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Dishman Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals Ltd.,
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1. Sensitive Spectrophotometric and Flame Photometric Methods for Determination of
Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceuticals
Nagaraju Rajendraprasad, Kanakapura Basavaiah 1
2. Physico-chemical Analysis of Some Soil Sample around Jaypee Nagar Industrial Area in
Postmonsoon Season Session 2012–2013 of Rewa, District MP (India)
Mukesh Singh, Mahendra Kumar Bhatnagar, Manoj Kumar Solanki 11
3. Electrodeposition of Bright Zn–Co–Fe Alloy Coatings on Mild Steel and Their Characterization
R.S. Bhat, A. Chitharanjan Hegde 17
4. Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceuticals
Nagaraju Rajendraprasad, Kanakapura Basavaiah, Doora Mahadevaswamy Pramod 26
5. Brief Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
Amit Kumar 38
Contents

IJAAC (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Sensitive Spectrophotometric and Flame Photometric Methods
for Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceuticals
Nagaraju Rajendraprasad1*
, Kanakapura Basavaiah2
1
Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysore, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Diclofenac sodium (DFS) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Two new
analytical methods have been developed for the assay of DFS in its pure form, tablets and
injections. Spectrophotometric method is based on the oxidation of drug with known excess of
cerium(IV) and oxidation of methyl orange (MO) by residual oxidant and measurement of
absorbance of unreacted MO at 470 nm. Flame photometric method is based on the
measurement of emission radiation of sodium from DFS by flame emission spectrometry. The
methods were applicable for quantification of DFS over 1.25–12.5 and 1.0–10.0 µg mL-1
for
spectrophotometric and flame photometric method, respectively. The molar absorptivity and
Sandell sensitivity values for spectrophotometric method were calculated to be 2.05 × 104
L
mol-1
cm-1
and 0.015 µg cm-2
, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification
(LOQ) were 0.2 and 0.62 (Spectrophotometric method) and 0.05 and 0.16 µg mL-1
(Flame
photometric method). Intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory with %RSD values
of ≤2.11, and the respective accuracies were excellent with %RE values of ≤3. The methods
were also validated for robustness, ruggedness and selectivity. The methods were applied to
the determination of DFS in its tablets and injections with good accuracy and precision. The
results were also compared with those obtained by a reference method. These methods
promise the usefulness of them as routine analytical procedures for quantification of DFS in
pure form and in dosage forms.
Keywords: determination, diclofenac sodium, flame photometry, pharmaceuticals,
spectrophotometry
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac Sodium (DFS), chemically
known as 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]
benzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt
(Figure 1), is a non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory and analgesic drug.[1,2]
Cl
Cl
H
N
O
ONa
Fig. 1. Structure of DFS.
British Pharmacopeia (BP)[3]
and United
States Pharmacopeia[4]
describe
monographs for assay of DFS by
potentiometric titration with 0.1 N
perchloric acid. Various analytical
methods have been reported by different
workers for the determination of DFS in
pharmaceuticals and these include
spectrofluorimetry,[5,6]
gravimetry,[7]
Raman spectroscopy,[8]
, adsorptive
differential pulse voltammetry,[9]
capillary
electrophoresis,[10]
micellar electrokinetic
chromatography,[11]
gas chromatography-

