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Materials Processing
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Planning
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector
1. A Novel Approach to Hydrogen Production
Amit Kumar, Amit Agnihotri 1
2. Molecular Engineering for Processing Industrial Enzymes
Aruna Singh, Shalu Singh 4
3. Cheminformatics: A Solution for Predicting Models to Chemistry
Varun Singh Parmar 6
4. Light Irradiation Improves Enzyme Efficiency: A Report
Zeanut Akoijam 8
5. Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Processes
Amit Agnihotri 11
Contents
IJCME (2016) 1-3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Novel Approach to Hydrogen Production
Amit Kumar, Amit Agnihotri*
Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, India
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen is the simplest element that is abundantly available. It is used as a secondary
source of compact energy carrier in fuel cells and batteries. Hydrogen is often found
combined with other elements such as hydrocarbons and water molecules. Separation of
hydrogen from water has been possible through chemical methods like electrolysis. But this
method is very costly which limits its use for hydrogen separation. Now-a-days, attempts are
being made to introduce novel technologies that can separate hydrogen from water such that
it can be efficiently used for clean renewable energy production.
Keywords: electrolysis, fuel cells, hydrogen, renewable energy, water
BACKGROUND
Hydrogen is the simplest element on Earth.
A singly hydrogen atom comprises of only
one electron and one proton. It is not only
the simplest but also one of the most
abundant elements available on Earth [1].
Hydrogen does not exist in gaseous state
on Earth and is usually found in
combination with other elements specially
carbon and oxygen to form organic
compounds. The commonest organic
compound is the hydrocarbons that
constitute many of the fuels including
methanol, propane, gasoline and natural
gas [1, 2].
EXPERIMENTAL
Hydrogen is a natural element that
combines with oxygen to form water.
Hydrogen is used as a source of compact
energy in batteries and fuel cells.
Hydrogen itself is not an energy source;
rather a lot of energy is required to extract
hydrogen from water molecules. It is a
secondary source of energy and is referred
to as energy carrier [3]. Energy carriers are
referred to those that can be used to move,
store and deliver energy in a form that can
be used without any difficulty. Electricity
is the most well-known typical example of
an energy carrier.
Hydrogen is separated from hydrocarbons
in a process called reforming in which a
lot of energy in the form of heat is
required. Hydrogen is mostly retrieved
from hydrocarbons particularly natural
gas, by this process only. Another
chemical method is the application of
electrolysis [1, 3]. In this technique, a
strong electric current is passes through
water molecules that separate the oxygen
atoms from hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen
gets deposited at the negatively charges
electrode, the cathode and the oxygen is
collected from the positively charged
electrode anode. Hydrogen generated by
this method is extremely pure [3]. Also, no
harmful emissions are released in this
method. However, electrolysis is presently
a very expensive method for hydrogen
production. Other experimental methods
used for generating hydrogen include
photo-electrolysis, biomass gasification,
etc. Hydrogen is also generated by certain
algae and bacteria which uses sunlight as
IJCME (2016) 4-5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 4
International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Molecular Engineering for Processing Industrial Enzymes
Aruna Singh*, Shalu Singh
Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Enzymes are widely exploited industrially for various applications including food
manufacturing, textile production, animal nutrition, detergent manufacturing, cosmetic
production, synthesis of medicines and drugs. Though several enzymes are known, but only
few are used commercially. Also, the major producers of enzymes are very low in number
compared to the increasing demand across the world. Some of the processes that are used for
generation and use of enzymes at industrial scale are not suitable for long use and have
certain limitations associated with them. With the id of advanced knowledge and techniques
in the area of biochemistry, molecular and protein engineering, methods have been employed
that can make use of the enzymes efficiently and sustainably.
Keywords: biocatalyst, directed evolution, enzymes, site-directed mutagenesis
Over the past several years, enzymes have
become an essential part of the industrial
sector. The global industrial enzyme
market has shown a growth rate of 6% per
year. More than 500 products used for
wide variety of applications are now
synthesized with the aid of enzymes [1].
