Genetic engineering and recombination vol 2 issue 2

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International Journal of Genetic
Engineering and Recombination
InternationalJournal of GeneticEngineeringand Recombinationprovides a mediumfor rapid publicationof
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Focus andScopeoftheJournal
 Gene patent
 Genetically modified crops
 Genetically modified food
 Genetically modified organisms
 Induced stem cells
 Marker assisted selection
 Paratransgenesis
 Recombination frequency
 Recombination hotspot
 Four-gamete test
 Independent assortment
 Site-specific recombination
 Site-specific recombinase technology
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Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell
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Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era
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Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Uttar Pradesh,
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Central Institute for Cotton Research
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Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER,
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Center for Prostate Disease Research
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Rajnish Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar
University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This journal is
part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Genetic Engineering
and Recombination issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and
thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination,addressing researchers andpractitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Genetic Engineering and
Recombination in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their
papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Gene patent, Genetically modified
crops, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organisms, Induced stem cells, Marker assisted
selection, Paratransgenesis, Recombination frequency, Recombination hotspot, Four-gamete test,
Independentassortment, Site-specificrecombination,Site-specificrecombinasetechnologyetc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Genetic
Engineering and Recombination and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have
contributed to the creation and the success of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. We are very thankful
to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are
certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Genetic
EngineeringandRecombination.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Genetic Engineering and
Recombination readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Genetically Modified Crop in India: History, Benefits and Drawbacks – A Review
Solomon Das, Archana Bagwari 1
2. A Short Note on Genetic Markers
Harpreet Kaur 8
3. Genetically Modified Food Can Be Harmful To Human Health: A Report
Rahul Sharma 11
4. Profoundly Efficient Genome Engineering in Flowering Plants: A Report
Harpreet Kaur 15
5. Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods
Tejas Dhoble 18
Contents

IJGER (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Genetically Modified Crop in India: History, Benefits and
Drawbacks – A Review
Solomon Das1
, Archana Bagwari2
1
Vimix Solutions Private Limited, Dehradun, India
2
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
ABSTRACT
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life. India is facing the challenge to produce more and
more from diminishing per capita arable land and irrigation water resources and expanding
abiotic and biotic stresses. Genetically modified crops, insects, weeds and bacteria gave a
new hope in meeting the food productivity challenges such as crop production, disease
management, crop resistance and nutrient deficiency. Some of the hazardous effects of
genetically modified products cannot be ignored. But regulated methodologies and policies
need to be taken upfront by balancing out the negative effects of GM and provide better
solutions to meet the food requirements.
INTRODUCTION
According to the World Development
Report (1986), food security is a situation
that exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that
meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life
(FAO, 2003). As the world population
reaches a stage of more than six billion, to
which India contributes one billion, the
question regarding the future availability
of food for all assumes some importance
(http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/
population-explosion-and-food-security-
inindia/42503/).[1–3]
Over 60 per cent of the Indian population
continue to depend on agriculture and
allied activities for their livelihood. Hence,
growth of this sector is an essential
perquisite for overall economic growth.
Globally, India is the third largest producer
of cereals, with only China and the USA
ahead of it (Swaminathan and Bhavani,
2015). According to Swaminathan (2009),
India’s population is likely to reach 1.5
billion by 2030, the challenge facing the
country is to produce more and more from
diminishing per capita arable land and
irrigation water resources and expanding
abiotic and biotic stresses. India currently
produces about 230 million tones of
cereals to meet the needs of a population
of 1.15 billion. It has been estimated that
food production will need to increase by
70% by the year 2050 based on population
growth particularly in countries with
developing economies Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO, 2009). The number of
countries and the populations within them
far exceed those countries with more
advanced economies as they include
China, India and other populous Asian and
African countries (Delaney, 2015). To
reduce the demand-supply gap for food

