Organic Named reactions for the students of Chemistry -XII

1. Finkelstein reaction
• Finkelstein reaction involves the conversion of an
alkyl chloride or an alkyl bromide to an alkyl iodide
by the addition of sodium iodide in acetone
• CH3CH2Br (acetone)+ NaI (acetone)→ CH3CH2I (acetone) +
NaBr (s)

2. Swarts reaction

3. Wurtz reaction
• Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to
give hydrocarbons containing double the number
of carbon atoms present in the halide.
• This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction

4. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction
• A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an
alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry ether
and is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction

5. Fittig Reaction
• Aryl halides when treated with sodium in dry ether,
in which two aryl groups are joined together.
• It is called Fittig reaction

6. Kolbe’s reaction
• Phenoxide ion reacts with carbon dioxide, to give
Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) as the
main reaction product.

7. Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium
hydroxide, a –CHO group is introduced at ortho position of
benzene ring. This reaction is known as Reimer - Tiemann
reaction.

8. Williamson synthesis
• An alkyl halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide
to form ether.
• Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is
primary.

9. Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction
• Benzene ring undergoes Friedel-Crafts alkylation, i.e., the
alkyl group is introduced by reaction with alkyl halide in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (a Lewis acid) as
catalyst.

10. Continue…
Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction

11. Friedel-Crafts acylation rxn
 Benzene ring undergoes Friedel-Crafts acylation, i.e., the acyl
group is introduced by reaction with acyl halide in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (a Lewis acid) as
catalyst

12. Continue…
Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction

13. Rosenmund reduction
• Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst,
palladium on barium sulphate. This reaction is called
Rosenmund reduction.

14. Stephen reaction
• Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous
chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on
hydrolysis give corresponding aldehyde.

15. Etard reaction.
Chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group of toluene to a
chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives
corresponding benzaldehyde.

16. Gatterman – Koch reaction
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon
monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of
anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives
benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde

17. Clemmensen reduction

18. Wolff-Kishner reduction

19. Aldol condensation
• Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo
a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form β-
hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol),
respectively. This is known as Aldol reaction.

20. Continue…
Aldol condensation

21. Cross aldol condensation
• When aldol condensation is carried out between two different
aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called cross aldol
condensation
• If both of them contain α-hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture
of four products

22. Continue… Cross aldol condensation

23. Cannizzaro reaction
Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom,
undergo self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation)
reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.
In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced
to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid
salt.

24. Continue… Cannizzaro reaction

25. Kolbe electrolysis
An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a
carboxylic acid on electrolysis gives alkane containing
even number of carbon atoms at the anode.

26. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky
reaction.
• Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at
the α-position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the
presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-
halocarboxylic acids

27. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
 Phthalimide on treatment with ethanolic potassium hydroxide forms
potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with alkyl halide
followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary
amine
 Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method because
aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion
formed by phthalimide.

28. Continue…
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis

29. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
• method for preparation of primary amines by treating an
amide with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution
of sodium hydroxide.

30. Sandmeyer Reaction

31. Gatterman reaction
treating of diazonium salt solution with corresponding
halogen acid in the presence of copper powder to form
aryl halide.

32. Diazotisation.
• The conversion of primary aromatic amines into
diazonium salts is known as diazotisation.

33. Carbylamine reaction
Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with
chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form
isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling
substance

34. Hydroboration–oxidation

35. Dehydration of alcohols to alkene
Alcohols undergo dehydration (removal of a molecule of
water) to form alkenes on treating with a protic acid e.g.,
concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4, or catalysts such as
anhydrous zinc chloride or alumina

36. Dehydrogenation of alcohols
• When the vapours of a
primary or a secondary
alcohol are passed
over heated copper at
573 K,
dehydrogenation
occurs.

37. Ozonolysis of alkenes
Ozonolysis of alkenes involves the addition of ozone
molecule to alkene to form ozonide, and then cleavage of
the ozonide by Zn-H2O to form carbonyl compounds.

38. Continue…
Ozonolysis of alkenes

39. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides
 An alkyl or benzyl halide on reaction with an ethanolic solution of
ammonia , halogen atom is replaced by an amino (–NH2) group. This
process of cleavage of the C–X bond by ammonia molecule is known
as ammonolysis

40. coupling reactions
 Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol
molecule at its para position is coupled with the diazonium salt to form
p-hydroxyazobenzene. This type of reaction is known as coupling
reaction