Enzymes are required for the production of
several goods and consumable products
including foods, textiles, washing powders
or detergents etc. Enzymes are crucial part
of several biological cycles which are
difficult to achieve with chemical
processes. Some of these cycles include
the conversion process of glucose-6-
phosphate isomerase used in production of
high fructose corn syrup. Amylases,
proteases and many lipase enzymes are
required in detergent production. Other
enzymes are essential part of various dairy
products. There is another class of
enzymes called phytases that are involved
as feed supplement for animals. Enzymes
have found several applications at
industrial level. Presently, around 4000
enzymes are characterized, out of which
nearly 200 of microbial original types are
exploited commercially [2]. However,
only 20 enzymes are known to be used
industrially. Chemical processes involving
these enzymes occurring at industrial scale
have their own limitations. These include
requirement of:
 High temperature
 High pressure
 Optimum balance of acidity and/or
alkalinity
Enzymes are required not only for food
manufacturing, but also for animal
nutrition, cosmetics manufacturing, and in
synthesis of medicines and drugs. At a
global scale, there are 12 major and 400
minor producers of enzymes. With
advances in the fields of biochemistry,
fermentation processes, and molecular
engineering techniques, it has become
feasible to generate and exploit vast
number of enzymes for commercial
purposes. The above limitations observed
can be tackled by using the enzymes
efficiently at conditions of:
IJCME (2016) 6-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Cheminformatics: A Solution for Predicting Models to Chemistry
Varun Singh Parmar*
Department of Pharmacy, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Cheminformatics is the branch of chemistry that deals with computer science and
mathematical calculations for solving chemical problems. Now-a-days, drug designing and
synthesis of pesticides have been done using the in-silico approach of cheminformatics, and
is proved much more advanced and convenient than the traditional methods.
Keywords: cheminformatics, drug design, drug synthesis, in-silico, pesticide design
BACKGROUND
Cheminformatics is the branch of
chemistry that deals with chemical
sciences, computer science, and
informative tools. These tools can be used
for designing and assessing the properties
of molecules in chemistry and related
fields such as biochemistry,
pharmacology, toxicology, biotechnology,
etc. It is also used for data analysis of
various industrial purposes like in the
paper and pulp industry, textiles and dyes,
etc.[1]
Herein, is described the various
areas where cheminformatics has been
useful in solving a range of problems in
the field of chemistry and related science.
Cheminformatics deals with chemical
problems related to molecular design,
synthesis design, and structural
identification. Principally,
cheminformatics works on 3 methods viz.,
data-based, logic-based and principle-
based. These are used at different stage
and different levels in chemical study.[2]
In
a data-based method, data saved in the
database is used. This is required at the
beginning of a study. In a logic-based
method, people retrieve knowledge from
normalized data and create a hypothesis
based on knowledge and logic. This
method is employed to decide whether the
compound should be synthesized or
extracted. Principle-based method employs
quantum chemical calculations,
particularly required in mechanistic
studies.[2]
Earlier, people used to design and
synthesize compounds based on
experiences and experiments. However, in
modern mode, computational tools have
made it easier to design and synthesize not
only based on experiences and
experiments but also, on database,
knowledge and quantum chemical
calculation.
The primary application of
cheminformatics is the storage of
information related to compounds. Several
novel compounds have been identified as
potential drug candidates based on modern
drug discovery techniques of
cheminformatics. This method has been
much more convenient, time-saving,
economically better, and resolves all the
complex issues associated with the
traditional drug discovery system.[3]
Using
cheminformatics, hundreds of thousands of
individual compounds can be screened per
drug target per year. Using this tool,
IJCME (2016) 8-10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Light Irradiation Improves Enzyme Efficiency: A Report
Zeanut Akoijam*
Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India
ABSTRACT
Enzymes play crucial role in many chemical and biological processes including those
occurring inside the human cells. Without enzymes, many of the reactions cannot even take
place. It is important to understand the various parameters and factors that regulate or affect
the efficiency of the enzymes. In this short review, an overview of the varying parameters that
affects enzyme efficiency and the catalytic reactions is described. Later, a novel finding
involving role of light in modulating enzyme efficiency is discussed.
Keywords: enzyme, enzyme activity, light, substrate concentration
INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are natures’ gift for catalyzing
life’s essential reactions. Several factors
play crucial role in affecting the
functioning of enzymes. These are:
(1) Enzyme concentration
(2) Concentration of the substrate
(3) Temperature
(4) pH
(5) Effect of product concentration
(6) Effect of activators
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Enzyme Concentration
Fig. 1. Effect of enzyme concentration on
reaction velocity.