IJAAC (2016) 11-16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Physico-chemical Analysis of Some Soil Sample around Jaypee
Nagar Industrial Area in Postmonsoon Season Session 2012–2013
of Rewa, District MP (India)
Mukesh Singh1
, Mahendra Kumar Bhatnagar1
, Manoj Kumar Solanki2*
1
Department of Chemistry, Govt. SSS PG College, Shahdol, MP, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, various physico-chemical factors were assessed for the whole year
during pre- and postmonsoon season session 2012–2013 to determine the impact cement dust
on the soil quality around Jaypee Nagar industrial area. Physico-chemical parameters such
as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, CEC, calcium,
magnesium, sulphate, are taken. Most of the samples are within permissible limit. The
positive correlation was observed among most of the Physico-Chemical parameters except
DO. The study reveals that the huge influx of cement dusts is the key factors enhancing
pollution load on the soil quality around Jaypee Nagar industrial area. The accumulation of
cement dust and other industrial waste materials over the years have contributed
considerably in raising the physico-chemical parameters, including the uptake of essential
nutrients by plants. These favourable conditions and higher nutrient availability were
considered capable of supporting crops grown in the area.
Keywords: cement dust, chemical properties of soil, Jaypee Nagar industrial area
INTRODUCTION
Soils are the medium in which crops grow,
and so they are essential to the provision of
the food and fibre to sustain mankind. Soil
is not only a medium for plants to grow or
a pool to dispose of undesirable materials,
but also at the contamination of the soil
system by considerable quantities of
persistent toxic compounds, chemicals or
other substances, resulting in the reduction
of its productivity/fertility with respect to
the qualitative and quantitative yield of the
crops[1]
transmitter of many pollutants to
surface water, groundwater (H. Kaur,
2012). The development of cement
industry and activities like mining activity
of raw materials (lime stone, dolomi),
crushing, grinding etc. required in the
cement plant (The process of cement
manufacturing, various types of pollutants
which are released from these factories and
their immediate and long term impacts; has
caused adverse impact on water, air and
land giving rise to environmental
pollution.[2]
The process of cement
manufacture requires strict regulation and
distribution.
During manufacture, various pollutants
such as SOx, NOx and CO2 and particulate
matter are released that might be harmful
for the near-by residents and biodiversity
of that area.[3,4]
Besides, cement dust also
contains heavy metals like chromium,
nickel, cobalt, lead and mercury. These
metals are severely hazardous for human
health, flora and fauna, and whole
ecosystem.[5]

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Electrodeposition of Bright Zn–Co–Fe Alloy Coatings on Mild
Steel and Their Characterization
R.S. Bhat1*
, A. Chitharanjan Hegde2
1
Department of Chemistry, Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institution of Technology, Nitte,
Karnataka, India
2
Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, India
ABSTRACT
Sulphate bath having ZnSO4. 7H2O, CoSO4. 7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O and thiamine hydrochloride
(THC) and citric acid (CA) in combination, was optimized for deposition of bright Zn–Co–Fe
alloy coating on mild steel. Bath constituents and operating parameters were optimized by
Hull cell method, for highest corrosion performance against coating. The effect of current
density on deposit characters viz., corrosion resistance, hardness, thickness, CCE were
evaluated. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
methods were used for the corrosion behaviours measurements. The composition of deposits
was determined by colorimetric method. Surface morphology of the deposits was examined
using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A new sulphate bath, for bright Zn–Co–Fe alloy
coating on mild steel has been proposed, and results were discussed.
Keywords: corrosion resistance, cyclic polarisation, electrodeposition, surface morphology,
ternary Zn–Co–Fe alloy
INTRODUCTION
Many efforts have been made to develop
best corrosion resistant steel plates
especially for industrial applications such
as automotive body panels, steel sheet
fabrications, building construction
materials etc. In recent times, it has been
shown that electroplated zinc-iron group
metal alloys are suitable materials for this
application.[1]
Zn–Ni alloy coatings are
being extensively studied instead of
cadmium coating due to their good
corrosion resistance properties[2]
, better
form ability, and improved welding
characteristics.[3]
Owing to its low price,
Zn–Fe alloy is widely used for electro-
plating. Both Zn–Ni and Zn–Fe alloys are
widely used as ideal substitutes for
cadmium, which creates two
environmental hazards viz., cadmium and
cyanide. It was observed that the addition
of Fe to Zn–Ni alloy has led to the
formations of ternary Zn–Ni–Fe alloys,
which improve the appearance of the alloy
and increase its corrosion resistance.[4]
Zn–Ni–Fe alloys are favoured owing to
their levelling action.[5]
Further, the
ternary Zn–Co–Ni alloys have high
corrosion resistance compared to either of
the binary Zn–Ni and Zn–Co alloys.[6]
The
higher corrosion resistance of ternary Zn–
M alloys as compared to Zn–M alloys is
because of considerable increase in wt. %
noble metals in the deposit. The use of
specific bath additives was also beneficial
for corrosion resistance even with low
amounts of M in the deposit. It is observed
that ternary Zn–Co–Ni alloy is considered

