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Global Environment Awareness
Water resources : Use and over-Utilization of surface and ground
water,
floods, drought, conflicts and water, dams-benefits and problems.
2
Table of Contents
1. Water – The Definition
2. Water Forms and Distribution
3. Types of Water Uses
4. Water Availability
5. Fresh Water Shortage
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
7. Increase Water Supply
8. Floods
9. Drought
3
1. Water – The Definition
 Water is a marvelous substance which can be
beautiful, powerful and destructive.
4
1.1. Water Physical Attributes
Water is found in three states
5
Liquid
Solid Gas
1.2. Hydrologic Cycle
6
2. Water Forms and Distribution
7
About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.
2. Water Forms and Distribution
8
Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
2.1. Oceans
 Is the largest area and volume of water.
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
9
2.2. Ice and Snow
 Contain almost 90% of freshwater.
 Is as much as 2km thick.
 Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland
(10%), and other snow mountain (5%).
10
2.3. Groundwater
 Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer
beneath Earth’s surface.
 Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.
 Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes.
 Is readily available for use and drinking.
11
Tapping Groundwater
 Benefits:
 Year-round use
 No evaporation losses
 Often less expensive
 Potential Problems:
• Water table lowering – too much use
• Depletion –
• Saltwater intrusion – near coastal areas
• Chemical contamination
• Reduced stream flows
2.4. Lakes
 Lakes are created from variety of geological
events
13
2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Freshwater lakes
 Contribute 91,000km3 (about
0.007% of total Earth’s water)
 Provide water for agricultural
irrigation, industrial processes,
municipal uses and residential
water supplies.
 Major freshwater lakes: Caspian
Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake
(Russia), Tanganyika Lake
(Eastern Africa), Lake Superior
(U.S), and Malawi Lake (Eastern
Africa)
14
2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Saline lakes
 Possess 85,000km3 (about
0.006% of total Earth’s water)
 Saline lakes’ water cannot be
used due to high salinity.
 Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea
(Central Asia), The Great Salt
Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea
(between Jordan & Israel), and
Aral Sea (between Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan).
15
The Great Salt Lake
The Dead Sea
2.5. Rivers and Streams
 Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface
water driven by gravity.
 Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about
0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around
0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)
16
Source: Environmental
Science – A Global
Concern, Water Use
and Management
2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture
 Wetland are areas of land where water covers the
surface for at least part of the year.
 They are not as important as lakes and rivers for
water storage.
 However, they play vital roles in:
 Erosion protection
 Flood reduction
 Groundwater replenishment
 Trapping nutrient and sediment
 Water purification
 Providing fish and wildlife habitat
17
5.7. Atmosphere
 Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s
water.
 It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.
 Movement of water through atmosphere provide
mechanism for distributing freshwater to
terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail…).
18
3. Water Uses
 Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
19
 In-Stream Uses
 Hydropower
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Ecosystem Support
3.1. Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
20
a. Agriculture
 Irrigation
 Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.
 Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation
systems are the principal water losses.
 There are three types of irrigation systems:
21
Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation
a. Agriculture (cont.)
 Livestock
 Watering livestock
 Dairy operation
 Cooling livestock facilities
 Dairy sanitation and clean-up
 Animal waste disposal
22
a. Agriculture (cont.)
 Aquaculture
 Raising fish.
 Raising shellfish.
 Raising shrimp and lobster.
 Raising other creatures living in water.
23
b. Thermoelectric
 Water is used in production of
electrical power.
 Thermoelectric is one of the
largest uses of water
 In 2005, it consumed about
201,000 million gallons of water
each day.
 Both freshwater and saline water
are used in thermoelectric.
24
c. Industrial
 Industries need water to cool down their
machinery to a temperature that allows the
manufacturing process to keep going.
 Water is also needed to clean machinery,
products, and buildings.
25
d. Mining
 Water is used for the extraction of minerals
that can be in forms of:
 Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.
 Liquid: crude oil.
 Gas: natural gases.
26
e. Domestic
 Domestic water use is the consumption for
household purposes – both indoor and outdoor.
27
f. Commercial
 Water is used in businesses such as hotels,
restaurants, marketplaces, and so on.
28
3.2. In-Stream Uses
29
Hydropower Recreation
Navigation Ecosystem Support
4. Water Availability
30
Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity
 Water Stress:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,700m3 per
person.
 Water Scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,000m3 per
person.