The concentration of the enzyme in a
reaction is generally directly proportional
to the velocity of the reaction. As the
enzyme concentration increases, the
velocity of the reaction increases
proportionately (Figure 1). This parameter
is often used to detect activities of serum
enzymes in the diagnosis of diseases.
Concentration of the Substrate
Increase in the concentration of the
substrate brings an initial increase in the
velocity of the reaction until saturation in
reached. A rectangular hyperbola is
reached when the graph of substrate
concentration versus the reaction velocity
is calculated (Figure 2) [1].
Fig. 2. Effect of substrate concentration on
reaction velocity. Here, ‘A’ (linear), ‘B’
(curve) and ‘C’ (almost changed)
represents 3 stages of the substrate in the
reaction.
IJCME (2016) 11-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Processes
Amit Agnihotri*
Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Computer-aided modeling and simulation is widely used in the development, integration and
optimization of industrial processes. Good understanding in designing and processing is
important for successful execution of simulation. Herein, a brief insight is given regarding
the planning and steps involved in simulation processing and further is discussed its benefits
and limitations.
Keywords: chemical processing, modeling, simulation
BACKGROUND
Chemical reactions involve several
interacting molecules that are converted
into other forms as products and by-
products. Small reactions involving few
reactant molecules can be dealt with
easily, but complex reactions need to be
conducted with extra care and precision.
Analyzing the results and data of large
chemical reactions is even more
complicated than the execution part.
Modeling of chemical processes helps the
chemical engineers to carry out computer-
aided analyses of large-scale chemical
processes.
Modeling and simulation of chemical
processes involves detailed step-by-step
information from mathematical procedure
upto result interpretation and full-scale
process performance analysis.
It involves translating the description of a
physical system into a suitable
mathematical form, selecting a suitable
computational technique, and
implementing it into a computer program.
New softwares are available that can
perform repetitive chemical engineering
calculations in a fraction of time which
otherwise would take long time when
performed manually.
A set of calculations that predicts the
occurrence of chemical reaction process is
called as Unit computation. While creating
a simulation, the chemical engineers write
Unit computations. These Unit
computations serve as steps for solving
particular problems. Given below is a
flowchart of a created simulation (Figure
1).[1]
The basis for the calculations in modeling
and simulation is the system of differential
equations (ODEs) that are defined by the
reaction mechanisms.[2]
Process simulation
requires a good understanding of
engineering fundamentals. Besides, a
sound knowledge of modeling and
computational skills is also necessary.
A chemical reaction simulation process
can be either steady state simulation or
dynamic simulation. In either case, general
steps remain the same as (Figure 2):
Mechanical Engineering
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E-mail: info@journalspub.com
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and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
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Planning
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Development
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Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
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Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
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Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
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« International Journal of Agrochemistry
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Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
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« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
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« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
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« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
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« International Journal of Green Chemistry
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Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
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« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
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Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
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« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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Engineering, Science Journals

  • 1. Mechanical Engineering Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering Architecture Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com ¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications ¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management Applied Mechanics 5 more... 1 more... 2 more... 2 more... 5 more... Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security « International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis « International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices « International Journal of Software Computing and Testing « International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences Physics « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution Civil Engineering « International Journal of Water Resources Engineering « International Journal of Concrete Technology « International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis « International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning Electrical Engineering « International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits « International Journal of Automatic Control System « International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives « International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and Circuits Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials « International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials « International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology « International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry « International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry « International Journal of Green Chemistry « International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering « International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour « International Journal of Machine Design and Manufacturing « International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis « International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics « International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements 5 more... 4 more... 3 more... Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials « International Journal of Plant Biotechnology « International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology « International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules « International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications 3 more... Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing « International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing « International Journal of Neurological Nursing « International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing « International Journal of Oncological Nursing 5 more... 4 more... Subm it Your A rticle2017 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering www.journalspub.com Jul–Dec 2016 IJCME
  • 2. International Journals Publisher JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes. ObjectivesofJournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short Communications&CaseStudy.  Publishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.  JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online (openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+ new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework. SalientFeatures  An umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its excellenceandexposure.  Universaltransmissionandreflectivity.  ARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess  SpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts  EminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.  FreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.  Thejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork. International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering
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  • 4. International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering is a peer-reviewed journal that is dedicated to publish only good quality research works; it accepts both original research article and review papers. Both experimentalandtheoreticalpapersfallingunderthescopeofthejournalarewelcome. Focus andScopeoftheJournal  Chemical process modelling  Chemical reactor  Chemical weapons  Cheminformatics  Molecular modelling  Molecular design software  Molecular simulation  Molecular mechanics  Molecular dynamics  Molecular graphics International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permissiontothepublisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).
