This document provides information about water resources in India. It discusses the different sources of water including surface water sources like rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It outlines how people use water resources for agriculture, industry, households, and other activities. It also discusses overuse of water resources from population growth and increased demand, as well as the importance of conserving this critical resource for a sustainable future.

1. GROUP : 6
TOPIC : WATER RESOURCES
PREPARED BY :
KEVADIYA MASI (140760109026)
KHALASI VINAXI (140760109027)
KHENI RUKSHMANI (140760109028)
KODINARIYA DHRUVAL (140760109029)
KORAT PARAS (140760109030)
GUIDENCE BY:
Prof. Krishna Kakadiya
Prof. Darshika Patel
Shree Swami Atmanand
Saraswati Institute of
Technology

2. Water Resources

3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Distribute of Water on Earth
Sources Of Water
How do people use Water Resources?
Uses of water
Good and bad uses of water
 How to conserve water

4. INTRODUCTION
 Sources of water that are useful to
humans.
 Uses of water include agricultural,
industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities.
 Virtually all of these human uses require
fresh water.

5. Fresh water is renewable
resources like soil and air.
The worlds is supplied by
clean and fresh water and it is
decreasing. Water is one of our
most critical resources, but
around the world it is under
threat.
Water demand already
exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as
the world population
continues to rise, so too
does the water demand.

6. THE WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES
Glaciers,
Snow &
permafrost
1.725%
Ground
water
0.075%
Lakes,
swamps &
rivers
0.025%
Oceans
97.5%

7. SOURCE OF WATER
Source of water
SURFACE WATER
-Ponds
-Lakes
-Streams
-Rivers
-Storage reservoir
-Stored rain water
GROUND WATER
-springs
-Infiltration galleries
-Wells -Dug well
-Tube well
-Artesian well
-French well

8.  Ponds :
“Natural small sized depression formed with in
the surface of the earth, when gets filled up with
water, is known as pond.”

9.  Rivers :
“Rivers are born from the hills when number
of streams combine together. Rivers are the most
important sources of water for public water supply schemes.”

10. RIVERS:
‘PERENNIAL AND NON-PERENNIAL’
Perennial Non-perennial
• Those in which water is available
throughout the year.
• Those in which water is not available at
all time.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons and
by snow during summer seasons.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons.
• It is a source of public supplies directly. • The construction of a dam is generally
adopted and water is used for irrigation and
hydropower etc.

11.  Lakes :
“A natural large sized depression formed within the surface
of earth , when gets filled up with water is known as Lake.
The quality of a water in a lake is generally good and does not
need much purification. Larger and older lakes provide
comparatively purer water then the smaller and newer lakes.
Self purification of water dew to sedimentation of suspended
matter, bleaching of color, removal of bacteria etc. makes the
lake water purer and batter. On the other hand, in still waters
of lakes, and ponds, the algae, weed and vegetable growth
takes place freely, imparting bad smell, tasted and colors to
such waters.”

12.  Streams :
“In hilly regions, generally small amount of water
runs off towards the earth. This small run-offs are
known as streams. These streams feed their waters to
lakes, rivers. Quantity of water available in them is
very small and sometimes they may even sometimes go
dry.”

13.  Storage reservoir:
“These are formed by constructing hydraulic
structures like dams across river. That stored water is
generally used for irrigation and hydropower.”
 Stored rain water:
“At some places, on the terrace of the buildings
water is stored during rainy season in a big tank and
thereafter whenever requirement is there that stored
water is used.”

14. What is rain water harvesting?
“It simply means catching and holding rain where
it falls and using it, You can stored it in tanks or you can
use it to recharge groundwater.”
 Ground water sources are increasingly getting depleted or
are getting polluted. Bore wells are either silting up, getting
short of water or are drawing polluted water.
 It encourages water conservation and self-dependence.
 It makes ecological and financial sense not to waste a pure
natural resource available in large quantity on one’s roof.

