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GITAM University Visakhapatnam
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Department of Physics Ambedkar College,
Fatikroy Tripura, India
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Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Engineering University College of Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Roorkee, India
Balaji Panchapakesan
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Higgins
Laboratory United States
Dr Mohanan PV
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Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and
Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram,
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Department of physics Banaras Hindu University
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University of Minho, Campus de Azurem,
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IPIRTI, Field Station Kolkata
Kolkata, West Bengal,
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Dr. Lixin Xue
Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and
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Bharath K N
GM Institute of Technology,
India
Dr. Shyam Khambholja
B.&B. Institute of Technology (affiliated to
GTU) India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials. This journal is
part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite and
Constituent Materials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies
and thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite and Constituent
Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific
and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community,
addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials in Journals Pub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in
general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at
excellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials focuses on original high-quality research in
the realm ofAdvanced fiber placement, Tailored fiber placement, Fiberglass spray lay-up process, Filament
winding, Lanxide process, Tufting, Z-pinning, Chemical vapour infiltration, Epoxy granite, Nano-
composites,Hybrid material,Compositelaminates,Constituentmaterialsofconcrete
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite
and ConstituentMaterialsand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofanalyticalchemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
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editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofanalyticalchemistry.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor Stimulation
Sakshi Jain 1
2. Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation
Amaan A. Ruhul 7
3. Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy Conversion Mechanisms
Nikhil Dev 10
4. Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design of Combustion Engine
Nikhil Dev 16
5. Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam Turbine Bearing Using GTA
Nikhil Dev 26
Contents

IJCCM (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor
Stimulation
Sakshi Jain*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper highlights on the expansive vortex recreation approach for non-premixed and
somewhat premixed combustor. On account of vast whirlpool reenactment, basically two
scalars are thought about that is blend part and the other one is the advancement variable
blend division, which tracks the blending of fuel and the oxidizer, and an advancement
variable which tracks the worldwide degree of response of the nearby blend. On account of
non-premixed burning, there are two ports accommodated fuel and oxidizer and the blending
of fuel with oxidizer happens inside the combustor and because of diss emination this
blending happens and two scalars considered on account of non-premixed are the blend
division and likelihood thickness capacity (PDF).
Keywords: LES, progress variable, mixture fraction
INTRODUCTION
As a large portion of the combustors are
exceptionally turbulent and for tackling
this turbulence approach extensive vortex
recreation is connected as on account of
non-premixed ignition. Chiefly two scalars
are consolidated; initial one is the blend
portion and another is likelihood thickness
capacity (PDF).
While on account of halfway premixed
combustor progress variable c is presented.
In non-premixed combustor blend division
is accounted as fuel rich combustibility
restrain and computed on the premise of
response reactant and item mole part,
while PDF decides the variety of mean
temperature as for blend portion. In the
interim on account of incompletely
premixed, it fuses the advancement
variable c which decides the fire front
unburnt and blazed state of the response.
In front of the fire, fuel and oxidizer are
blended however unburnt, yet behind the
fire c=1 blend is smoldered. Standard
ignition models depend on completely
premixed and completely non-premixed
ideas are not reasonable for the
demonstrating of in part premixed
circumstances.[1]
PROBLEM FORMULATION
This is the issue detailing for in part
premixed ignition. This is an in part
premixed burning case, which has inflows
that reflect both premixed (fuel inflow)
and non-premixed (fuel and air blending)
conditions.
The fuel (CH4) and air blend has an
identicalness proportion of 0.8,
characterized in the Physics Setup. It is
infused at T=150 K with a hub speed of
40 m/s and whirl speed (Θ bearing) of
60 m/s. The air inflow is at T=250 K and
is infused at 20 m/s pivotally, with no
twirl. This case is axisymmetric thus the
physical ignition chamber is thought to be