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  • 6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Bharat Modhera Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India Dr. R. P. Badoni College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, India Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A.U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, India Anandkumar J National Institute of Technology, Chhattisgarh, India Prof. Mohammad Israil Ansari Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India Prof. Ajay Kumar Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, India Dr. Lubna Najam Oman Dr. Perumal Ramachandran Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology, India Dr. Suyogkumar V. Taralkar Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Maharashtra, India Prof. (Dr.) Guangren Yu Chemical Engineering College, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China Dr. Purav M. Badani Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India Dr. Krushna Prasad Shadangi Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Odisha, India Dr. Sudalai Kumar S Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Kalpana Upadhyaya Assam, India
  • 7. From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present chemical and molecular issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emergingtechnologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Chemical & Molecular Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Molecular Science community, addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in molecular engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-time&successfully. International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Molecular modelling, Molecular design software, Molecular mechanics, Chemical process modelling,Chemicalreactors,Moleculargraphics andmanymore. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of chemical & molecularengineeringandsolutionsinthearea. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and success of the chemical & molecular community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developmentsinthefieldofchemical&molecularengineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical & molecular engineeringreaders and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofappliedchemistry. PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
  • 8. 1. A Novel Approach to Hydrogen Production Amit Kumar, Amit Agnihotri 1 2. Molecular Engineering for Processing Industrial Enzymes Aruna Singh, Shalu Singh 4 3. Cheminformatics: A Solution for Predicting Models to Chemistry Varun Singh Parmar 6 4. Light Irradiation Improves Enzyme Efficiency: A Report Zeanut Akoijam 8 5. Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Processes Amit Agnihotri 11 Contents
  • 9. IJCME (2016) 1-3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com A Novel Approach to Hydrogen Production Amit Kumar, Amit Agnihotri* Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, India ABSTRACT Hydrogen is the simplest element that is abundantly available. It is used as a secondary source of compact energy carrier in fuel cells and batteries. Hydrogen is often found combined with other elements such as hydrocarbons and water molecules. Separation of hydrogen from water has been possible through chemical methods like electrolysis. But this method is very costly which limits its use for hydrogen separation. Now-a-days, attempts are being made to introduce novel technologies that can separate hydrogen from water such that it can be efficiently used for clean renewable energy production. Keywords: electrolysis, fuel cells, hydrogen, renewable energy, water BACKGROUND Hydrogen is the simplest element on Earth. A singly hydrogen atom comprises of only one electron and one proton. It is not only the simplest but also one of the most abundant elements available on Earth [1]. Hydrogen does not exist in gaseous state on Earth and is usually found in combination with other elements specially carbon and oxygen to form organic compounds. The commonest organic compound is the hydrocarbons that constitute many of the fuels including methanol, propane, gasoline and natural gas [1, 2]. EXPERIMENTAL Hydrogen is a natural element that combines with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen is used as a source of compact energy in batteries and fuel cells. Hydrogen itself is not an energy source; rather a lot of energy is required to extract hydrogen from water molecules. It is a secondary source of energy and is referred to as energy carrier [3]. Energy carriers are referred to those that can be used to move, store and deliver energy in a form that can be used without any difficulty. Electricity is the most well-known typical example of an energy carrier. Hydrogen is separated from hydrocarbons in a process called reforming in which a lot of energy in the form of heat is required. Hydrogen is mostly retrieved from hydrocarbons particularly natural gas, by this process only. Another chemical method is the application of electrolysis [1, 3]. In this technique, a strong electric current is passes through water molecules that separate the oxygen atoms from hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen gets deposited at the negatively charges electrode, the cathode and the oxygen is collected from the positively charged electrode anode. Hydrogen generated by this method is extremely pure [3]. Also, no harmful emissions are released in this method. However, electrolysis is presently a very expensive method for hydrogen production. Other experimental methods used for generating hydrogen include photo-electrolysis, biomass gasification, etc. Hydrogen is also generated by certain algae and bacteria which uses sunlight as
