International Journal of Green Chemistry - Vol 2_Issue 2

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of Green Chemistry
International Journal of Green Chemistry recent advancement in green chemistry and related environmental
science is published under this journal. Journal covers a niche segment of technology dealing with
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Focus andScopeoftheJournal
 Green chemistry metrics
 Green computing
 Bioremediation
 Environmental engineering science
 Phytoremediation
 Phytoextraction
 Phytostabilization
 Phytotransformation
 Renewable feed stocks
 Degradable products
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Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Rekha Lagarkha
Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand
University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Bharat Modhera
Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. R. P. Badoni
College of Engineering Studies, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, India
Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi
Nanotechnology Research Center, Research
Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Samson Maria Louis N.
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Anna
University, Coimbatore, Chennai, India
Anandkumar J.
National Institute of Technology Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Dr. Reena Singhal
Department of Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I.
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh
Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST
Sponsored), Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous
College, Chhattisgarh, India
Prof. Ahmad Reza Massah
Department of Chemistry, School of Basic
Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Dr. Nandkumar M. Patil
Wockhardt R & D Center, Aurangabad,
Bihar, India
Dr. Anuja Chauhan
Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Dr. Monika Gupta
Department of Chemistry, University of
Jammu, Jammu, India
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Nazeruddin
Nasiruddin
Department of Chemistry, Poona College of Art,
Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. P. V. Singh
Department of Chemistry, Institute of
Technology & Management, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. L. Ammayappan
National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied
Fibre Technology, West Bengal, India
Dr. Hitesh D Patel
Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
Dr. Pramendra Kumar
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Shobhna Vij
NSL, NISCAIR, India
Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam
Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central
University of South Bihar (CUSB), BIT,
Patna, Bihar, India
Dr. Lakhwinder Singh
Department of Applied Science, CGC College
of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal
Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of
Technology & Engineering, The M. S.
University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Sumita Nair
Department of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai
Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Shaista Ali
Department of Chemistry, GC University,
Lahore, Punjab, India
Dr. Suryakant B Sapkal
MGM's Jawaharlal Nehre Engineering College,
Aurangabad, Bihar, India
Dr. Someshwar Dagduappa Dindulkar
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Konkuk University, Global hall 413, Konkuk
University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangin-gu,
Seoul, South Korea
Dr. Nitinkumar S. Shetty
Department of Organic Chemistry, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal University
(Manipal), India
Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi
Department of Chemistry, University College of
Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Swapnil Dharaskar
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Chennamsetty Subramanyam
Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Green Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Green Chemistry issues, from theoretical
aspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Green Chemistry as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Green Chemistry community, addressing researchers
and practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International journal of Green Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness
and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to
industry practitioners in a range of topics in Green Chemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder
for thescientificcommunitytopublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Green Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Green
chemistry metrics, Green computing, Bioremediation, Environmental engineering science,
Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytotransformation, Renewable feed stocks and
Degradable products. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the
techniquesofGreenChemistryandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Green Chemistry
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofGreenChemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Green Chemistry readers and
willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofGreenChemistry.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal Cleansing
Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar 1
2. Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of Materials
Zeanut Akoijam 8
3. Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and Demerits
Vishal Jain 10
4. Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-Up
Dayananda Singh Konjengbam 13
5. Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion Technologies
Aruna Singh 15
Contents

IJGC (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Green Chemistry
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal
Cleansing
Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management, and Research,
Akurdi, Pune (MS), India
ABSTRACT
Nicotine is addictive. On an average, a single cigarette yields nearly 2 mg of nicotine that
gets easily absorbed in human body. Low doses (<2 mg) acts as a stimulant in mammals,
while high doses (50–100 mg) can cause harmful effects. This stimulant effect is a crucial
factor responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco smoking. Nicotine’s addictive
properties include psychoactive effects, drug-reinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and
relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance. Nicotine can also be used as an
insecticide. The insecticide is recommended as a treatment for various parasites and also on
bacteria. Tobacco water is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the
tobacco in water for a longer period after extracting nicotine then by Saponification method
the soap is formed which can then be used.
Keywords: addictive, insecticide, nicotine, tobacco, saponification
INTRODUCTION
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the
nightshade Solanaceae family of plants,
predominantly in the leaves of tobacco,
and in lower concentration in tomato,
eggplant, and in green pepper. They are
also found in the leaves of the coca plant.
Nicotine is one of the most highly toxic
compounds belonging to the tobacco
alkaloids.[1]
Nicotine’s addictive nature
includes psychoactive effects, drug-
reinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and
relapse after abstinence, physical
dependence and tolerance. Topical tobacco
paste is sometimes recommended as a
treatment for wasp, hornet, fire ant,
scorpion, and bee stings. Several products
obtained from tobacco viz., tobacco water,
tobacco juice, tobacco dust juice or
tobacco lime; are used as traditional
organic insecticides in domestic gardening.
Farmers have been using nicotine sulphate
insecticide since the early 19th century.
Tobacco water is produced by boiling the
tobacco in water, or simply by steeping the
tobacco in water for long period. After
cooling, the water can be applied with a
spray or painted on leaves of garden
plants, where it will prove deadly to
insects. Saponification reaction is done by
adding alkalis and fats. The by-product of
Saponification reaction is glycerol which
is used in many cosmetic industries for
moisturising purpose.
Research carried out across the world has
shown the harmful effects of nicotine
caused in humans after consumption.
These include cardiac-vascular disorders
(heart-attack, stenocardia, peripheral
vascular diseases), respiratory disorders
(lung cancer, tracheobronchitis, etc.),
problems in digestion system (gastritis,
oral mucosa inflammation, etc.) as well as
narcotic type of psychic and physiological
dependency. Nicotine addiction treatment

