International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization - Vol 2_Issue 2

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Centre for Environmental Sciences,
Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna,
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Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and
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Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering &
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University of Science and Technology of China,
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,
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Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia,
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Department of Chemical Engineering &
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National University of Singapore,
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R & D (Battery), Su – Kam Power Systems Ltd.,
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CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology,
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings
Sandeep Rai, Jinkal Mistry 1
2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas
M.S. Ahmed, D.K. Naik, B. Satyavathi, R. Parthasarathy 14
3. A Vision of Energy Scenario in India
Aruna Singh 25
4. Biomass Conversion-Technologies and Benefits
Amit Kumar 27
5. Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility
Amit Agnihotri 30
Contents

IJREC (2016) 1-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings
Sandeep Rai1,2*
, Jinkal Mistry
1
GRP Limited, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
2
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
Regions with hot and dry climate often experience very high levels of solar radiation, high
ambient temperatures and relatively low specific humidity. The roofs of buildings in such
areas are always exposed to Sun for long duration during the daytime. Solar radiation is
responsible for heat transfer through the building roof. Actually, Solar radiation heat the
roof which in turn reradiates the heat onto the ceiling and finally on to the room occupants.
Traditionally, most of the roofs in the world are made with dark color materials. In summer,
the temperature of surface of a black roof can increase as much as 65–90°C. At such a high
roof temperatures the deterioration of roofing materials can start and this in turn leads to
increased roof maintenance costs, and generation of high levels of roofing waste. To
effectively overcome this problem the best solution to reduce this is with the use of radiant
barriers, i.e., light colored metallic or non-metallic surfaces which have high solar
reflectance and a high emittance to redirect the radiations back to the environment. A cool
roof is one that reflects more sunlight and absorbs less heat than a standard roof. In general,
cool roofs are made with a highly reflective type of paint or highly reflective tiles or shingles
and a covering sheet. Practically, any type of building can be benefited from a cool roof,
however, consideration of the climate and other factors are of utmost important before
deciding to install one. The present article gives an insight into global roofing market,
elastomeric roofing and cool roof coating technology; different cool roof coating materials,
relative benefits of cool roof versus conventional roof in terms of energy and cost savings has
been discussed at length.
Keywords: cool roofs, energy conservation, radiation, roof surface solar energy, surface
coating
INTRODUCTION
Cool Roofs have provided an efficient
energy roofing system. Cool Roof
technology lowers electricity costs in
buildings by reflecting the Sun’s energy
away from the roof surface, thereby
reducing summer time air conditioning
expense.
A Cool Roof must have a surface
reflectivity of 70% or more and an
emissivity of at least 75% to qualify for
Title 24 energy credits (emissivity is the
measure of a material to emit heat energy).
This indicates that at least 70% of the solar
energy on a Cool Roof must be reflected,
and that a minimum of 75% of the solar
energy must be radiated away from the
roof surface before it is absorbed (Figure
1).