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation
Amaan A. Ruhul*
Chemical Engineering Department, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Nitric acid has been known and regarded for quite a while. Most nitric acid is utilized as a
part of making ammonium nitrate. Its immediate applications incorporate photoengraving,
metal pickling and passivation and the separating substance of gold and silver. Here the
Oswald procedure is utilized to create nitric acid. This procedure is mimicked utilizing
HYSYS recreation programming. The reason for this reproduction was to watch the
thermodynamic properties of the procedure. We likewise watched the progressions which
will happen if the properties of various unit were changed. By performing reenactment
53.2% fluid HNO3 is gotten for 152520 lbm/hour air and 500 2bm/hour smelling salts
information stream.
Keywords: composite materials, nitric acid, Oswald
INTRODUCTION
The basic view of “corrosive” proposes
stringency, destructiveness and something
fit for disintegration of another substance.
In any case, not all acids are, or can be
seen to be along these lines, with the
exception of that nitric corrosive may be
thought to be a to a great degree damaging
compound in that it was the premise of
explosives furthermore composts – the
practically polar inverse of an unstable as
it helps plants to develop.
Be that as it may, this adaptable corrosive
(there is numerous nitric acid uses) has
found to equip for use in numerous
mechanical and substance forms. As a
basic piece of explosives make that, albeit
known for quite a while, got from the
absence of regular nitrates to fuel the
German war exertion preceding the First
World War. Nitric corrosive can be
utilized to produce segments of
trinitrotoluene (TNT).
As a farming manure where it advances
vivacious development in plants, there is,
in any case, a shocking symptom in that
nitrates are exceptionally solvent in water
and when connected to well-depleting soil,
they filter into the watercourse and in the
long run reach streams and waterways.
Once in the water it animates the
development of green growth that, thusly,
deoxygenates the water to smother
development in other plant structures and
creature life. It can be utilized as an
oxidizing operator as a part of the creation
of some strong powers for rocket impetus;
segment of rocket fuel going about as an
oxidizer.
As a maturing agent in woodwork where it
can be utilized as a part of extremely
weaken frames (normally underneath
20%) to change the presence of a few
woods and to create a shading like that of
oiled or waxed surfaces old.[1–5]

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy
Conversion Mechanisms
Nikhil Dev*
Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
Abstract
In the present work thermo-economic analysis of a cogeneration cycle is carried out so that
any power generation industry can choose best power generation system out of the choices
available with organisation. Mathematical modeling for the cost evaluation of each
component is developed and results are obtained with computational programming tool EES
(Engineering Equation Solver). Form results it is being found that with change in combustion
chamber outlet temperature or turbine inlet temperature from 1373 K to 1723 K the purchase
equipment cost for combustion chamber and gas turbine is multiplied by 85.36 and 2041.85
times respectively. Gas turbine section and air compressor section are attached with solid
shaft. The rotational speed of the both sections are same. Factors responsible for increasing
the cost of gas turbine section are similar to air compressor section. For gas turbine section
it is evaluated that with increase in air mass flow rate from 85 kg/s to 115 kg/s, the cost is
increased by 43.72%. Therefore, with the help of the methodology present in the present work
it is possible for the power plant managers to decide about the suitability in power
generation capability development in association with renewable and non-renewable energy
conversion systems.
Keywords: cogeneration cycle, cost, economy, thermodynamic
INTRODUCTION
Gas turbine system is the energy
conversion system utilized for base load,
intermediate load and peak load power
generation either alone or in combined
cycle mode.[1]
In cogeneration mode of
operation heat and power is generated with
high power gas turbines and lighter gas
turbine are used for mechanical drives
used in gas or oil transportation. In modern
gas turbine market power range of gas
turbines is very wide as their applications
are also diverse and numerous.[2]
In recent years, the number of gas turbines
for power generation has increased due to
their high efficiency, reliability of
operation, lesser maintenance and lower
installation time. The decision on the
selection of different types of the power
plant may be accomplished with some
suitable decision making tools.[3–5]
In the present work a review on the
exergoeconomic analysis is presented with
the applications in renewable energy.[6]
Exergy of a system is the maximum
amount of useful work which may be
extracted out from the system when heat
reservoir is the surrounding.[6–8]
Gas
turbines are available in different sizes and
micro gas turbines with power output less
than 100 kW are also now available for
distributed power generation and
cogeneration. Most stationary gas turbines
are fuelled with natural gas (CNG) or other
similar fuels as the ash content is lower in
gaseous fuels and frequent maintenance is
avoided. Gas turbines in aircrafts are
fuelled with kerosene which is a light