IJGC (2016) 8–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of Materials
Zeanut Akoijam*
Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India
ABSTRACT
A number of metrics have been used to drive business, government and many goods
communities. Here, a few metrics for chemical industry have been mentioned. The use of
chemical metrics is an ideal approach to design methods of chemical synthesis in order to
use the resources in a sustainable manner.
Keywords: chemical industry, chemical synthesis, E factor, effective mass yield, metrics
BACKGROUND
Chemical manufacturing is a long and
tedious process involving many different
constituents. During this process, a lot of
waste is generated which poses a problem
to the chemical industry. From the last 25–
30 years, emphasis has been laid to change
the method of chemical manufacturing
that can reduce the waste generation and
accumulation.[1]
The emphasis is laid in
designing new processes and synthesis
methods to create minimal amount of
wastes.
Major Sources of Wastes
Stoichiometric Reagents
These include acids and bases such as
H2SO4 and NaOH, oxidants and reductants
like K2Cr2O7 and Fe/HCl.
Loss of Solvents
Nearly 85% of chemical solvents are lost
as non-aqueous mass during chamical
synthesis. The solvents lost are usually in
the form of air emissions and aqueous
effluent.
Multistep Process of Chemical Synthesis
Several catalytic reactions in chemical
synthesis involve multiple steps. During
this, solvents are lost as gases.
Wastes are produced by various types of
chemical industries. These include oil
refining, pharmaceuticals, bulk and/or fine
chemical industries, etc.
A number of metrics have been put
forward over the past 10 years that can
help the chemists to change the methods
of chemical synthesis and manufacturing.
It is important that these metrics are
simple and clearly defined. They should
be easily measurable, able to make
comparisons, objective in nature,
demonstrate improvement, improve
transparency and capable to induce the
desired behavior/change.[2]
Some of the
reaction metrics that are essential include.
Metrics of Chemical Synthesis
Effective Mass yield (EMY)
This metric was introduced by Hudlicky et
al., in 1999.[3]
It is mathematically
expressed as:
Effective mass yield (%) = (Mass of
products × 100)/(Mass of non-benign
reagents)
This metric is defined as the “percentage
of the mass of desired product relative to
the mass of all non-benign materials used

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and Demerits
Vishal Jain*
MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Green computing is an effective approach of saving our environment from deleterious
consequences of using computing devices and the toxic metals involved in their
manufacturing. In this short review, we have highlighted the importance of this novel concept
‘Green Computing’, the approach laid down in behind it, its merits and demerits.
Keywords: computers, energy star, green computing, laptops
BACKGROUND
Green computing is gaining importance
these days as it entails to improve the
environmental surroundings by using
balanced and sustainable approach. It
involves using computers and related
technologies in an environment-friendly
manner. Presently, computing is not very
environment-friendly. The aim of ‘Green
computing’ is to utilize computing
resources within strict energy conservation
guidelines, to achieve a greener, healthier
and safer environment without minimizing
damage caused to environment by
computers. The concept of green
computing came into existence with the
launching of ‘Energy Star’ in 1992, a
voluntary labeling program that was
introduced with the intention of
recognizing and promoting energy-
conserving strategies and technologies.
The concept of ‘Green computing’ was
supposedly introduced soon after the
Energy Star program began. San
Murugesan has defined green computing
as “the study and practice of designing,
manufacturing, using, and disposing of
computers, servers, and associated
subsystems—such as monitors, printers,
storage devices, and networking and
communications systems — efficiently and
effectively with minimal or no impact on
the environment”.[1]
In simple words,
‘Green computing’ is the practice of
utilizing computing resources efficiently
and effectively without harming the
environment.
NEED FOR GREEN COMPUTING
Today, computer has become a basic
requirement of every human. Computer
has made life easier by reducing human
efforts thereby saving a lot of time and
manpower. Use of computers has
however, raised the power consumption
and resulted in generation of enormous
heat. Many multinational companies, IT
companies, publishing house, research
laboratories, etc., use computers for
carrying out the work. Even at homes,
people use personal computers and laptops
for surfing internet. In absence of
sufficient cooling systems, all these
computers together generate enormous
amount of heat. Certain greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide are also released
while using computers which will further
rise the global warming and related
environmental problems.[2,3]
Environmental pollution also occurs while
manufacturing of computers and in case of
informal disposing of old computers or