International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk
Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas
M. Shuaib Ahmed1
, D. Kotaiah Naik1,2
, B. Satyavathi1*
, R. Parthasarathy2
1
Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Department of Civil Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
ABSTRACT
Energy from biomass offers the great attraction in producing useful gaseous component
resulting in low emissions and providing energy security. In the present study, a gasifier
model was developed using commercial Aspen Plus simulator. The model developed was
based on the minimization of Gibb’s free energy and is validated with the experimental data
of sunflower husk gasification using air as a gasifying agent. The results predicted are in
good agreement with the experimental values. The effect of the operating parameters such as
excess air ratio, oxygen to biomass ratio, steam to biomass ratio, moisture content in fuel and
temperature on the gas composition and heating value were studied. The oxygen/biomass
ratio and steam/biomass ratio were varied from 0.1 to 1 with temperature ranging between
700 and 900°C. The higher heating value for oxygen and steam was observed in a range of
12–15 and 11.5–14.5 MJ/m3
, respectively, as the moisture content in the sunflower husk was
varied from 5 to 20%. An increase in operating temperature results in decrease of gasifying
agent and increase in heating value of the product gas. The present study is useful in
operation of a gasifier and predicts the adverse effect on heating values using different
gasifying agents.
Keywords: Aspen plus, gasifying agents, LHV, moisture content, syngas
INTRODUCTION
As the global demand for energy and the
price of fossil fuels is increasing day by
day, the sustainable process to use
domestic resources for energy will be of
more interest, which not only stabilize the
prices but also provide the security for
energy supply. The climate change and
CO2 emissions increases the demand for a
cleaner technology in converting these
energy resources. Biomass gasification is
cleaner technology which not only reduces
greenhouse gas emissions, but also
increases the overall conversion efficiency.
Biomass consists of carbon based
materials that produce energy in the form
of synthesis gas at the same time reducing
the environmental hazards of various raw
biomasses. Gasification is a thermo-
chemical process in which a carbonaceous
fuel is converted to a combustible gas.
This combustible gas is known as syngas
(from synthetic or synthesis gas)
consisting of hydrogen (H2), carbon
monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), carbon
dioxide (CO2). Thermo-chemical
gasification of biomass is a well-known
technology that can be classified
depending on the gasifying agent: air,
steam, steam–oxygen, air–steam, and O2
enriched air.[1]
Several researchers have
studied the effect on the quality of the
produced gas by varying the different
parameters such as oxygen to biomass

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Vision of Energy Scenario in India
Aruna Singh*
Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
India is a developing country with its population increasing at an alarming rate. It has 29
different states and 7 union territories. Owing to its huge population size, fulfilling the energy
requirements of its people is a challenging task for India. Several energy sources are
available that helps our country in achieving this task. Here is a brief overview of the energy
scenario in last 10–15 years.
Keywords: coal, energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy
BACKGROUND
India is a developing country with 1.3
billion people accounting nearly one-fifth
of the world population. According to the
current statistics, India has an annual
growth rate of nearly 7.1%. Having 29
states and 7 union territories, India faces a
challenge in providing adequate energy
supply to large population size. Energy is
also required for commercial and industrial
uses. With the alarming increase in
population size, providing sufficient
energy to all is of fundamental importance.
In 2008, India ranked fifth highest in terms
of energy consumption in the world. Since
then, the availability of power has both
increased and improved, but the demand
for energy outstripped the supply such that
peak shortages existed during 2009–2010.
Electricity shortage has been a serious
issue in India. Besides, there is increasing
concern regarding the power generation
benefits relating to social, environmental
and technological benefits.
India is trying its best in making progress
in conventional and renewable power
generation. The trajectory of growth of
installed capacity since 2002 (start of the
10th five year Plan), 2007 (start of 11th
Plan), and as of 30 November, 2010 is
provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Trajectory of growth of installed power capacity in India.[1]
Time period
Thermal (%)
(MW)
Hydro (>25MW) (%) in
MW
Nuclear (%)
(MW)
Renewable power (%)
(MW)
1.4.2002
70.85%
74,429
25%
26,269
2.59%
2720
1.55%
1628
1.4.2007
64.06%
87,015
25.51%
34,654
2.87%
3900
7.55%
10,258
31.9.2010
63.95%
106,518
22.41%
37,328
2.7%
4560
10.90%
18,155
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
From Table 1, it is clear that from 2002 till
2010, there has been an increase in the
renewable grid capacity of more than 5
times. Many different sources have

