International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)

International Journal of
Microwave Engineering
& Technology
Jul–Dec 2016 IJMET
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,
Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: info@journalspub.com
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
Applications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering
¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...
2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
5 more...
4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your A
rticle2017
www.journalspub.com
eISSN: 2455-0337

International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes.
ObjectivesofJournalsPub
 JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.
 JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications&CaseStudy.
 Publishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.
 JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.
 JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
 JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework.
SalientFeatures
 An umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.
 The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellenceandexposure.
 Universaltransmissionandreflectivity.
 ARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess
 SpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts
 EminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.
 FreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.
 Thejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork.
International Journal of Microwave
Engineering and Technology

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unlessso stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy
International Subscription
OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues)
Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes)
To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd.,
payableatDelhi/NewDelhi.
OnlineAccess Policy
A). ForAuthors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
B.) ForSubscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber.
The accesswillbeblocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as pertheaccesspolicy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as perthefrequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends.
Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)of changeof address willnotbehonored.
Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID.
Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained.
LegalDisputes
AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly.
If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam:
info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.

International Journal of Microwave
Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology is a comprehensive journal that covers all
aspects of Microwave Engineering and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of
ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design
that are related to Microwave Engineering. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good
quality.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
 Microwave transmission
 Artificial dielectrics
 Microwave amplifiers
 Microwave components and circuits
 Scattering parameters
 Smith chart and its applications
 Transmission lines
 Waveguides
 Planar circuits and passive circuits
 Cad tools in RF/microwave circuit design
 ABCD or ray transfer matrix
International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology is published twice a year (bi-annual) in
India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not
essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the
advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing
aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permissiontothepublisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
(info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Deepika Bhadauria
Rekha Rani
Commissioning Editors
Dr. Chhavi Goel
Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Ram Mohan Mehra
School of Engineering & Technology,
Sharda University India
Dr. Vandana Vikas Thakare
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, MITS Gwalior, India
Dr. Vijay Kumar Salviya
Director Engineering Institute, & Project
Technical Advisor,International R& D Group
India
Kota Chandra Bhushana Rao
Department of Electronics Communication
Enginering, JNTUK-UCEVVizianagaram
India
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi
Department of Electronics Engineering,
Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand
India
Dr. Amel Boufrioua
University Constantine,
Algeria
Mr. MayankChakraverty
Member of IBM Semiconductor
Research & Development Center
India
Mr. Praveen Kumar
Dept. of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology,
Dundigal (Vil), Hyderabad India
Mr. Devendra Kumar
Engineering Rustamji Institute of Technology
,BSF, Tekanpur, Gwalior India
Sachin Kumar Gupta
School of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Rama Krishna Merugumalli
Department of Electronics Communication
Engineering, Andhra Loyola Institute of
Engineering and Technology,
Vijayawada, India
Mr V Koushick
Engineering, Trichy Engineering College,
Somu Nagar, Konalai, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu, India
Kartic Bera
Department of Remote Sensing & GIS,
Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal,
India
Dr. E. Kusuma Kumari
Sri Vasavi Engineering College,
Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Manas Ranjan Jena
Department of ETC, SIET, Dhenkanal,
Odisha, India
Ravi Prakash Dwivedi
SENSE, VIT university, Chennai,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology. This journal is
part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of
present Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and
thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Microwave Engineering and Technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized
as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in
thisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community
topublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology focuses on original high-quality research
in the realm of Microwave transmission Artificial dielectrics, Microwave amplifiers, Microwave,
components and circuits, Scattering parameters, Smith chart and its applications, Transmission lines,
Waveguides, Planar circuits and passive circuits, Cad tools in, RF/microwave circuit design and ABCD or
ray transfer matrix.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electronics
and TelecommunicationEngineeringandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many
others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofElectronicsandTelecommunicationEngineering.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of
Electronicsand TelecommunicationEngineering.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Simulation of Pyramidal Structures of Coco Peat and Coconut Shell Activated
Carbon as Radar Absorbing Material
Suneet Gupta, Gagan Deep Aul 1
2. A Next Generation Wireless Power Transmission – A Review
Ajay Kumar 7
3. A Partial Defected Ground Microstrip Array Antenna for Energy Harvesting at GSM Band with Enhanced
Bandwidth and Gain
R. Chouhan, P.K. Singhal 12
4. A Review Paper on Smart Antenna
Vikas Choudhary 18
5. Efficient Tracking of Mobile Objects in Wireless Sensor Network Using BFOA
Puneet Garg 22
6. Reduced the Size of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Using Double Sided Metamaterial
Ankit Shrivastava, Bimal Garg 28
Contents