 Absolute scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 500m3 per person.
31
32
5. Fresh Water Shortage
 Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
 Population growth
 Lack of access to clean water
 Groundwater is being depleted
 Climate change / global warming
 Rivers and lakes are shrinking
33
34
1983
2007
10 year drought in the
Colorado River basin.
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
 Water Overuse
 Overuse in agriculture
 Overuse in residence
 Overuse in community
 Some interesting facts:
Water needed to produce our daily food:
 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.
 70 liters to produce 1 apple.
 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.
 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.
 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.
 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.
35
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
Water Conflict
 Control of Water Resources: where water
supplies or access to water is at the root of
tensions.
 Military Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation or state
as a weapon during a military action.
 Political Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation, state, or
non-state actor for a political goal.
 Terrorism: where water resources, or water
systems, are either targets or tools of violence or
coercion by non-state actors.
 Military Target: where water resource systems
are targets of military actions by nations or states.
 Development Disputes: where water resources
or water systems are a major source of contention
and dispute in the context of economic and social
development
36
Conflicts over water
 Conflicts over control of shared river basins
 Billion people lack access to safe water and 2.4 billion lack access to
sanitation
 More than 6000 children die every day because of diseases associated
with water
 On flush of the western toilet uses as much water as one person for
whole day of washing , drinking etc
FLOODS
Change in the course of a
river
Wrong design of a dam, or a
canal
Deforestation
Types of floods
Slow-Onset Floods
Slow-Onset Floods usually last for a relatively
longer period, it may last for one or more
weeks, or even months. As this kind of flood
last for a long period, it can lead to lose of
stock, damage to agricultural products, roads
and rail links.
 Rapid-Onset Floods last for a relatively
shorter period, they usually last for one or
two days only.
 Although this kind of flood lasts for a
shorter period, it can cause more damages
and pose a greater risk to life and property
as people usually have less time to take
preventative action during rapid-onset
floods.
Rapid-Onset Floods
Flash Floods
 Coastal Floods
 Arroyos Floods
 River Floods
 Urban Floods
Flooding can also be divided into
different categories according to their
location:
Coastal Floods
Arroyos Floods
 This is the most common type of flooding.
When the actual amount of river flow is
larger than the amount that the channel
can hold, river will overflow its banks and
flood the areas alongside the river. And
this may cause by reasons like snow melt or
heavy spring rain.
River Floods
 In most of the urban area, roads are usually
paved. With heavy rain, the large amount of
rain water cannot be absorbed into the
ground and leads to urban floods.
Urban Floods
Flood prone areas
 These areas suffer the most from floods.
 In Bangladesh, 110 million people live
unprotected on the flood plains of
southern Asia’s most flood prone river
system.
 Flood generally affect more than 30% of the
total land area in Bangladesh.
Low lying parts of active flood plains and
river Esturies
 They are subjects to flash floods. These also
occur in narrow valleys and heavily developed
urban settings with rapid run off.
Small Basins
 Floods resulting from failures are examples of
combined natural and technological hazards.
 As they are prone to flash floods, opportunities
for warning evacuation are limited.
Areas below unsafe dams
The Indian Experience
•India experiences more floods than any other
country.
•About one-eighth of the total area of the country is
prone to floods.
•Floods damage the standing crops and take a heavy
toll of life and property.
Flood Forcasting
•This involves giving prior information regarding
floods.
•This is essential so that timely action can be taken
to prevent loss of life.
Flood Forcasting
•The flood forecasting techniques are
constantly reviewed, updated and
modernized to make forecasts more
accurate.
•This will reduce the miseries suffered by
the people from recurring floods.
Destruction by Floods
 Floods can cause major structural damage to
buildings, kill plants and animals, destroys
habitats, and removes soil.
 Floods cause many deaths and drown many plants
and crops, and hundreds of millions of dollars in
damage.
 Many nutrients in topsoil are
brought downstream or deposited
in the ocean.
Control of floods
(i) Various preventive measures are proper embankment of water bodies,
building check dams on flood-prone streams, prohibiting cultivation in flood
plain of rivers and growing forests and perennial trees, interlinking of river of t
country and constructing houses on raised platforms and supported by
reinforced stilts.
(ii) Floods can be controlled by collecting data from meteorological departmen
and alerting the people of affecting area.
(iii) Educating the people about the steps to be taken in the event of disaster.