  • 10. IJCME (2016) 4-5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 4 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Molecular Engineering for Processing Industrial Enzymes Aruna Singh*, Shalu Singh Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT Enzymes are widely exploited industrially for various applications including food manufacturing, textile production, animal nutrition, detergent manufacturing, cosmetic production, synthesis of medicines and drugs. Though several enzymes are known, but only few are used commercially. Also, the major producers of enzymes are very low in number compared to the increasing demand across the world. Some of the processes that are used for generation and use of enzymes at industrial scale are not suitable for long use and have certain limitations associated with them. With the id of advanced knowledge and techniques in the area of biochemistry, molecular and protein engineering, methods have been employed that can make use of the enzymes efficiently and sustainably. Keywords: biocatalyst, directed evolution, enzymes, site-directed mutagenesis Over the past several years, enzymes have become an essential part of the industrial sector. The global industrial enzyme market has shown a growth rate of 6% per year. More than 500 products used for wide variety of applications are now synthesized with the aid of enzymes [1]. Enzymes are required for the production of several goods and consumable products including foods, textiles, washing powders or detergents etc. Enzymes are crucial part of several biological cycles which are difficult to achieve with chemical processes. Some of these cycles include the conversion process of glucose-6- phosphate isomerase used in production of high fructose corn syrup. Amylases, proteases and many lipase enzymes are required in detergent production. Other enzymes are essential part of various dairy products. There is another class of enzymes called phytases that are involved as feed supplement for animals. Enzymes have found several applications at industrial level. Presently, around 4000 enzymes are characterized, out of which nearly 200 of microbial original types are exploited commercially [2]. However, only 20 enzymes are known to be used industrially. Chemical processes involving these enzymes occurring at industrial scale have their own limitations. These include requirement of:  High temperature  High pressure  Optimum balance of acidity and/or alkalinity Enzymes are required not only for food manufacturing, but also for animal nutrition, cosmetics manufacturing, and in synthesis of medicines and drugs. At a global scale, there are 12 major and 400 minor producers of enzymes. With advances in the fields of biochemistry, fermentation processes, and molecular engineering techniques, it has become feasible to generate and exploit vast number of enzymes for commercial purposes. The above limitations observed can be tackled by using the enzymes efficiently at conditions of:
  • 11. IJCME (2016) 6-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Cheminformatics: A Solution for Predicting Models to Chemistry Varun Singh Parmar* Department of Pharmacy, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India ABSTRACT Cheminformatics is the branch of chemistry that deals with computer science and mathematical calculations for solving chemical problems. Now-a-days, drug designing and synthesis of pesticides have been done using the in-silico approach of cheminformatics, and is proved much more advanced and convenient than the traditional methods. Keywords: cheminformatics, drug design, drug synthesis, in-silico, pesticide design BACKGROUND Cheminformatics is the branch of chemistry that deals with chemical sciences, computer science, and informative tools. These tools can be used for designing and assessing the properties of molecules in chemistry and related fields such as biochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, biotechnology, etc. It is also used for data analysis of various industrial purposes like in the paper and pulp industry, textiles and dyes, etc.[1] Herein, is described the various areas where cheminformatics has been useful in solving a range of problems in the field of chemistry and related science. Cheminformatics deals with chemical problems related to molecular design, synthesis design, and structural identification. Principally, cheminformatics works on 3 methods viz., data-based, logic-based and principle- based. These are used at different stage and different levels in chemical study.[2] In a data-based method, data saved in the database is used. This is required at the beginning of a study. In a logic-based method, people retrieve knowledge from normalized data and create a hypothesis based on knowledge and logic. This method is employed to decide whether the compound should be synthesized or extracted. Principle-based method employs quantum chemical calculations, particularly required in mechanistic studies.[2] Earlier, people used to design and synthesize compounds based on experiences and experiments. However, in modern mode, computational tools have made it easier to design and synthesize not only based on experiences and experiments but also, on database, knowledge and quantum chemical calculation. The primary application of cheminformatics is the storage of information related to compounds. Several novel compounds have been identified as potential drug candidates based on modern drug discovery techniques of cheminformatics. This method has been much more convenient, time-saving, economically better, and resolves all the complex issues associated with the traditional drug discovery system.[3] Using cheminformatics, hundreds of thousands of individual compounds can be screened per drug target per year. Using this tool,
  • 12. IJCME (2016) 8-10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Light Irradiation Improves Enzyme Efficiency: A Report Zeanut Akoijam* Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India ABSTRACT Enzymes play crucial role in many chemical and biological processes including those occurring inside the human cells. Without enzymes, many of the reactions cannot even take place. It is important to understand the various parameters and factors that regulate or affect the efficiency of the enzymes. In this short review, an overview of the varying parameters that affects enzyme efficiency and the catalytic reactions is described. Later, a novel finding involving role of light in modulating enzyme efficiency is discussed. Keywords: enzyme, enzyme activity, light, substrate concentration INTRODUCTION Enzymes are natures’ gift for catalyzing life’s essential reactions. Several factors play crucial role in affecting the functioning of enzymes. These are: (1) Enzyme concentration (2) Concentration of the substrate (3) Temperature (4) pH (5) Effect of product concentration (6) Effect of activators MATERIAL AND METHODS Enzyme Concentration Fig. 1. Effect of enzyme concentration on reaction velocity. The concentration of the enzyme in a reaction is generally directly proportional to the velocity of the reaction. As the enzyme concentration increases, the velocity of the reaction increases proportionately (Figure 1). This parameter is often used to detect activities of serum enzymes in the diagnosis of diseases. Concentration of the Substrate Increase in the concentration of the substrate brings an initial increase in the velocity of the reaction until saturation in reached. A rectangular hyperbola is reached when the graph of substrate concentration versus the reaction velocity is calculated (Figure 2) [1]. Fig. 2. Effect of substrate concentration on reaction velocity. Here, ‘A’ (linear), ‘B’ (curve) and ‘C’ (almost changed) represents 3 stages of the substrate in the reaction.
  • 13. IJCME (2016) 11-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Processes Amit Agnihotri* Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Computer-aided modeling and simulation is widely used in the development, integration and optimization of industrial processes. Good understanding in designing and processing is important for successful execution of simulation. Herein, a brief insight is given regarding the planning and steps involved in simulation processing and further is discussed its benefits and limitations. Keywords: chemical processing, modeling, simulation BACKGROUND Chemical reactions involve several interacting molecules that are converted into other forms as products and by- products. Small reactions involving few reactant molecules can be dealt with easily, but complex reactions need to be conducted with extra care and precision. Analyzing the results and data of large chemical reactions is even more complicated than the execution part. Modeling of chemical processes helps the chemical engineers to carry out computer- aided analyses of large-scale chemical processes. Modeling and simulation of chemical processes involves detailed step-by-step information from mathematical procedure upto result interpretation and full-scale process performance analysis. It involves translating the description of a physical system into a suitable mathematical form, selecting a suitable computational technique, and implementing it into a computer program. New softwares are available that can perform repetitive chemical engineering calculations in a fraction of time which otherwise would take long time when performed manually. A set of calculations that predicts the occurrence of chemical reaction process is called as Unit computation. While creating a simulation, the chemical engineers write Unit computations. These Unit computations serve as steps for solving particular problems. Given below is a flowchart of a created simulation (Figure 1).[1] The basis for the calculations in modeling and simulation is the system of differential equations (ODEs) that are defined by the reaction mechanisms.[2] Process simulation requires a good understanding of engineering fundamentals. Besides, a sound knowledge of modeling and computational skills is also necessary. A chemical reaction simulation process can be either steady state simulation or dynamic simulation. In either case, general steps remain the same as (Figure 2):
  • 14. Mechanical Engineering Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering Architecture Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com ¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications ¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management Applied Mechanics 5 more... 1 more... 2 more... 2 more... 5 more... Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security « International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis « International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices « International Journal of Software Computing and Testing « International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences Physics « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution Civil Engineering « International Journal of Water Resources Engineering « International Journal of Concrete Technology « International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis « International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning Electrical Engineering « International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits « International Journal of Automatic Control System « International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives « International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and Circuits Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials « International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials « International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology « International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry « International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry « International Journal of Green Chemistry « International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering « International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour « International Journal of Machine Design and Manufacturing « International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis « International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics « International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements 5 more... 4 more... 3 more... Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials « International Journal of Plant Biotechnology « International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology « International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules « International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications 3 more... Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing « International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing « International Journal of Neurological Nursing « International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing « International Journal of Oncological Nursing 5 more... 4 more... Subm it Your A rticle2017 International Journal of Chemical & Molecular Engineering www.journalspub.com Jul–Dec 2016 IJCME