This document discusses various aspects of water resources and water management. It begins by defining water and providing general facts about the global water supply, including that only 3% is freshwater. It then discusses different sources of fresh water such as surface water, groundwater, frozen water, and desalination. It also covers water management, the need for water resource management, water efficiency strategies like reducing leaks and consumption, and water conservation methods for households, commercial, and agricultural use like low-flow fixtures and drip irrigation. The overall document provides a broad overview of water resources, sources, uses, and strategies for effective management and conservation of this vital resource.

2.  CONTENTS
Water resources
Water resources management
Water Efficiency
Water Conservation
Catchment systems
Retention ponds
Live Examples

3. 1.What is Water?
• Water is a transparent and nearly
colorless chemical substance.
• Water is the main constituent of
Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans.
• Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning
that its molecule contains one oxygen
and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent bond.
(source Wikipedia)

4. 1.1General Facts about Water
• World oceans cover about three fourth of earth’s surface. According to the
UN estimates, the total amount of water on earth is about 1400 million cubic
kilometre which is enough to cover the earth with a layer of 3000 metres
depth.
• Only 2.7 per cent of the total water available on the earth is fresh water of
which about 75.2 per cent lies frozen in polar regions and another 22.6 per
cent is present as ground water.
• The rest is available in lakes, rivers, atmosphere, moisture, soil and
vegetation.
• The crisis about water resources development and management thus arises
because most of the water is not available for use.
• Water on the earth is in motion through the hydrological cycle.
• The utilization of water for most of the users i.e. human, animal or plant
involve movement of water.

5.  Only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water.
 Most of it is in icecaps and glaciers (69%) and groundwater (30%)
 while all lakes, rivers and swamps combined only account for a small
fraction (0.3%) of the Earth's total freshwater reserves.

7. Sources of fresh water
2.Source OF Fresh Water
Surface Water
Under River
flow
Ground
Water
Frozen
Water
Desalination

8. Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for
supporting life.
With the increasing population of India as well as its all-round development,
the utilization of water is also increasing at a fast pace.
On an average, India receives annual precipitation (including snowfall) of
about 4000 km3.
It is estimated that out of the 4000 km3 water, 1869 km3 is Average annual
potential flow in rivers available as water resource.
Out of this total available water resource, only 1123 km3 is utilizable (690
km3 from surface water resources and 433 km3 from ground water
resources).
The water demand in the year 2000 was 634 km3 and it is likely to be 1093
km3 by the year 2025. (source india WRIS)
Availability of water in India

9. 2.1 Surface water
 Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland.
 Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost
through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and groundwater recharge.
 Although the only natural input to any surface water system is
precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that
system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors.
 These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and
artificial reservoirs, the runoff characteristics of the land in the
watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation
rates.
 All of these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.

10. Sources of Surface Water
RIVERS LAKES
DAMS PONDS

13. 2.2 Under river flow
 Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported
downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow
together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and
sediments that underlie the river and its called the hyporheic zone.
 For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly
exceed the visible flow.
 The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface
water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers
and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted.
 This is especially significant
in karst areas where pot-holes and
underground rivers are common.

14. 2.3 Ground Water
 Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil
and rocks.
 It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table.
 Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is
closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer
 The natural input to groundwater is seepage from surface water. The natural
outputs from groundwater are springs and seepage to the oceans.
Well Bore-wells

16. 2.4 Frozen water
 Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source.
 however to date this has only been done for research purposes. Glacier runoff is
considered to be surface water.
 The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the
most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of
glaciers.
 Ten of Asia’s largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion people’s
livelihoods depend on them.
 whereas globally, the Earth has warmed
approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over
the last hundred years.

17. Cholamu Lake, SikkimGurudongmar Lake, Sikkim
Tsomoriri Lake, Ladakh Roopkund Lake, Uttarakhand

18. 2.5 Desalination
Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water)
is converted to fresh water.
The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.
Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of
water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by
desalination.
It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and
industrial uses) in arid areas.