(iv) Hill slopes and catchment areas of rivers must be afforested and reforested
Drought
 Lack of moisture for an extended period of
time which in turn causes deficient moisture in
the soil.
 Degree of deficiency
 Time period
 Size of area affected.
 Droughts unlike floods are not a distinct event
 Drought has no well defined start or end
 The effect of drought vary by affected sector or
different groups.
Types of drought
 Metrological:
 When an area received reduced precipitation (rain)
duration or intensity
Types of drought
 Hydrological:
 Deficiencies in the surface and subsurface water
supplies
 It is measures as lack in the reservoir and lake
levels
Types of drought
 Agricultural
 When there is inadequate soil moisture to meet the
needs of a particular crop
 Results in Low plant development. Low yield,
Types of drought
 Socioeconomic:
 When the physical water shortages start
affecting the health, well being and quality of
life of the people
How is drought different?
 It is a slow natural hazard, may linger on for
years
 Drought effects large geographic area
 It is both natural (disruption of global
circulation of atmosphere and social event
What Causes Droughts?
 Droughts are caused by a
lack of precipitation in
an area resulting from
weak or less frequent
storms and other weather
systems
 Most major droughts last
for months or years.
Where Do Droughts Occur?
Destruction by Droughts.
 Droughts cause major damage to crops and
animals, especially if they occur during the region’s
growing season.
 During a drought not enough water is provided to
support living things. Crops can decrease 10%-
20% during a drought.
 Droughts affect reservoirs, water supplies, water
tables, and topsoil. Water levels drop, and topsoil
becomes dry and less favorable to plants.
 Areas that are in a drought are more likely to have
wildfires than other regions.
How Often Do They Occur?
 Droughts can occur
anytime of the year.
 Near the equator, regions
may experience 2 or
more droughts per year.
Weather That Causes Droughts.
 Droughts occur when weak or less frequent rainfall
occurs than normal.
 During a drought not only is there little rainfall,
but the moisture from the soil also leaves into the
atmosphere through evaporation and
transpiration.
Control of Drought
Control Measures
(i) Rain water harvesting and canal irrigation.
(ii) Improvement of agricultural practices like dry land forming to conserve
water in drought prone areas.
(iii) Stopping paddy cultivation in areas of water scarcity and growing drought
resistant variety of crops.
(iv) Promoting social forestry and wasteland reclamation, growing species
according to the ecological requirements of the area.
(v) Supplying food, fodder and water to drought-hit people and their
rehabilitation with all essential requirements of life.
Dams
 A dam is a barrier that impounds water or
underground streams. Dams generally serve
the primary purpose of retaining water.
72
Positive impact of Dams
 The dams have tremendous potential for
economic upliftment and growth.
 They can help in checking floods and famines,
generate electricity and reduce water and
power shortage.
 Provide irrigation water to lower areas
 Provide drinking water in remote areas and
promote navigation, fishery etc.
73
Hydroelectric power
Advantages of
hydroelectric power
Disadvantages of
hydroelectric power
(i) It is a pollution free and
renewable source of energy.
(ii) Its operational cost is low.
(iii) It helps in checking floods
and the stored water can be used
for irrigation, fisheries, drinking
water and for recreational (eg,
boating, water sports) purposes.
(i) There is problem of planning and
construction of dams at suitable
sites.
(ii) Construction of dams may
change the topography of an area
and may harm local flora and
fauna.
(iii) Dams can block routes of
fish migration required for their
survival and reproduction.
(iv) There is problem of silting of
water reservoirs of dams due to
soil erosion of catchment areas,
particularly, by their
deforestation.
74
Negative impacts of dams
 The most significant environment effect of dams
results from the displacement of human
populations.
 Dams and reservoirs change sediment deposit in
rivers.
 They can be habitat loss, erosion and declining
water quality.
 Loss of forests, flora and fauna
 Changes in fisheries and the spawning grounds
 Siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs
 Stagnation and water logging near reservoir
75
Effects Of Dams On Forests And Tribal
People
 Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) causing
earthquakes
 Growth of aquatic weeds.
 Reduced water flow and slit deposition in river
 Flash floods
 Salt water intrusion at river mouth
 Loss of land fertility along the river since the
sediments carrying nutrients get deposited in
the reservoir
76
Negative impact of Dams
But the negative socio-economic impacts of dams
 Endangered livelihoods :The disruption of natural
ecosystems, particularly of floodplains, threatens the
livelihoods of the millions of people who depend on fisheries,
wetlands, and regular deposits of sediment for agriculture.
