
concrete not only increase its strength but also helps in
preventing the temperature and shrinkage stresses
Use of RCC in construction:-
▪ It is used for paving in airports, roads and high traffic
areas.
▪ It is used for constructing various structures like water
tanks, dams, bins, silos, bunkers, bridges, retaining walls,
underwater structures, towers, multi-storey buildings,
docks and harbours etc.
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Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx

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