IJMET (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology
eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Simulation of Pyramidal Structures of Coco Peat and Coconut
Shell Activated Carbon as Radar Absorbing Material
Suneet Gupta, Gagan Deep Aul*
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV University, Jalandhar, India
ABSTRACT
Shape is the main parameter that influences the performance of the pyramidal microwave
absorber. The pyramidal shape is mostly installed in the anechoic chamber. But the shapes of
these pyramidal structures are very large. The aim is to design a structure of pyramidal
absorber with different materials and with low height to achieve maximum absorption. In this
paper, we have investigated the different structures of the pyramidal absorber and simulate
their dielectric properties and reflection loss. It is shown in this paper that the maximum
absorption achieved by the material is coco peat + coconut shell activated carbon with the
single pyramidal absorber of (10X10X10) cm dimensions of about -60 dB. In the dimension
of (5X5X10) cm pyramidal absorber structure.
Keywords: CSAC, dielectric loss, microwave, radar
INTRODUCTION
As the increase in the demand of Radar
Absorbing Material (RAM), the
agricultural materials are used as a base
material. This waste material has the
capability to use as alternative material for
pyramidal microwave absorber in radio
frequency. Because of its extremely low
cost, it became the most effective
substitute of conventional microwave
absorber present in the industry. In this
section, the field of microwave (radar)
absorbing materials (RAM) is reviewed
with consideration of the historical
development, physical theory, design
optimization and materials behind these
devices. The technique used to generate
low reflectivity is to match the impedance
of the electromagnetic radiation at the air-
absorber interface, permit the
electromagnetic radiation to propagate into
the absorber. Another technique used is to
create the destructive interference between
the electromagnetic waves reflecting from
different layers of the absorber. The
reflectivity by these absorbers can be
calculated if the thickness, permittivity and
permeability of all layers are known. The
method is to calculate the reflection and
transmission coefficients for each layer,
based on the permittivity and permeability,
and then recursively propagate the EM
field through the absorber [6]. The
dielectric materials are the material having
μ=1. The dielectric properties (ɛ) of the
material can be represented by complex
Permittivity and is shown as
ɛ=ɛʹ-jɛʺ (1)
The other factors on which the EM wave
absorption depends are tangent loss,
reflection coefficient and return loss which
can be calculated with the formulas given
below
tan δ= ɛʺ (2)
ɛʹ
ρ=∣Ѓ∣=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1) (3)

eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Next Generation Wireless Power Transmission – A Review
Ajay Kumar*
Department of Electronics and Communication, Doon Valley Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karnal,
Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Presently, we display the idea of transmitting force without utilizing wires i.e., transmitting
power as Beneficial too require based cutting edge control transmission system. Wireless
power transmission Transfer the power starting with one place then onto the next is to
diminish the transmission and circulation misfortunes. We likewise have talked about the
innovative improvements in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT). The favorable
circumstances, weaknesses, natural effects and uses of WPT are additionally exhibited. The
fundamental idea driving this is Magnetic Resonance. Two resonant objects of the same
resonant frequency tend to trade energy productively, while scattering generally little energy
in superfluous off-full protests. In frameworks of coupled resonances, there is frequently a
general "Strongly Coupled" administration of operation. In the event that one can work in
that administration in a given system, the energy exchange is required to be extremely
productive. Keeping in view, the need of great importance and country, let it ought to happen
sooner than later.
Keywords: magnetic resonance, microwave power transmission, wireless power
transmission, wireless sensor network
INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is the
transmission of electrical power from a
power source to a devouring gadget
without utilizing discrete synthetic
channels. Analysts have built up a few
strategies for moving power over long
separation without wires. Some exist just
as hypotheses or models however others
are as of now being used. This paper gives
the methods used to remote power
transmission. It is a nonspecific term that
alludes to various diverse power
transmission innovations that utilization
time differing electromagnetic fields.
Wireless transmission system essentially is
a guideline to exchange the power through
remote. The primary ever rule which
appeared war "Witricity". The Term
"Witricity" is only the short name of
Wireless Electricity. The essential idea
driving this is Magnetic Resonance. Two
thunderous objects of the same full
recurrence tend to trade vitality
effectively, while scattering moderately
little vitality in superfluous off resounding
articles.
In systems of coupled resonances, there is
regularly a general "Firmly Coupled"
administration of operation. In the event
that one can work in that administration in
a given system, the vitality exchange is
relied upon to be extremely proficient. One
of the significant issue in power system is
the misfortunes happens amid the
transmission and dissemination of
electrical influence. As the request builds
step by step, the power era increments and

eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Partial Defected Ground Microstrip Array Antenna for Energy
Harvesting at GSM Band with Enhanced Bandwidth and Gain
R. Chouhan*, P.K. Singhal
Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
ABSTRACT
An array of 2×1 microstrip patch antenna array is designed having a defected ground partial
ground plane. This array covers the entire GSM band defined by IEEE standards i.e. 890–
960 MHz. It is a Wide Band microstrip patch array with enhanced gain and directivity
compared to conventional single microstrip patch antenna. Partial ground plane increases
the bandwidth of the antenna, thus by creating a partial ground plane of right dimension we
can enhance bandwidth over the entire GSM band or further. The radiation pattern of
designed antenna is approximately Omnidirectional that is same as antennas used for mobile
communication.
Keywords: microstrip array, partial ground, rectangular microstrip patch antenna, RF energy
harvesting
INTRODUCTION
Microstrip array antenna [1] has many
advantages as that of single microstrip
patch antenna [2, 3] in terms of radiation
pattern, gain, directivity. RF energy
harvesting drawn the interest of research
scholars to avert the wastage of RF energy
being transmitted [4]. Utilization of
Energy upto its maximum capacity
through reducing losses would be a step
towards clean environment. Traditionally
bandwidth and gain enhancement has been
matter of concern for antenna designers
since a faithful gain at particular band of
frequency is must for faithful radiation [5].
A corporate feed 2×1 microstrip antenna
array is designed and fabricated operating
at GSM band for gain and directivity
enhancement while partial defected ground
plane is the key factor for bandwidth
enhancement and antenna’s pattern [6].
SINGLE PATCH ANTENNA
Before designing an array a single patch
antenna is designed [7]. The Figure 1
shows 3D view of basic RMPA.
Conventional RMPA is designed using the
following design equations.
Fig. 1. 3-Dimensional view of RMPA.
Design Procedure
(1) Specify fr in Hz, Ɛr and h in mm of the
patch.
(2) For an efficient radiator, a practical
width that leads to good radiation
efficiencies is W =
𝐶
2𝑓ₒ√
𝜀 𝑟+1
2

eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Review Paper on Smart Antenna
Vikas Choudhary*
Department of Electronics, Vaish College, Rohtak, India
ABSTRACT
In the recent years, progression in media transmission innovations and the expanding
interest of information rate has propelled the upgraded utilization of frequency range. One
procedure for the proficient use of recurrence is Smart Antenna system. They give a keen
answer for the issue of correspondence movement over-burden i.e. they increment the activity
limit. Smart Antenna advancements will change the financial matters of 3G radio systems.
They give either a major information capacity gain or a signing of base stations required to
accomplish a base level of administration. This paper is a review of Smart Antenna
innovation, their advantages is centered on deciding the possibility of smart transmit and
receive handset antennas.
Keyword: adaptive array, 3G, phase array, smart antenna
INTRODUCTION
A smart antenna is a digital wireless
communications antenna system that
exploits differing qualities impact at the
source (transmitter), the destination
(receiver), or both. Assorted qualities
impact includes the transmission or
reception of various radio frequency (RF)
waves to expand information speed and
lessen the mistake rate.
In conventional wireless communications,
a single antenna is utilized at the source,
and another single reception antenna is
utilized at the destination. This is called
SISO (single information, single yield).
Such system defenseless against issues
created by multipath impacts. At the point
when an electromagnetic field (EM field)
is met with obstacles, for example, slopes,
gorge, structures, and utility wires, the
wave fronts are scattered, and in this
manner they take numerous ways to
achieve the destination. The late entry of
scattered segments of the flag causes
issues, for example, blurring, cut-out
(precipice impact), and irregular gathering
(picket fencing). In an advanced
correspondences framework like the
Internet, it can bring about a diminishment
in information speed and an expansion in
the quantity of mistakes. The utilization of
shrewd receiving wires can decrease or
wipe out the inconvenience created by
multipath wave engendering.
Smart antennas fall into three noteworthy
classifications: SIMO (single input,
multiple output), MISO (multiple input,
single output), and MIMO (multiple input,
multiple output). In SIMO innovation, one
antenna is utilized at the source, and at
least two antennas are utilized at the goal.
In MISO innovation, at least two antennas
are utilized at the source, and one antenna
is utilized at the goal. In MIMO
innovation, numerous antennas are utilized
at both the source and the goal. MIMO has
pulled in the most consideration as of late
in light of the fact that it cannot just
dispense with the unfriendly impacts of

eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Efficient Tracking of Mobile Objects in Wireless Sensor Network
Using BFOA
Puneet Garg*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana,
Jhajjar, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Network has the probability to interface the physical world with the virtual
world by framing a system of sensor hubs. Energy effective object tracking is one of the
fundamental plan issues for wireless sensor systems. Vitality proficiency is required as the
entire WSN is reliant on the force of batteries and the object tracking is required for checking
the shifting rate of target, target exactness and missing target recuperation. BFOA works for
giving the energy productive groups and bunch head choice and the assignment of object
tracking is performed by forecast based grouping algorithm.
Keywords: algorithm, BFOA, object tracking, WSN
INTRODUCTION
In wireless sensor arranges there are a few
wireless sensors which are equipped for
detecting a unique wonder in the earth and
send the information back to one or a few
base stations. The fundamental element of
WSN that makes it novel is its adaptability
as far as the state of the system and
portability of the sensors. With no wires,
WSN can be sent in territories where
normal sensor systems can't work.
Likewise the self-forming highlight of
WSN, alongside the opportunity of the
remote sensors development makes it a
perfect apparatus for the circumstances
where the sensors are portable. Having
these components, WSN is utilized as a
part of therapeutic applications, military
purposes, hazardous situation observing
and so on [1, 2].
The adaptability of wireless sensor
systems accompanies a progression of
difficulties. Since remote sensors are not
physically associated with any focal source
they are totally subject to their battery to
work; additionally remote sensors
positions are not decided preceding the
system arrangement, along these lines
sensors ought to have the capacity to work
in a way that can consequently create an
ideal directing way and convey the
detected data back to the base-station.
Base-station coordinates the got
information and applies a procedure over it
and sends the outcomes to be seen by a
client or for further preparing.
Every remote sensor hub is not physically
associated with any wellspring of force, in
this way its own battery is the main
dependable power supply for it. Sensor
hubs are likewise obliged on data transfer
capacity. Considering these two
impediments, steering and detecting
calculations that utilization inventive
strategies to protect the force of the
sensors are required [3]. Since the lifetime
of the system is exceptionally reliant on
the lifetime of the Sensors Sensing
Environment Base-Station sensors'

eISSN: 2455-0337
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Reduced the Size of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by
Using Double Sided Metamaterial
Ankit Shrivastava*, Bimal Garg
Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
ABSTRACT
This paper, present the design of double sided metamaterial which reduces the size of
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. First of all, design the rectangular microstrip patch
antenna (RMPA) then simulate it with and without metameterial. Without metamaterial,
rectangular microstrip patch antenna, is resonate at 5.54 Ghz and its gain is 1.79 dB,
directivity is 4.81 dBi and its total efficiency is 30% and with metamaterial RMPA is resonate
at frequency is 2.24 Ghz and gain is 2.03 dB and directivity is 5.22 dBi, efficiency is 48.27%.
The result indicates that metamatarial based rectangular microstrip patch antenna reduces
the size as well as increases the performance of antenna.
Keywords: RMPA, NRW method, impedance bandwidth, gain, return loss
INTRODUCTION
Metamaterials are artificially structured to
have properties which are not found in
nature, they are built by periodically
arranging unit cell and these unit cells are
not made of physical atom and molecules,
instead it contain small metallic resonator
which interact with external
electromagnetic wave. Metamaterial have
negative permittivity εr<<<<0 and
negative permeability [1–6] µr<<<<0.
Metamaterial was first introduced by
Victor Vesalago in 1967 [1,7,8], but only
as a theoretical concept. Veselago remain
silent for next 29 year and in 1996, J.B
pendry published research on artificial
metallic construction which exhibit
negative permittivity and negative
permeability [3]. Later in year 2001 Dr.
smith [2], fabricated a structure with spilt
ring resonator and thin wire and its named
as LHM [9–15]. Here computer simulation
technology (CST) microwave studio 2010
software has been used for designing and
simulation. CST-MW Studio is best
software for simulation and designing. S11
and S21 parameter was obtained from CST-
MW Studio software then exported to
microsoft excel for calculation of
permittivity and permeability by using
Nicoloson-Ross-Wier (NRW) approach.
FORMULATION AND DESIGNING
Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna
(RMPA) parameters are calculated by the
formulas which are given below:
Calculation of width (W):
W=
1
2𝑓𝑟√µ𝑜𝜀𝑜
√
2
𝜀𝑟+1
=
𝐶
2𝑓𝑟
√
2
𝜀𝑟+1
(1)
where C=free space velocity of light,
εr=Dielectric constant of substrate
The effective dielectric constant of the
microstrip patch antenna
εeff=
εr+1
2
+
εr−1
2
(
1
√1+
12h
w
) (2)

International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (12)

Similar to International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)

Similar to International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2) (14)

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)