 Displacement of people: An estimated 40 to 80 million
people have been displaced by dams worldwide. Big river
valley projects like Hirakund dam (Orissa) Bhakra Nngal dam
(Punjab), Tehri dam (Uttaranchal), Sardar Sarovar Project
(Gujarat) and Damodar Valley project (West Bengal) etc.,
have caused large scale displacement of local people. In the
last 50 years more than 20 million people have been displaced
by dams.
77
Effect of Dams
 Health: Improved access to clean water is a
major benefit of dams. But the habitat they
create is perfect for disease-carrying
mosquitoes and snails, which bring illnesses
such as malaria and schistosomiasis.
78
Effect of Dams
 Damage to cultural heritage sites: In many
places, large dams have impacted cultural
heritage by the submergence and destruction
of cultural resources such as shrines, buildings,
artifacts, burial sites, and sacred landscapes.
79
CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF
WATER
Conservation of water resources. For conservation and
management of fresh water, following methods can be
employed
1. Reducing agricultural water wastage by
increasing efficiency of irrigation system.
2. Afforestation and protection of watersheds to
improve economy.
3. Formation of artificial clouds, so that a change can
be brought in the atmosphere.
4. Changes in the vegetation of a particular area, so
that even in the dry season maximum amount of water
can be stored. In addition to this, dams should be
constructed to stop the drainage of rain water.
80
CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF
WATER
5. Control the distribution of water by
constructing big dams.
6. Desalinization of sea water and saline
ground water.
7. Proper utilization of underground water.
8. Melt the glaciers and snow for using as a
fresh water resource.
9. Regular de siltation of water bodies
81

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Essential resource of Life- WATER

  • 1. Global Environment Awareness Water resources : Use and over-Utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts and water, dams-benefits and problems.
  • 2. 2
  • 3. Table of Contents 1. Water – The Definition 2. Water Forms and Distribution 3. Types of Water Uses 4. Water Availability 5. Fresh Water Shortage 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts 7. Increase Water Supply 8. Floods 9. Drought 3
  • 4. 1. Water – The Definition  Water is a marvelous substance which can be beautiful, powerful and destructive. 4
  • 5. 1.1. Water Physical Attributes Water is found in three states 5 Liquid Solid Gas
  • 7. 2. Water Forms and Distribution 7 About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
  • 8. 2. Water Forms and Distribution 8 Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern, Water Use and Management
  • 9. 2.1. Oceans  Is the largest area and volume of water.  Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water. 9
  • 10. 2.2. Ice and Snow  Contain almost 90% of freshwater.  Is as much as 2km thick.  Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland (10%), and other snow mountain (5%). 10
  • 11. 2.3. Groundwater  Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer beneath Earth’s surface.  Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.  Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes.  Is readily available for use and drinking. 11
  • 12. Tapping Groundwater  Benefits:  Year-round use  No evaporation losses  Often less expensive  Potential Problems: • Water table lowering – too much use • Depletion – • Saltwater intrusion – near coastal areas • Chemical contamination • Reduced stream flows
  • 13. 2.4. Lakes  Lakes are created from variety of geological events 13
  • 14. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)  Freshwater lakes  Contribute 91,000km3 (about 0.007% of total Earth’s water)  Provide water for agricultural irrigation, industrial processes, municipal uses and residential water supplies.  Major freshwater lakes: Caspian Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake (Russia), Tanganyika Lake (Eastern Africa), Lake Superior (U.S), and Malawi Lake (Eastern Africa) 14
  • 15. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)  Saline lakes  Possess 85,000km3 (about 0.006% of total Earth’s water)  Saline lakes’ water cannot be used due to high salinity.  Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea (Central Asia), The Great Salt Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea (between Jordan & Israel), and Aral Sea (between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). 15 The Great Salt Lake The Dead Sea
  • 16. 2.5. Rivers and Streams  Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface water driven by gravity.  Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about 0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around 0.0002% of the Earth’s water.) 16 Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern, Water Use and Management
