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 Locomotion and behaviors of animals
 Bio-mechatronics
 Biomedical engineering
 Bionic architecture
 Biophysics
 Synthetic biological systems
 Biomimetics
 Cybernetics and robotics
 Bionic technology
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Dr. Sandip Bag
HOD, BME Dept. JIS College of Engineering,
Kalyani, India
Souvik Basak, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor Dr. B.C. Roy College of
Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences
Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
Dr. Radha Das
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Haldia Institute of Technology India
Dr. D. Dhanavel,
Associate Professor Department of Botany
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar,
India
Dr. R.K.Dwivedi
Associate Professor, MANIT, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. S. Krishnakumar, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Sathyabama University, Tamil
Nadu, India.
Vinod Kumar, Ph.D.
Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, U. P, India
Owais Mohammad
Molecular Immunology Lab- I Biotechnology
Unit AMU, Aligarh U.P, India
Dr. Pradip Paik, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor School of Engineering
Sciences and Technology University of
Hyderabad, Hyderabad, AP, India
Mr. Willi Paul
Senior Scientific Officer Central Analytical
Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences &
Technology (SCTIMST) India
Dr. PV. Mohanan,
Scientist & Head, Toxicology Division,
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and
Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala, India.
Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj
Lecturer /Post-Doctoral research fellow
Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies
Auckland University of Technology
Auckland, New Zealand
Dr. A. Robert Sam
Senior Scientist / Assistant Professor (AcSIR)
CSIR Madras complex, Taramani, Chennai
Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Surekha K. Satpute
Woman Scientist (DST) Department of
Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University
Pune, Maharashtra, India
Ms. Jill B Shukla
PERD Research Centre, Thaltej; Ahmedabad,
Gujrat, India
Dr. Jai Singh
Assistant Professor Department of Physics,
Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University,
Sagar, India
Dr. Omprakash Yemul
Associate Professor School of Chemical
Sciences SRTM University Dnyantirth
Vishnupuri India.
Dr. Amiya Kumar Prusty
M.Pharm, PhD Asst professor Dept of
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of
Pharmacy & Technology, Salipur, Cuttack,
India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Summya Rashid
Senior Research Fellow Department of Medical
Elementology and Toxicology Faculty of
Science Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
New Delhi India
Dr. Jay Prakash Sah
Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine Scholar
Soonchynhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science
Soonchynhyang University South Korea
Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh
Assistant professor, Department of Kriyasharir
V.Y.D.S. Ayurvedic college, Khurja,
U. P., India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present analytical chemistry issues, from
theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Bionics and Bio-Materials
as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and
technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community,
addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials in Journals Pub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in general. Journals Pub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Electrochemistry,photo-electrochemistry,medicinalchemistryand organometallicchemistry.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of analytical
chemistryand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofanalyticalchemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers
and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofanalyticalchemistry.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications: A Review
A. Ashok, C.R. Rejeesh, R. Renjith 1
2. Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal and Cerebral Palsy Patients
Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia 12
3. Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between
Right and Left Foot)
Ravinder Kumar, Dhananjoy Shaw 16
4. Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating Overover Ti6Al4V Implants
P. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari 23
5. Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb Exoskeleton Using Human
Machine Interface Technology
Shilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar 28
Contents

IJBBM (2016) 1-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications:
A Review
A. Ashok1
, C.R. Rejeesh2*
, R. Renjith1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, India
2
Centre for Sustainable Manufacturing and Renewable Energy, Federal Institute of Science and Technology,
India
ABSTRACT
Stable life offered by the synthetic plastic and their nonrenewable source results in waste
disposal and environmental pollution. Bio degradable plastics can be developed from the
synergic combinations of agricultural biology and micro biology. Starch, cellulose based bio
degradable zero waste plastics can replace with the nonrenewable plastics with comparable
packaging properties. Packaging industries have wide applications and the requirement for
each area is unique. Food packaging industries requires shelf life improving characters
while industrial packaging requires high mechanical properties which can resist mechanical
damaging. This paper reviews suitability factors and emerging techniques for the improving
packaging properties of bio plastics.
Keywords: biodegradability, bioplastic, packaging, starch, sustainability
INTRODUCTION
The term packaging also referred to
product protection, security and improving
usability allows with provision for safe
handling and use. Commonly used
packaging materials are wood, paper, glass,
metals, plastic and composites. Plastics are
widely used for packaging as it shows
superior properties like of non-
permeability, inert to environment,
durability, lightness, stability and
availability. These properties of plastic
also make them last in the environment
forever and accumulate as solid waste, if
not recycled properly.[1,2]
Additives,
plasticizers and colorants in plastic make
serious environmental issues during
disposal of the same.[1,3]
Bioplastics
derived from renewable resources (which
are biodegradable and less pollutant) are
thought to be a replacement for synthetic
polymers.[4]
Biopolymers are mainly processed from
starch, proteins, cellulose, DNA, RNA and
peptides. The monomer molecules of bio
plastics are sugar, nucleotides and amino
acids. Bio based packaging materials
require multistage processes required in
designing and manufacturing of bio based
packaging materials.[5]
Some of the
preferable properties a good packaging
material shell possesses include
permeability (gas and vapour), sealing and
resistance to chemicals, UV and light,
transparency, mechanical properties,
machinability. Cost and availability are the
key factors in any designing process of bio
plastic. Finally, shelf life and disposal
method of the bioplastic should also be
taken into account.[5–9]
Most products
leave the production facility with three
levels of packaging
 Primary