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Biomass Conversion-Technologies and Benefits
Amit Kumar*
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Biomass refers to an organic matter that can be used as fuel. It comprises crop residues,
manure (both human and animal), industrial wastes, domestic wastes etc. Biomass has been
in use for energy generation from last several years. Several technologies have been
developed for obtaining energy from biomass fuel. Some of these techniques have been
summarized in this review. Using biomass for energy generation has several benefits. It is
safe and environment-friendly. It does not create pollution and can be used as a renewable
source of energy generation.
Keywords: biomass, combustion, crop residues, energy conversion, pyrolysis
BACKGROUND
Biomass fuel is derived from organic
materials and represents an ideal source of
renewable and sustainable energy.
Biomass is produced from renewable
organic waste materials such as wastes
from agricultural, forest and industrial
sectors, crop residues, domestic wastes
etc., that otherwise are dumped in landfills
or left as fodder for forest fires. Examples
of biomass fuels include manure, forest
debris, certain crops, scrap lumber, and
domestic wastes containing left-over
vegetables or their parts. It represents an
attractive renewable energy source and is
easily available almost everywhere.[1]
Biomass has been in use for energy
generation over several years, especially
for heating and cooking purposes. It can
also be used for generating heat and
electricity. Biomass energy comprises of
solids, liquids and gaseous fuels. While the
solid and gaseous fuels are used for
electric power generation, the liquid fuels
are often used directly in running motor
vehicles, railroad as well as in engine
turbine electric power generators.[1,2]
Basically, there are 3 types of biomass
fuels- primary, secondary and tertiary.
Primary biomass is produced directly by
photosynthesis. This type of biomass
includes woody and herbaceous crops, oil
producing seeds, crop residues and forest
residues such as wheat straw, tree-tops the
tops, limbs, and bark from trees).
Resources obtained after they have
undergone primary biomass processing are
further processed and referred as
secondary biomass. These involve
physical, biological and chemical methods
for carrying out the processing. Tertiary
biomass resources are post-consumer
residue streams such as vegetable oil,
animal fat, grease, demolition debris, etc.[3]
Biomass conversion is a complicated
process. Biomass consisting of plants is
organic in nature and so requires certain
enzymes and molecules for conversion. It
is a lengthy and expensive process. As an
example, plant woods are made of
cellulose; breaking them into smaller and
simpler substances is quite difficult.
However, several conversion technologies
are known that convert different types of

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility
Amit Agnihotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, MP, India
Sustainable energy comprises of all the
energy sources that meets the human
demands without being worried about the
future prospects. In other words,
sustainable energy can be used in plenty
over and over again without worrying
about it to get depleted. All kind of
renewable energy sources such as solar,
wind, hydropower, geothermal, ocean and
biomass energy are examples of
sustainable energy.[1,2]
These energy
sources have the advantage that they are
stable, available in plenty, environment-
friendly and free of cost.
Sustainable energy does not involve
sources deriving from fossil fuels. The
energy from fossil fuels is not
replenishable, gets consumed at a steady
rate and also has harmful outcomes for the
environment.[1,2]
Fossil fuels such as coal,
oil and natural gas are limited and cause
immense pollution by producing harmful
gases.
Sustainable energy and renewable energy
sources are not always the same.
Sustainable energy also includes the
energy that is used to power homes and
industries without any negative side-
effects. Sunlight or the solar energy is
used directly for lightning homes,
providing electricity, for heating purposes,
solar cooling, and for many other
commercial and industrial activities.
The Sun’s energy also drives the wind,
which is further captured by wind
turbines. Wind energy is used to generate
hydroelectric power plants.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element on
Earth. It is often found in many organic
compounds and also when combined with
oxygen it exists as water molecules.[2]
Once separated from these compounds or
elements with which it exists, hydrogen
can be used as fuel to generate electricity.
Geothermal energy taps the Earth’s
internal heat to produce electric power and
induce heating and cooling of buildings.
Ocean energy is generated in various
ways. Both the tides and winds give rise to
ocean waves. All these types of energy
can be used to produce electricity.[2]
Biomass energy is another good source of
clean energy. It is produced by burning of
wood, timber, agricultural wastes,
municipal wastes and landfills. This
energy source is ideal as it does not
produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide
that is responsible for increasing global
warming and is thus environment-friendly.
Although, during burning of wood etc.,
carbon dioxide is produced, but it is easily
compensated by plants that take up this
gas and in return generate oxygen for
humans.
Harnessing energy from natural sources
such as Sun and wind to fulfill human
needs has been long in use. However,
attention was diverted from renewable
sources as the industrial revolution
progressed on account of concentrated
energy locked up in fossil fuels. This was
compounded by the increasing use of
reticulated electricity based on fossil fuels
and the importance of portable high-
density energy sources for transport – the

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