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Short Note on Genetic Markers
Harpreet Kaur*
Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
A genetic marker is characterized as a particular gene or DNA succession that produces a
detectable trait with a known area on a chromosome and that can be utilized to study family
and populace, recognizable proof of cells, species or individual
Keywords: DNA, genetic, genome, sequence
INTRODUCTION
Genetic marker can likewise be portrayed
as a variety (or a change that might
emerge because of modification or
transformation in the chromosome locus).
It might be a short sequence of DNA, for
instance single nucleotide polymorphism
or SNP (genetic variation in a DNA
arrangement that happens when a solitary
nucleotide in a genome is modified; SNPs
are generally thought to be point
transformations that have been
developmentally sufficiently fruitful to
repeat in a critical extent of the number of
inhabitants in an animal varieties), or a
long sequence, for example, mini-satellites
(is an area of DNA that comprises of a
short arrangement of bases 10–60 bp).
BACKGROUND
Before, most living beings were restricted
in gene mapping (is characterized as
graphical representation of the game plan
of qualities on a chromosome) by genetic
markers these incorporates genes that
interpret perceptible components, for
instance blood classifications or seed
shapes [1, 2].
Types of Genetic Markers
There are various types of genetic markers
that are regularly utilized:
 Simple Sequence Length
Polymorphism or SSLP: This is
utilized as a genetic marker with
polymerase chain response or PCR
(used to create various duplicates of
DNA). It is a sort of polymorphism (is
the presence of at least two types of
people inside a similar creature animal
groups) and rehashed arrangements in
intergenic districts of DNA. Genetic
variety between two people can be
comprehended by utilizing length of
SSLPs.
Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism or RFLP: It is a
procedure that utilizations varieties in
DNA sequences. In this strategy,
sample of DNA is broken into small
pieces with the assistance of restriction
enzyme. At that point these small
pieces will be isolated by lengths by
gel electrophoresis (that isolates
particles on the premise of their rate of
development through a gel). RFLP is a
critical apparatus in confining genes
for genetic issue, genome mapping,
finding of hazard for sickness, and
paternity testing (is the utilization of
genetic fingerprinting to figure out if
two people have a biological parent-
child relationship) [3].

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Genetically Modified Food Can Be Harmful To Human Health: A
Report
Rahul Sharma
Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
BACKGROUND
Genetically modified foods or GM foods,
also genetically engineered foods, are
sustenance’s delivered from living beings
that have had changes brought into their
DNA utilizing the strategies for Genetic
building. Genetic engineering procedures
take into consideration the presentation of
new characteristics and additionally more
noteworthy control over qualities than past
strategies, for example, specific
reproducing and change rearing. Business
offer of genetically modified foods started
in 1994, when Celgene initially promoted
its unsuccessful Flavr Savrdelayed-aging
tomato. Most sustenance alterations have
principally centered on trade trims out
popularity by ranchers, for example,
soybean, corn, canola, and cotton.
Genetically adjusted yields have been built
for imperviousness to pathogens and
herbicides and for better supplement
profiles.
GM domesticated animals have been
produced, in spite of the fact that as of
November 2013 none were available.
There is a logical accord that right now
accessible sustenance got from GM crops
represents no more serious hazard to
human wellbeing than routine
nourishment, yet that every GM food
should be tried on a case-by-case premise
before presentation [1, 2]. Regardless,
individuals from the general population are
significantly less likely than researchers to
see GM foods as protected. The legitimate
and administrative status of GM foods
fluctuates by nation, with a few countries
banning or confining them, and others
allowing them with broadly varying
degrees of control. Nonetheless, there are
progressing open concerns identified with
food safety, direction, naming, ecological
effect, inquire about techniques, and the
way that some GM seeds are liable to
protected innovation rights claimed by
enterprises.
The genetically modified foods debate
comprises of an arrangement of
disagreements about the utilization of
sustenance produced using genetically
modified crops. The debate includes
buyers, agriculturists, biotechnology
organizations, legislative controllers, non-
administrative associations, ecological and
political activists and researchers. The real
contradictions incorporate whether GM
foods can be securely expended, hurt
nature or potentially are sufficiently tried
and directed. The objectivity of logical
research and productions has been tested.
Cultivating related debate incorporate the
utilization and effect of pesticides, seed
creation and utilize, reactions on non-
GMO crops/ranches, and potential control
of the GM food supply by seed
organizations. The disputes have continued
since GM supports were envisioned. They
have had the media, the courts,
neighborhood, commonplace and national
governments and overall affiliations.
Constantly Ill Humans Have Higher
Glyphosate Levels than Healthy
Humans
A new study out of Germany infers that
Glyphosate buildup could achieve people
and creatures through encourage and can