19. 2.6 Surface Groundwater Recharge Methods
• A variety of methods have been developed and applied to artificially recharge
groundwater reservoirs in various parts of the india. Generally these methods
are classified as surface and subsurface groundwater recharge.
• Direct Surface Groundwater Recharge
• Recharge Pits and Shafts

21. 3 Water management
Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and
optimum use of water resources under defined water polices and regulations.
It includes:
management of water treatment of drinking water,
industrial water,
sewage or wastewater
management of water resources

22. 3.1 Need for Water Resource Management.-
 Water is a limited resource. The amount of freshwater available to mankind and
nature is limited.
 Only saltwater resources are abundantly available, but even the quality of these
resources is under stress as well.
 Agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of freshwater consumption.
 Only 12% of freshwater is used to provide drinking water.
 Less than 50% of the world population has access to potable water from safe
sources.
 More than 50% of all piped water is wasted as a result of leaking pipes.
 The provision of high quality drinking water requires treatment depending on the
source as well as effective demand of the end-users.
 Only 20% of the potable water used in industrialized countries is required for
drinking, food preparation and hygienic purposes.
 The reduction of water wastage could greatly enhance accessibility of freshwater..

24. 4. Water Efficiency
• Reducing water wastage by measuring the amount of water required for a
particular purpose and the amount of water used or delivered.
• Differs from water conservation.
• It focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use.
• Solutions for water efficiency focus not only on reducing the amount
of potable water used, but also on reducing the use of non-potable water where
appropriate (i.e. flushing toilet, watering landscape, etc.)

25. 4.1 Water Efficiency Measures
Reduction in losses
•Checking Leakages
•Water metering
Reduction in consumption
•Using water efficient domestic appliances
•Using Leakage in supply lines
Water conservation in landscape
•Native plant species
•Efficient irrigation systems
•Schedule for watering
Water reuse and conservation
•Reduce use of portable water for non portable applications
•Install duel plumbing line for fresh and treated water
•Harvest rain water
Leakage in supply lines
Drip irrigation
Rain water harvesting

26. Water Efficiency Measures
LPCD-Liters per capita per day

27. 4.Water efficiency
conservation
 water catchment systems
Retention ponds

28. 5. Water Conservation
 Includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage fresh
water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water environment, and to
meet current and future human demand.
 Population, household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much
water is used.
 Factors such as climate change have increased pressures on natural water
resources.
GOAL :
1. Ensuring availability of water for future generations where the withdrawal of fresh
water from an ecosystem does not exceed its natural replacement rate.
2. Energy conservation as water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment
facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world
over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.
3. Habitat conservation where minimizing human water use helps to preserve
freshwater habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl.

29. 5. Water Conservation
STRATEGIES
1. Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use and waste of resources.
2. Avoiding any damage to water quality.
3. Improving water management practices that reduce the use or
enhance the beneficial use of water.
There are 3 ways that we can conserve water:
1. Household
2. Commercial
3. Agricultural

30. 5. Water Conservation
Household
Water-saving technology for the home includes:
• Low-flow shower heads sometimes called energy-efficient shower heads
as they also use less energy.
• Low-flush toilets and composting toilets. These have a dramatic impact in
the developed world, as conventional Western toilets use large volumes of
water
• Dual flush toilets includes two buttons or handles to flush different levels
of water. Dual flush toilets use up to 67% less water than conventional
toilets.

31. 5. Water Conservation
Commercial
 Many water-saving devices (such as low-flush toilets) that are useful in
 homes can also be useful for business water saving. Other water-saving
 technology for businesses includes:
 Waterless urinals
 Waterless car washes
 Infrared or foot-operated taps, which can save water by using short bursts of
water for rinsing in a kitchen or bathroom
 Cooling tower conductivity controllers
 Water-saving steam sterilizers, for use in hospitals and health care facilities
 Rain water harvesting
 Water to Water heat exchangers.