IJBBM(2016) 12-15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal
and Cerebral Palsy Patients
Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
ABSTRACT
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a lifelong disability arising due to morbidity or lesion in the immature
brain. Clinically it implies increased muscle tone, deep tendon reflex and involuntary
physically moments. Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical imaging technique that uses
real time display of electrical activity of the brain waves. It records the electrical activity
through surface of the human brain by placing metallic electrode on the targeted area. EEG
is the one of the electro biological imaging tool which is widely used in research and medical
field due to its low cost, non-invasive use and high resolution property. The purpose of this
study was to compare the alpha and theta waves frequency of CP and normal children, which
is the one of underlying causes of brain disease in CP children. For that raw EEG data of
total 10 children (5 normal and 5 CP) was collected for six minutes duration while the
participant was awake without influence of any sedation. Nexus-10 neurofeedback inbuilt
data analysis software system was used for EEG and statistical analysis. This compared the
mean values of targeted points (F3-F4, C3-C4, P3-P4 and O3-O4) to observe variations in
mean values of alpha and theta waves. Results showed that alpha and theta waves in parietal
and occipital regions are significant in CP children when compared to normal children.
However, the alpha and theta waves in frontal region were similar in both the groups due to
the fact that CP children have good registration of perceived information by the environment
and the society. We concluded that level of alpha and theta waves activity indicated that the
CP children have good sense of visual and auditory processing especially from the occipital
and parietal regions since it plays pivotal role in normal auditory and visual perception.
Keywords: brain waves, cerebral palsy, electroencephalography
INTRODUCTION
Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical
imaging technique[1]
that is used to read
electrical activities of the brain. In EEG,
the electrical signals are recorded from the
scalp surface of the human brain through
metal electrodes by employing a
conducting media usually jelly or paste.
EEG is a noninvasive procedure that is
applied repeatedly to patient, normal
adults, and children with virtually no risk
or reported limitations if proper
precautionary care is taken during patient
preparation. Electrical brain signals
consists of Na+
, K+
, Ca+
, and Cl+
ions,
which generate signals that are pumped
through neuron membranes in the direction
of membrane potential. Different types of
neurotransmitters help to activate neurons
which lead to generation of electrical
activity in the brain that are recordable on
the surface area of scalp. During EEG
recording, electrode and neural layers
current penetrates through skin, skull and
several other layers which gets displayed
on computer screen in form of waves. For

IJBBM (2016) 16-22 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male
Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between Right and Left
Foot)
Ravinder Kumar1
, Dhananjoy Shaw2*
1
Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
2
IGIPESS, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the subject of bio-
mechanics, particularly among practitioners and students of physical therapy, Physical
education, sports science, bioengineering and several branches of medicine including
orthopedics, rheumatology, neurology and rehabilitation. Gait analysis is the systematic
study of human walking using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by
instrumentation for measuring body movement, body mechanics and the activity of the
muscles. It is often helpful in the medical management of those diseases which affect the
locomotor system. Gait analysis helps us to understand Kinematic analysis, temporal
analysis, angular kinematic analysis, muscular activity, force analysis, pressure distribution
analysis, joint dot analysis etc. There is negligible study on kinematic analysis on Indian
sportspersons, hence a research gap was evident and a group of research scholars from
Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, (University of Delhi) are
motivated to investigate of foot pressure dominance of contralateral aspect considering the
morphological and functional asymmetricity of right and left lateral foot of male
sportsperson. Ideally it is hypothesized that such findings will generate a new dimension of
analogy of gait analysis and thereby their implication in the field of biomechanics and
kinesiology. For this purpose twenty seven (48) male sportspersons, who has at least
participated at state level competition (age 17 to 25 years) were given a walking gait test to
compare between left and right foot pressure distribution. The parameters were measured by
using the portable pressure measurement system from Zebris.Inc, Germany (40×30cm),
supported with WinFDM-S software, (Germany). Dynamic test for left and right foot was
measured in step phases to determine the foot pressure distribution. The selected variables
were Left Gait Line Length Le (LGLL), Right Gait Line Length (RGLL), Left Dynamic Test
(LDT) and Right Dynamic Test (RDT). Collected data was computed using SPSS software for
mean, standard deviation and t-test. The pressure distribution in regard to selected variables
was found to be different between right foot and left foot. It was concluded that the foot
pressure distribution of walking gait are different.
Keywords: foot pressure distribution, male sportspersons, pressure plate, walking gait
INTRODUCTION
Everyone's walking style is unique, and it
has been shown that both humans and
computers are very good at recognizing
known gait patterns. It is therefore
unsurprising those dynamic foot pressure
patterns, which indirectly reflect the
accelerations of all body parts, are also