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design
of Combustion Engine
Nikhil Dev*
Abstract
The idea upon which any methodology development is pillared leads to real time decisions if
simulation and assessment is as per the standard codes set by standard organizations. More
near is the system with standard system more it is appropriate for operation. In the present
work system under consideration is internal combustion engine. Fuel cost is one of the most
important parameter in life cycle analysis of the internal combustion engines. Therefore,
efficiency analysis becomes the prior most parameter to be analyzed. In the present work a
methodology is developed for efficiency analysis of an internal combustion engine.
Parameters and factors affecting engine performance are identified and different sections are
developed as per the parameters. Value of permanent function for present case is 5992 and
for the real time case is 5638. Value of relative quality index comes out to be 37.51 %. From
graph theory and matrix method it came out that with decrease in compression ratio,
efficiency is decreased from 39.51% to 37.51%.
Keywords: efficiency, emission, IC engine, index
INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engine is a
mechanical system in which the burning of
fuel occurs in confined space known as
combustion chamber. Combustion
chamber is an integral part of this system.
As the burning of fuel takes place
therefore, a lot of thermal energy is
released.
This thermal energy increases temperature
and pressure of the system. Combustion is
the process in which chemical bond energy
of the fuel is converted into thermal energy
by chemical reaction in between fuel and
oxidizer.
Identification of fuel or oxidizer is
dependent upon the electronegativity.
Electronegativity is the tendency of
an atom to attract electrons towards
itself.[1]
An accurate scale of measuring
electronegativity proposed by was Linus
Pauling in 1932 which depends on bond
energies and came to be known as Pauling
Scale (relative scale running from around
0.7 to 3.98). Fluorine is most
electronegative element with
electronegativity 3.98 afterward comes
oxygen with 3.44.
A system in which chemical energy gets
converted into thermal energy can be
called as Combustion system. The
combustion need to be analyzed carefully
so that the maximum efficiency and the
smooth functioning of an IC engine are
obtained. The term combustion is of
utmost importance; usually the combustion

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam
Turbine Bearing Using GTA
Nikhil Dev*
Abstract
Lubrication of two rubbing surfaces is required so that wear and tear is minimum. There are
a lot of additives used to improve the lubricity of the lubricants. At present steam turbines are
used to generate electricity from coal. A lot of lubricant is supplied to turbine bearings so
that friction is minimized and also the wear and tear also. A lot of manufacturers are
producing lubricants with different properties. In the present work properties are identified
and a suitability index in correspondence to these properties for different lubricants is
evaluated. All the nine properties of lubricants affected suitability index are identified and
their interdependence is also established. Performance evaluation of a lubricant necessitates
to consider the inheritance of lubricant characteristics and the solution is near to real time
situation when their interdependence is also considered in the modeling. For a solution near
to real time situation inheritance of characteristics along with interdependence is
incorporated with the help of Graph Theoretic Approach (GTA), as explained in manuscript.
GTA results into an index representing the suitability of nano-particle added lubricant. From
the results it is found that highest index value is 1. Lowest index values for different
characteristics are found to be 0.3478, 0.3091, 0.2845, 0.3568, 0.3295, 0.3865, 0.3547,
0.3285 and 0.3945. The proposed methodology is explained with the help of an example.
Keywords: lubricant, factor, digraph, matrix, permanent function, methodology
INTRODUCTION
The branch of technology or engineering
dealing with the rubbing surfaces is
tribology. Lubrication of components
decreases wear and tear of components,
increases heat transfer, reduces friction.
All it is achieved with the help of thin film
of fluid with a viscosity suitable for
particular application. As the domain of
applications are increasing so is the
properties domain are also expanding. At
present nano-particles are doped to achieve
the desired properties. Nano-technology is
the branch of science expanding at a very
fast rate. In this science the controlling of
molecules is better and desired properties
are achieved to higher depth. Molecular
structure of nano particles and their
characteristic to influence the properties of
material to which these are added is
exploited to improve the lubricating
characteristic of turbine bearing lubricants.
At present a lot of research is going on in
decision making in power generation
industry and other organisation. Design
and development of new lubricants is one
of them. A lot of different studies has been
performed in decision making also. Dev et
al [1] developed a computational
methodology for the assessment of dual
pressure non-reheat combined-cycle power
plant with change in drum pressure. A
GTA based methodology was also
proposed by Dev et al [2] for the
evaluation of combined cycle power plant.
Thermodynamic analysis of a combined
heat and power system was carried out to
study the effect of different parameters on

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