32. 6.Catchment Systems

33. 6.1 Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a technique of collection and storage
of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of
surface waterinto subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff).

34. Why harvest rainwater ?
There are many reasons but following are some of the important ones.
 To arrest ground water decline and augment ground water table
 To beneficiate water quality in aquifers
 To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon
 To reduce soil erosion
 To inculcate a culture of water conservation

•

35. •
How to harvest rainwater:
Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:
(i) Surface runoff harvesting
(ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting
Surface runoff harvesting:
In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.
Roof top rainwater harvesting (RTRWH):
It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the
roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of
the house/building.
It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This
method is less expensive and very effective.

36. Components of Harvesting System
Catchment Area
• Rooftop
• Land surface
Collection Device
• Storage tanks
• Rain barrel
• Water cistern
Conveyance System
• Gutters
• Down-pipes
• Pumps

38. Conveyance System
Rain Gutters
- collect water
from
catchment area
Down-pipes
- transport
water from
catchment area
to collection
devises
Down-pipe
flap
- help to
prevent debris
from entering
collection
devises
Submersible
pump
- pump water
from storage
tank to storage
barrels

39. Retention ponds

40.  A retention basin is used to manage
stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and
downstream erosion, and improve water
quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay.
 Sometimes called a wet pond or wet retention
basin or stormwater management pond, it is an
artificial lake with vegetation around the
perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of
water in its design.
 It is different from a detention basin, sometimes
called a "dry pond," which temporarily stores
water after a storm, but eventually empties out
at a controlled rate to a downstream water
body.
Retention ponds maintain a pool of water
throughout the year and hold storm water runoff
following storms.
Detention ponds hold water for a short period
of time; this pond temporarily holds water
before it enters the stream.

41.  Wet ponds are frequently used for water quality improvement, groundwater
recharge, flood protection, aesthetic improvement or any combination of these.
 In urban areas, impervious surfaces (roofs, roads) reduce the time spent by rainfall
before entering into the storm water drainage system.
 If left unchecked, this will cause widespread flooding downstream. The function of a
storm water pond is to contain this surge and release it slowly.
 Storm water ponds also collect suspended sediments, which are often found in high
concentrations in storm water due to upstream construction and sand applications to
roadways.

42. LIVE EXAMPLES

43. Green Building - Case Studies

44. CII SOHRABJI GREEN BUSINESS
CENTRE,HYDRABAD
• 1) Root Zone Treatment Of Waste Water
• 2) Rain water harvesting
• 3) Water‐less urinals in men’s restroom
• 4) Water‐efficient fixtures: ultra low and low‐flow flush fixtures
• 5) Water‐cooled scroll chiller
• 6) storm water collection
• WATER EFFICIENCY FEATURES
• 1) Zero Discharge Building
• 2) 35% reduction in potable water consumption

45. Green Building -Case Studies

46. IIT KANPUR
WATER EFFICIENCY MEASURES
1) Reduced landscape water requirement
2) Reduced building water use
3) Efficient water use during construction
4) Waste water treatment
5) Water recycle and reuse
WATER EFFICIENCY FEATURES
1) Effective use of existing water body by North‐South Building orientation.
2) 30% reduction in potable water consumption.

47. References
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105110/pdf/m1l01.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
https://courses.blue-planet-
life.org/wss2.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIppzG5_a61gIV0oZoCh01CA9TE
AAYASAAEgKv2_D_BwE
http://www.wrmin.nic.in/forms/List.aspx?lid=1261&Id=4
http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/water%20management.pdf
http://www.mppcb.nic.in/rwh.htm
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/Glassessmen
t1.pdf
http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Library/Publications
_and_reports/Climate_Change/PersPap_15._Water_Resources_and_Se
rvices.pdf

48. THANK YOU