  • 17. 2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture  Wetland are areas of land where water covers the surface for at least part of the year.  They are not as important as lakes and rivers for water storage.  However, they play vital roles in:  Erosion protection  Flood reduction  Groundwater replenishment  Trapping nutrient and sediment  Water purification  Providing fish and wildlife habitat 17
  • 18. 5.7. Atmosphere  Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s water.  It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.  Movement of water through atmosphere provide mechanism for distributing freshwater to terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail…). 18
  • 19. 3. Water Uses  Off-Stream Uses  Agriculture  Thermoelectric  Industrial  Mining  Domestic  Commercial 19  In-Stream Uses  Hydropower  Navigation  Recreation  Ecosystem Support
  • 20. 3.1. Off-Stream Uses  Agriculture  Thermoelectric  Industrial  Mining  Domestic  Commercial 20
  • 21. a. Agriculture  Irrigation  Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.  Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation systems are the principal water losses.  There are three types of irrigation systems: 21 Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation
  • 22. a. Agriculture (cont.)  Livestock  Watering livestock  Dairy operation  Cooling livestock facilities  Dairy sanitation and clean-up  Animal waste disposal 22
  • 23. a. Agriculture (cont.)  Aquaculture  Raising fish.  Raising shellfish.  Raising shrimp and lobster.  Raising other creatures living in water. 23
  • 24. b. Thermoelectric  Water is used in production of electrical power.  Thermoelectric is one of the largest uses of water  In 2005, it consumed about 201,000 million gallons of water each day.  Both freshwater and saline water are used in thermoelectric. 24
  • 25. c. Industrial  Industries need water to cool down their machinery to a temperature that allows the manufacturing process to keep going.  Water is also needed to clean machinery, products, and buildings. 25
  • 26. d. Mining  Water is used for the extraction of minerals that can be in forms of:  Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.  Liquid: crude oil.  Gas: natural gases. 26
  • 27. e. Domestic  Domestic water use is the consumption for household purposes – both indoor and outdoor. 27
  • 28. f. Commercial  Water is used in businesses such as hotels, restaurants, marketplaces, and so on. 28
  • 29. 3.2. In-Stream Uses 29 Hydropower Recreation Navigation Ecosystem Support
  • 30. 4. Water Availability 30 Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern, Water Use and Management
  • 31. 4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity  Water Stress:  Annual water supplies is less than 1,700m3 per person.  Water Scarcity:  Annual water supplies is less than 1,000m3 per person.  Absolute scarcity:  Annual water supplies is less than 500m3 per person. 31
  • 32. 32
  • 33. 5. Fresh Water Shortage  Fresh Water Shortage is due to:  Population growth  Lack of access to clean water  Groundwater is being depleted  Climate change / global warming  Rivers and lakes are shrinking 33
  • 34. 34 1983 2007 10 year drought in the Colorado River basin.
  • 35. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts  Water Overuse  Overuse in agriculture  Overuse in residence  Overuse in community  Some interesting facts: Water needed to produce our daily food:  40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.  70 liters to produce 1 apple.  1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.  3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.  3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.  15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef. 35
  • 36. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts Water Conflict  Control of Water Resources: where water supplies or access to water is at the root of tensions.  Military Tool: where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used by a nation or state as a weapon during a military action.  Political Tool: where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used by a nation, state, or non-state actor for a political goal.  Terrorism: where water resources, or water systems, are either targets or tools of violence or coercion by non-state actors.  Military Target: where water resource systems are targets of military actions by nations or states.  Development Disputes: where water resources or water systems are a major source of contention and dispute in the context of economic and social development 36
  • 37. Conflicts over water  Conflicts over control of shared river basins  Billion people lack access to safe water and 2.4 billion lack access to sanitation  More than 6000 children die every day because of diseases associated with water  On flush of the western toilet uses as much water as one person for whole day of washing , drinking etc
  • 39. Change in the course of a river
  • 40. Wrong design of a dam, or a canal
  • 43. Slow-Onset Floods Slow-Onset Floods usually last for a relatively longer period, it may last for one or more weeks, or even months. As this kind of flood last for a long period, it can lead to lose of stock, damage to agricultural products, roads and rail links.