15.  Springs:
“The natural outflow of groundwater at the
earth’s surface is said to from a spring. A pervious layers
sandwiched between two impervious layers, give rise to
a natural spring. It supplies very small amount of water.”

16.  Infiltration galleries:
“ Infiltration galleries are horizontal or nearly
horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depth (3 to 5 m)
along the banks of the river through the water bearing
strata.”
 These galleries are generally constructed of masonry walls
with roof slabs and derive their water from the aquifer by
various Porous drain pipes.
 These pipes are generally covered with gravel so as to present
the entry of the fine sand particles into the pipe. These tunnel is
taken to a sump well, from where it is pumped, treated and
distributed to the consumers.

17.  Wells:
“A water well is a hole usually vertical,
excavated in the earth for bringing grounding water to
the surface.”
1.Dug well or open well:-
• Open well having bigger diameters, and are suitable for low
discharge of lit/second.
• The diameter vary from 2 to 9 m.

18. 2.Tube well:-
• It is bored or drilled deep into the ground,
intercepting one or more water bearing stratum.
• Larger discharge, higher velocity.

19. 3.Artesian well:-
When a well is constructed in a pervious layer which is bound
between two impervious layer, the water comes on the surface
with some pressure at which it is stored in a layer.

20. 4.French well or Radial well:-
It is a special type of well in which surface water is collected
from the river bed.
A natural or radial perforated pipes are laid withslope towards
the center below the bed level of the river.
A well will collect the water at the center and then it is pumped
out with the help of the pump.

21. PER CAPITA DEMAND
 It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one
person
 It is expressed in litres/capita/day.
if Q=Total quantity of water required by a town per year in litres
P=Population of town
then, per capita demand will be,
Per capita demand = 𝑄
𝑃 ∗365
litres/capita/day.
 The per capita demand of the town depends on various factors and
will vary according to the living conditions of the consumers,
number and type of commercial places in the town, types of
industries etc.

22.  For an average Indian city , the requirement of water in various uses is as
given in table
 This quantity of water (270 l/h/d) when multiplied with the prospective
population of the town at the end of the design period, shall give the total
quantity of water required by the town per day.
Use Demand in l/h/d
1 Domestic use 135
2 Industrial use 50
3 Commercial use 20
4 Public or Civic use 10
5 Losses, wastage, thefts 55
Total = 270

23.  Size of the city
 Living standard of the people
 Climatic condition
 Quality of water
 Industrial and commercial activities
 Pressure in the distribution system
 System of sanitation
 Cost of water
 System of supply
 Metering and method of charging
Factor affecting per capita demand

24. OVERUSE OF WATER RESOURCES
 Rapid population growth and increasing water consumption for
agriculture,
industry and domestic purposes have strained the world’s fresh water
resources.
 The industrial use of water some time is reflected as over use of water , s
sugar factories, paper mills, etc. consume high amount of water . Also the
usage of water in thermal power plants for cooling tower is much.
 Due to expanding human population, competition for water is growing
such that many of the world’s aquifers are becoming depleted. This is due
to both direct human consumption as well as agricultural irrigation by
ground water.
 Water disputes between the Indian states are increasing as they have to
meet the increasing in water demand due to over use of water.

25.  Wherever surface water storage or canal irrigation is absent or limited,
there is a greater activity of ground water by digging well . The density of
irrigation wells has grown very critically in some watersheds causing
serious problems of water scarcity.
 Expansion of business activities from industrialized to services such as
tourism and entertainment, requires increased water services including
both supply and sanitation.

26. We are fortunate enough to live in a place
where clean water flows freely on demand,
it can be easy to take it for granted. From
your daily dishwashing routine to your daily
shower, every drop of this natural resource
is precious. Practicing conservation is not
only good for the environment, but can save
you money in energy bills.

27. SAVE WATER
AND
SAVE NATION

28. THANK YOU