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Profoundly Efficient Genome Engineering in Flowering Plants: A
Report
Harpreet Kaur
Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
Plant biologists have built up a genome
altering strategy to knockout target genes
in a model plant with high proficiency.
The group reports another CRISPR/Cas9
vector for the model plant that can firmly
incite inheritable mutations. This strategy
is relied upon to end up distinctly an
intense molecular instrument for genome
designing in different plant species.
The genome comprises of the life form's
entire arrangement of DNA, including its
genes, which contains all the data
expected to create and keep up the
organism. Genome engineering, which
includes particular adjustment of parts of
the genome by evacuating, including and
changing segments of the DNA
arrangement, is a rapidly developing. As
such, the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic
Repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-related protein 9)
framework is a standout amongst the most
prominent genetic manipulation emerging
from its effortlessness, adaptability and
proficiency.
In any case, the mutation inducing
efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 towards the
model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, has
remained to some degree low as such.
This is because they trigger for gene
mutation is enacted at later formative
stages in cells. Consequently, a lot of time,
exertion and plant species has been
required to get the wanted plant species
with the focused on gene knocked out.
CRISPR/Cas9 comprises of 2 key
molecules, a bit of RNA called direct
RNA (gRNA) and a chemical called Cas9.
Cas9 goes about as a molecular scissor
that can cut both strands of DNA at a
particular location in the genome, so DNA
sequences can be included or expelled at
that position. Then again, the gRNA
comprises of a pre-designed RNA
arrangement (around 20 bases in length)
that is situated inside a more drawn out
RNA framework. The RNA platform ties
to DNA and the pre-composed RNA
succession manages the Cas9 protein to
the particular part of the genome, so that
Cas9 can cut at the focused on position.
"By utilizing a promoter for a
RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S5A (RPS5A)
gene, which is expressed from early
embryonic stages in plant cells, we could
instigate the Cas9 protein to knockout
genes in egg cells with high
effectiveness," says Hiroki Tsutsui, the
primary author of this review. "This
RPS5A promoter is dynamic in egg cells
and we chose to call this molecular tool, a
pKAMA-ITACHI Red (pKIR) vector,
which can alter the plant's genome in high
productivity in respect to the 35S
promoter regularly utilized as a part of
plants," he proceeds.
'Kama-itachi' has the Japanese
significance of three weasel-like animals,
where the principal weasel targets and
treks a man, trailed by the second one
harming the individual by cutting them,
and the third one recuperating the
individual. This is like the procedure of
the CRISPR/Cas9 framework towards
DNA, where CRISPR targets, Cas9 cuts,

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods
Tejas Dhoble
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India
BACKGROUND
Genetically modified (GM) foods are life
forms that have had new qualities added to
themselves from other organisms. Being
around since 1994, they are delivered in a
way that is fundamentally the same as
genetic engineering. The strategy utilized
as a part of this type of crop management
has been acquainted with guarantee
ranchers and dealers can improve crop or
food quality in a more effective manner. A
few people arrogate that this innovation
will help those in the farming business
diminish the measure of squandered
products and foods. In any case, while
there are many advantages of genetically
modified foods, there are additionally
potential downsides that are available [1].
Here are their favorable circumstances and
burdens.
VARIOUS PROS OF GENETICALLY
MODIFIED FOODS
Insect Resistance
Some GMO sustenance’s have been
changed to make resistant to insects and
other pests. A report from the University
of California in San Diego states that
harmful microscopic organisms (yet
alright for human utilize) can be added to
products to make them repel insects. This
implies the measure of pesticide chemicals
utilized on the plants is lessened, so their
introductions to hazardous pesticides are
additionally diminished.
More Grounded Crops
Another advantage that GM innovation is
accepted to realize is that harvests can be
engineered to withstand climate extremes
and changes, which implies that there will
be great quality and adequate yields even
under a poor or serious climate condition.
As populaces over the world develop and
more terrains are being used for lodging
rather than food production, ranchers are
incited to develop trims in areas that are
initially not reasonable for plant
cultivation, and refined plants that can
withstand high salt substance in soil and
groundwater, also long stretches of dry
season, will help them develop healthy
crops [2]. Likewise, animals and plants
that have been genetically modified can
turn out to be more impervious to startling
disease problems. We can simply think
about the innovation as a vaccine for the
species, aside from that it is encoded into
their qualities, as opposed to being shot
into their immune system.
Bigger Production
It has been less demanding to raise trims
that are named genetically modified on the
grounds that the greater part of their
illustrations have the more grounded
capacity to resist pests. This characteristic
helps ranchers with delivering more
noteworthy measures of products or foods.
Natural Protection
The increase of GM animals and harvests
regularly requires less time, devices and
chemicals, and may help with greenhouse
gas emissions, soil erosion and
environmental pollution. This implies the
general wellbeing and excellence of the
environment that encompasses ranches
will be enhanced, adding to the
conservation of better water and air
quality, which can likewise in a

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