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-Up
Dayananda Singh Konjengbam*
Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
ABSTRACT
Bioremediation is defined as the remediation process wherein naturally occurring
microorganisms or deliberately introduced microbes are exploited for inducing breakdown
of environmental pollutants with the idea to make our surroundings clean. Here, an overview
about this technology is provided for the beginners.
Keywords: bacteria, biodegradation, bioremediation, detoxification, microbial biota
BACKGROUND
The development of industrialization has
led to increase in the productivity of
agricultural and manufactural sectors.
However, this development has also lead
to increase in wide range of xenobiotic
compounds in the environment. There is
excess accumulation of hazardous wastes
into different water bodies, land and soil,
and disturbances in the biosphere as a
whole. The consequences are the adverse
effects on human health, reduced crop
yield and production, contamination of
soil and water bodies, damage to natural
flora, loss of habitats of fauna and
unbalanced ecosystem.[1–3]
METHODS
Bioremediation is an emerging and
promising technique to detoxify and/or
degrade environmental hazards. This is a
fast growing technique that combines the
concept of green chemistry and green
engineering to be applied for practical use.
It employs biological agents such as
microbial consortia and microbial
processes for detoxifying environmental
contaminants. The microorganisms
employed for this purpose are usually
bacteria, yeast and fungi. The principle
behind this technique is that it promotes
growth of particular indigenous microflora
at the sites of contamination such that
these microorganisms will then perform
the desired activities for cleaning-up of the
sites. This technology is performed under
standardized conditions of temperature,
pH, oxygen supply, water content and
presence of specific microbial biota, and
thus it helps to enhance the natural process
of biodegradation.
Several ways have been developed in
bioremediation technique to carry out the
clean-up process. These include anaerobic
digestion, phytoremediation, biosorption,
bioaugmentation, composting,
bioleaching, biopulping, slurry phase
biodegradation, controlled phase
biodegradation etc. Principally,
bioremediation works in two ways: in situ
and ex situ. In the former method,
contaminants are treated at the site of their
location. Microorganisms are added
directly at the contaminated site wherein
they come in contact with the dissolved
and sorbed toxic substances and convert
them into harmless or less harmful forms.
In ex situ, transformation by
microorganism is carried out at specially
designed facilities. Majority of the
bioremediation techniques treat petroleum

IJGC (2016) 15-17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion Technologies
Aruna Singh*
Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Efficient fuel production and energy-generation with no or reduced carbon release is an
important need in today’s generation. Conversion technologies have been designed to
convert bio-based waste materials into a useable form of fuel and energy. Various methods
are employed in these technologies such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification etc.
These technologies not only help generate refined fuel products but also release low carbon
content that helps to maintain the environment. Herein, an overview of these technologies has
been discussed.
Keywords: bio-based fuels, biomass feedstocks, conversion technology, pyrolysis
BACKGROUND
There is a growing need for creating
energy-efficient processes to generate
products with reduced carbon emissions.
Now-a-days, ‘conversion technologies’ are
developed that can convert different waste
materials into fuels, chemicals and other
useable products in a way that minimizes
the release of carbon content into the
atmosphere. Bio-based feedstocks are
gaining importance in this field as the
alternative energy source for future
sustainability of several chemical and
allied industries. Feedstocks are simply
defined as any biological and renewable
substance that can be used directly as a
fuel or can be converted into some usable
fuel or energy source.[1]
These may include
plant products and algal materials. These
substances can be used to produce
hydrocarbon fuels, biodiesel, and various
alcohols like ethanol, butanol, etc.
Based on the diverse nature of feedstock
materials, their physical and chemical
characteristics; multiple conversion
technologies have been developed. These
technologies involve a number of
processes that include: enzymatic
catalysis, hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion,
carbonization, gasification, pyrolysis,
transesterification, thermal
depolymerization etc.[1, 2]
Main focus has
been laid in two areas: Biochemical
conversion technology and
Thermochemical conversion technology.
Though these conversion technologies are
based on different principles viz.,
biochemical and thermochemical
respectively; it is suggested that combining
the two areas will provide a tremendous
opportunity for enhancing the conversion
of feedstock materials into varying kinds
of fuels, chemicals and energy products.
One more conversion method is the
physiochemical conversion technology
that involves physical and chemical
reactions to convert the biomass
feedstocks into usable fuel forms.[1, 3]
Biochemical Conversion Technology
It is the conventional method for
conversion of feedstock materials into a
usable fuel or energy. It generally requires
low-temperature and catalytic and/or
mechanical pathways. In this, the

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