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods for the
Determination of Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceuticals
Nagaraju Rajendraprasad1*
, Kanakapura Basavaiah2
, Doora Mahadevaswamy Pramod1
1
PG Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Enrofloxacin (EFX) is a first fluoroquinolone veterinary antibiotic and used for the treatment
of some urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin infectious diseases in pets and livestock.
Three simple, selective and stability indicating UV-spectrophotometric methods have been
developed and validated for the assay of EFX in bulk drug and in its dosage forms. The first
proposed method (method A) is based on the measurement of the absorbance of EFX in 0.1 N
NaOH at 271 nm. The second (method B) and third (method C) methods are based on
measurement of absorbance of EFX in 0.1 N HCl and in 0.1 M glacial acetic acid at 277 nm.
The calibration graphs are linear over the range 1.0–10.0 µg/mL in all three methods. The
correlation coefficient (r) values are evaluated and are found to be 0.9992, 0.9987 and
0.9998 with the apparent molar absorptivity values are 3.17 × 104
, 4.42 × 104
and 3.96 × 104
L mol-1
cm-1
, for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The values of Sandell
sensitivity, limits of detection and quantification have also been described. The accuracy and
precision of the methods are evaluated based on intra-day and inter-day variations. The
stability of the drug is studied by subjecting EFX to an acid and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative
and thermal degradation. The proposed methods are successfully applied to the
determination of EFX in tablets and the results obtained are comparable with the published
reference method and satisfactory.
Keywords: assay, enrofloxacin, stability indicating, pharmaceuticals, UV-spectrophotometry
INTRODUCTION
Enrofloxacin (EFX), also known as 1-
cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-
fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-
carboxylic acid (Figure 1), is a veterinary
antibiotic and it is used to cure urinary
tract, respiratory tract, and skin infectious
diseases in pets and livestock.[1]
In the United States Pharmacopeia
(USP)[2]
the nonaqueous potentiometric
titration of EFX in acetic acid medium
with 0.1 M perchloric acid is employed.
This procedure is applicable for the assay
of EFX only to macro-size samples.
Fig. 1. Structure of EFX.
Various analytical techniques such as
liquid chromatography,[3–19]
colorimetry
and fluorimetry,[20]
fluorescene
spectroscopy combined with

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Brief Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
Amit Kumar
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Medicinal chemistry is an interdisciplinary
scientific field of chemistry which
combines the applied and basic sciences.
In simple words, medicinal chemistry is an
interwoven science that combines the
basics of chemistry, pharmacy, and drug
discovery and designing. It comprises the
discovery, development, identification,
and interpretation of the mode of action of
biologically active molecules and
compounds at molecular level. Earlier in
United States, medicinal chemistry was
first initiated as the division of
pharmaceutical chemistry (1909- 1920)
and later got modified to the division of
medicinal products (1920-1948).
Afterwards, this applicative scientific
arena got its name by the American
Chemical Society as ‘the division of
medicinal chemistry’.[1]
Medicinal chemistry has so far largely
been applied for drug design and
development. Synthesized drugs are
carefully assessed for their characteristics.
These include absorption, distribution
inside the body, induced metabolic
activities, excretion and possible toxic
effects (if any), collectively referred to as
ADMET. The ADMET assessment of
therapeutic drugs profoundly influences
the decision of the experts in the pharmacy
committee and the school of pharmacy
education for the approval of drug for use.
Based on the assessment, the pharmacists
provide recommendations and counseling
to the patients and other health care
professionals with respect to the safe and
optimum dose of the usage of such drugs
or medicines. Medicinal chemistry thus,
helps to provide a sound and thorough
knowledge about the basics of chemical
drugs and their optimum skills for
treatment of several diseases. At the same
time, it helps the pharmacists become
competent in analyzing their dugs for
future improvement.
Several tools and techniques are used for
drug discovery and designing in medicinal
chemistry. Some of these are:[2]
(1) Quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR)
(2) Molecular modelling
(3) Drug target binding forces
(4) Combinatorial library design
(5) Bioinformatics
(6) Structure based drug design
(7) Virtual screening and docking
(8) X-ray crystallography, Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance and Mass
spectroscopy
(9) Peptidomimetics
(10) Analog design, rational drug design
(11) Chirality
(12) Study of structural basis for toxicity
Medicinal chemistry has helped in the area
of academic pharmacy. Education staff
constantly tries to develop creative ways
of reinforcing medicinal chemistry for
benefit of future generation. An interesting
theory introduced by Alsharif and
colleagues viz., structurally based
therapeutic evaluation (SBTE), makes use
of the concepts of drug structures in
making therapeutic decisions and
emphasizes the significance of medicinal
chemistry to the pharmacist. All 7 criteria
of therapeutic decision making (drug
history/drug response, patient compliance,
current medical history, past medical

International journal of analytical and applied chemistry vol 2 issue 2

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International journal of analytical and applied chemistry vol 2 issue 2