  • 44.  Rapid-Onset Floods last for a relatively shorter period, they usually last for one or two days only.  Although this kind of flood lasts for a shorter period, it can cause more damages and pose a greater risk to life and property as people usually have less time to take preventative action during rapid-onset floods. Rapid-Onset Floods
  • 46.  Coastal Floods  Arroyos Floods  River Floods  Urban Floods Flooding can also be divided into different categories according to their location:
  • 49.  This is the most common type of flooding. When the actual amount of river flow is larger than the amount that the channel can hold, river will overflow its banks and flood the areas alongside the river. And this may cause by reasons like snow melt or heavy spring rain. River Floods
  • 50.  In most of the urban area, roads are usually paved. With heavy rain, the large amount of rain water cannot be absorbed into the ground and leads to urban floods. Urban Floods
  • 52.  These areas suffer the most from floods.  In Bangladesh, 110 million people live unprotected on the flood plains of southern Asia’s most flood prone river system.  Flood generally affect more than 30% of the total land area in Bangladesh. Low lying parts of active flood plains and river Esturies
  • 53.  They are subjects to flash floods. These also occur in narrow valleys and heavily developed urban settings with rapid run off. Small Basins
  • 54.  Floods resulting from failures are examples of combined natural and technological hazards.  As they are prone to flash floods, opportunities for warning evacuation are limited. Areas below unsafe dams
  • 55. The Indian Experience •India experiences more floods than any other country. •About one-eighth of the total area of the country is prone to floods. •Floods damage the standing crops and take a heavy toll of life and property.
  • 56. Flood Forcasting •This involves giving prior information regarding floods. •This is essential so that timely action can be taken to prevent loss of life.
  • 57. Flood Forcasting •The flood forecasting techniques are constantly reviewed, updated and modernized to make forecasts more accurate. •This will reduce the miseries suffered by the people from recurring floods.
  • 58. Destruction by Floods  Floods can cause major structural damage to buildings, kill plants and animals, destroys habitats, and removes soil.  Floods cause many deaths and drown many plants and crops, and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage.  Many nutrients in topsoil are brought downstream or deposited in the ocean.
  • 59. Control of floods (i) Various preventive measures are proper embankment of water bodies, building check dams on flood-prone streams, prohibiting cultivation in flood plain of rivers and growing forests and perennial trees, interlinking of river of t country and constructing houses on raised platforms and supported by reinforced stilts. (ii) Floods can be controlled by collecting data from meteorological departmen and alerting the people of affecting area. (iii) Educating the people about the steps to be taken in the event of disaster. (iv) Hill slopes and catchment areas of rivers must be afforested and reforested
  • 60. Drought  Lack of moisture for an extended period of time which in turn causes deficient moisture in the soil.  Degree of deficiency  Time period  Size of area affected.  Droughts unlike floods are not a distinct event  Drought has no well defined start or end  The effect of drought vary by affected sector or different groups.
  • 61. Types of drought  Metrological:  When an area received reduced precipitation (rain) duration or intensity
  • 62. Types of drought  Hydrological:  Deficiencies in the surface and subsurface water supplies  It is measures as lack in the reservoir and lake levels
  • 63. Types of drought  Agricultural  When there is inadequate soil moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop  Results in Low plant development. Low yield,
  • 64. Types of drought  Socioeconomic:  When the physical water shortages start affecting the health, well being and quality of life of the people
  • 65. How is drought different?  It is a slow natural hazard, may linger on for years  Drought effects large geographic area  It is both natural (disruption of global circulation of atmosphere and social event
  • 66. What Causes Droughts?  Droughts are caused by a lack of precipitation in an area resulting from weak or less frequent storms and other weather systems  Most major droughts last for months or years.
  • 68. Destruction by Droughts.  Droughts cause major damage to crops and animals, especially if they occur during the region’s growing season.  During a drought not enough water is provided to support living things. Crops can decrease 10%- 20% during a drought.  Droughts affect reservoirs, water supplies, water tables, and topsoil. Water levels drop, and topsoil becomes dry and less favorable to plants.  Areas that are in a drought are more likely to have wildfires than other regions.
  • 69. How Often Do They Occur?  Droughts can occur anytime of the year.  Near the equator, regions may experience 2 or more droughts per year.
  • 70. Weather That Causes Droughts.  Droughts occur when weak or less frequent rainfall occurs than normal.  During a drought not only is there little rainfall, but the moisture from the soil also leaves into the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration.
  • 71. Control of Drought Control Measures (i) Rain water harvesting and canal irrigation. (ii) Improvement of agricultural practices like dry land forming to conserve water in drought prone areas. (iii) Stopping paddy cultivation in areas of water scarcity and growing drought resistant variety of crops. (iv) Promoting social forestry and wasteland reclamation, growing species according to the ecological requirements of the area. (v) Supplying food, fodder and water to drought-hit people and their rehabilitation with all essential requirements of life.