IJBBM (2016) 23–27 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating over
Ti6Al4V Implants
P. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari1*
Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, UP,
India
ABSTRACT
Need for the development of biocompatible coating over implant may alleviate the problems
related to the implants like infection, inflammation and pain. Biocompatibility of the
biomaterial used in coating depends on its chemical properties and its behaviour on the
surroundings. It is also a known fact that the biocompatibility and chemical properties are
widely depends on compositions, morphology (shape), size of the particles, etc. This work
mainly deals with the efforts made to see the effect of addition of carbon nanotubes and
graphene oxide in hydroxyapatite for coating over Ti6Al4V implant.
Keywords: carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and antibacterial, hydroxyapatite
INTRODUCTION
Coatings of hydroxyapatite (HA) have
good potential as they can exploit the
biocompatible and bone bonding
properties of the ceramic, while utilising
the mechanical properties of substrates
such as Ti6Al4V and other biocompatible
alloys. While the metallic materials have
the required mechanical properties, they
benefit from the HA which provides an
osteophilic surface for bone to bond to,
anchoring the implant and transferring
load to the skeleton, helping to combat
bone atrophy. Tsui et al.[1]
performed
coating of HA on Ti6Al4V implant and
adhesion strength, the OH¯ion content and
the purity were evaluated. Later it was
shown that their method lead to a
significant decrease in the degree of
adhesion. To overcome the
aforementioned drawback Chou et al.[2]
analysed cohesive and adhesive strengths
of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on
Ti6Al4V that were further strengthened by
adding ZrO2 particles as a reinforcing
second phase (HA-ZrO2 composite
coating). Intermediate ZrO2 layer between
the HA coating and the Ti alloy substrate
were used as a bond coat (two-layer HA-
ZrO2 coating). It was found that the
interface between the HA coating and the
Ti alloy is a site of critical weakness when
compared to the cohesive strength of the
inter- and intra-lamellar structure of the
HA coating. Zhang et al.[3]
performed
work on dense and uniform fluoridated
hydroxyapatite (FHA) coatings that have
been deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates by
sol–gel dip coating method. The load at
which complete removal of the coating
occurs is taken as an indication of the
adhesion strength. With increase of
fluorine concentration and firing
temperature, adhesion strength increases;
and at the same time, the coating-substrate
interfacial failure mode changes from
brittle to ductile. A major breakthrough
was achieved to solve the adhesion
problem by Milev et al.[4]
used sol–gel
method to prepare the solution of HA. This

IJBBM (2016) 28–33 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb
Exoskeleton Using Human Machine Interface Technology
Shilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar
Department of Biomedical Instrumentation, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes an alternative exoskeleton control system using human-machine
interactive environment. Exoskeletonis an active external mechanical structure attached to a
part of human body to augment power or increase the mobility of that body part. For a smart
control system, a novel method for graphical user interface is developed. Graphical User
Interface is a compelling approach in embedded environment. It is the combination of control
functions and implemented to alleviate operating effort in exoskeleton. Designing and
implementation of a communication interface based on touch screen graphical user interface
is done. The control algorithm of this communication interface has been implemented on
GEMstudioTM
, software of Amulet Technologies and graphics programs in GEMscript
programming. Graphical user interface serves as control and monitor tool for exoskeleton
operations include various modes for positioning with analyses and monitoring of device
data. The main purpose of this graphical user interface in a touch display is the self-
diagnosis system. It is a new technology provide extraordinary power to those who proficient
this touch module which is the best way to explore information graphically. The proposed
concept of the human machine interactive control system aims to provide high usability,
increase mainstream acceptance of exoskeleton technology so it can be fully exploited to
benefit humankind.
Keywords: exoskeleton, graphical user interface, real time control, touch display
INTRODUCTION
Powered lower limb exoskeletons named
as EXOD are wearable robots that
augment human physical capabilities (e.g.,
strength, speed, power and endurance) are
directly controlled by human users.
Various user interfaces are implemented
for human machine interaction for real
time control of exoskeleton. During last
years, there is emphasis put on
development of devices which are user-
friendly and easy to control. One of the
instruments that allows to achieve this
point is to use high-resolution
touchscreens.
Early User Interfaces
Human machine interactive technology
implements various user interfaces as
control strategies for an orthotic device[1–7]
like touch computer display, voice
recognition, joystick based, wrist watch
and figure mounted user interfaces.
With the development in speed of
technology, these interfaces lacking for
those who are not familiar with the use of
EXOD. For more intuitive and flexibility,
user interfaces are needed to increase the
success of robotic exoskeletons.[1]

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