  • 72. Dams  A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water. 72
  • 73. Positive impact of Dams  The dams have tremendous potential for economic upliftment and growth.  They can help in checking floods and famines, generate electricity and reduce water and power shortage.  Provide irrigation water to lower areas  Provide drinking water in remote areas and promote navigation, fishery etc. 73
  • 74. Hydroelectric power Advantages of hydroelectric power Disadvantages of hydroelectric power (i) It is a pollution free and renewable source of energy. (ii) Its operational cost is low. (iii) It helps in checking floods and the stored water can be used for irrigation, fisheries, drinking water and for recreational (eg, boating, water sports) purposes. (i) There is problem of planning and construction of dams at suitable sites. (ii) Construction of dams may change the topography of an area and may harm local flora and fauna. (iii) Dams can block routes of fish migration required for their survival and reproduction. (iv) There is problem of silting of water reservoirs of dams due to soil erosion of catchment areas, particularly, by their deforestation. 74
  • 75. Negative impacts of dams  The most significant environment effect of dams results from the displacement of human populations.  Dams and reservoirs change sediment deposit in rivers.  They can be habitat loss, erosion and declining water quality.  Loss of forests, flora and fauna  Changes in fisheries and the spawning grounds  Siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs  Stagnation and water logging near reservoir 75
  • 76. Effects Of Dams On Forests And Tribal People  Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) causing earthquakes  Growth of aquatic weeds.  Reduced water flow and slit deposition in river  Flash floods  Salt water intrusion at river mouth  Loss of land fertility along the river since the sediments carrying nutrients get deposited in the reservoir 76
  • 77. Negative impact of Dams But the negative socio-economic impacts of dams  Endangered livelihoods :The disruption of natural ecosystems, particularly of floodplains, threatens the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend on fisheries, wetlands, and regular deposits of sediment for agriculture.  Displacement of people: An estimated 40 to 80 million people have been displaced by dams worldwide. Big river valley projects like Hirakund dam (Orissa) Bhakra Nngal dam (Punjab), Tehri dam (Uttaranchal), Sardar Sarovar Project (Gujarat) and Damodar Valley project (West Bengal) etc., have caused large scale displacement of local people. In the last 50 years more than 20 million people have been displaced by dams. 77
  • 78. Effect of Dams  Health: Improved access to clean water is a major benefit of dams. But the habitat they create is perfect for disease-carrying mosquitoes and snails, which bring illnesses such as malaria and schistosomiasis. 78
  • 79. Effect of Dams  Damage to cultural heritage sites: In many places, large dams have impacted cultural heritage by the submergence and destruction of cultural resources such as shrines, buildings, artifacts, burial sites, and sacred landscapes. 79
  • 80. CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF WATER Conservation of water resources. For conservation and management of fresh water, following methods can be employed 1. Reducing agricultural water wastage by increasing efficiency of irrigation system. 2. Afforestation and protection of watersheds to improve economy. 3. Formation of artificial clouds, so that a change can be brought in the atmosphere. 4. Changes in the vegetation of a particular area, so that even in the dry season maximum amount of water can be stored. In addition to this, dams should be constructed to stop the drainage of rain water. 80
  • 81. CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF WATER 5. Control the distribution of water by constructing big dams. 6. Desalinization of sea water and saline ground water. 7. Proper utilization of underground water. 8. Melt the glaciers and snow for using as a fresh water resource. 9. Regular de siltation of water bodies 81

Editor's Notes

  1. Gift: What are the five biggest oceans in the world? Explain more about Point 3: some are only 6g/liter and some are 40g/liter.
  2. Tectonic lake: Lake Victoria Volcanic lake: Crater Lake (Oregon) Glacial lake: The Great Lake Groundwater lake: Union City Lake
  3. http://www.worldlakes.org/lakeprofiles.asp?anchor=volume
  4. Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake. It’s saltier only one the Iranian side; however, salinity is only 1/3 of ocean’s.
  5. http://commerce.wi.gov/ie/IE-MexicoWaterReport-2011-Winter-Article-AgricultureWater.html http://www.chinawaternexus.com/?p=207 http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/cambodia/index.stm
  6. Pic link: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-x/2008001/charts/5008076-eng.htm