Forest Resources
Importance of Forest Resources
Associated Problems of Forests
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Effects of Deforestation
Timber Extraction
Effects of Timber Extraction
Mining
Effects of Mining
References
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
Natural Resources
Renewable Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Difference between Renewable & Non-renewable Resources
Natural Resources & associated problems
Role of individual in conservation of natural resource
Resources and its classification, Natural Resources and associated problems, forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, soil resources, ecosystem.
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
Natural Resources
Renewable Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Difference between Renewable & Non-renewable Resources
Natural Resources & associated problems
Role of individual in conservation of natural resource
Resources and its classification, Natural Resources and associated problems, forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, soil resources, ecosystem.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
a descriptive ppt on deforestation,link gives solution on deforestation:- http://youtu.be/7MJZmzOh4Po deforestaion affects,deforestation causes, deforestation solution,factors causing deforestation ,Indian statistics on deforestation ,global affect of deforestation,informative ppt on deforestation,overall deforestation,ppt on deforestation by mandar gadkari
Forest Resources. B. Pharm , Sem-II, Environmental SciencesShubhangi Sonawane
In the course of environmental sciences topic like natural resources contain sub point as Forest Resources. It is useful for all degree courses having subject like environmental sciences of environmental studies.
B. Pharmacy Course having subject Environmental Sciences in 1st Year, Sem-II, Having 1st unit in that sub point is Natural Resources in that Forest Resources.
Forest Resources. B. Pharm , Sem-II, Environmental SciencesShubhangi Sonawane
In the course of environmental sciences topic like natural resources contain sub point as Forest Resources. It is useful for all degree courses having subject like environmental sciences of environmental studies.
B. Pharmacy Course having subject Environmental Sciences in 1st Year, Sem-II, Having 1st unit in that sub point is Natural Resources in that Forest Resources.
Introduction
Automation in pharmaceutical industry
Classification of industrial & laboratory automation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Process automation in tablet production
Example of material handling improvement
Processing step elimination or combination
Rotary tablet press
Tableting improvements
Questions
References
What is IPQC & IPQC Test
Appearance
Drug content determination
pH
Sensitivity test
Spreadability
Rate of absorption
Extrudability
Consistency Test
Rheology & Viscosity
Autoclave
Principle of Autoclave
Construction of Autoclave
Working of Autoclave
Qualification of Autoclave
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine.pptxDhruvi50
Tablet Compression Machine
Principle of Tablet Compression Machine
Construction of Tablet Compression Machine
Working of Tablet Compression Machine
Qualification of Tablet Compression Machine
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Tray Dryer
Principle of Tray Dryer
Construction of Tray Dryer
Working of Tray Dryer
Qualification of Tray Dryer
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Fluidized Bed Dryer
Principle of FBD
Construction of FBD
Working of FBD
Steps of Fluidization
Qualification of FBD
Design Qualification
Installation Qualification
Operational Qualification
Performance Qualification
References
Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Nuclear energy
Hydroelectric energy
Non-conventional Energy Resources
Wind energy
Bio-fuel
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Nuclear energy
Hydroelectric energy
Non-conventional Energy Resources
Wind energy
Bio-fuel
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Nuclear energy
Hydroelectric energy
Non-conventional Energy Resources
Wind energy
Bio-fuel
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Nuclear energy
Hydroelectric energy
Non-conventional Energy Resources
Wind energy
Bio-fuel
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Hydrogen fuel energy
Geothermal energy
References
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Water Resources
Use of Water Resources
Over-utilization of surface & ground water
Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
1. Topic:- Forest Resources
Subject Name :- Hazards & Safety Management
Subject Code:- MQA201T
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Smt. B. N. B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav–vapi
Presented by:-
Machhi Dhruvi A.
2nd sem M.Pharm.
2. CONTENTS
Forest Resources
Importance of Forest Resources
Associated Problems of Forests
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Effects of Deforestation
Timber Extraction
Effects of Timber Extraction
Mining
Effects of Mining
References
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4. Forest Resources
A region having high concentration of trees is called as forest.
A varied range of resources are provided by forests to the mankind & therefore, it
holds a predominant position in their lives.
Forests help in controlling climatic conditions, aid in storing carbon dioxide, lessen
the chances of natural calamities like floods.
Approximately 90% of the world biodiversity is due to forests.
A forest can also be termed as a biotic community mostly comprising of trees, woody
vegetation, shrubs, & generally with a closed canopy i.e. over-hanging covering.
Forests cover around one third of the earth's total land area.
They offer vital environmental services to human beings & indeed an abundant
source of biodiversity. Hence, it can be concluded that forests are certainly the most
precious wealth of incalculable worth of any nation. 5/21/2022
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5. Importance of Forest Resources
The importance of forest resources can be explained as under:
1. Ecological Balance:
Forests & wildlife are essential to maintain ecological balance of
an area.
2. Renewable Natural Resources:
Forests are an important renewable natural resources.
3. Eco-system:
Trees dominate forest ecosystem; their species content varieties in
different parts of the world.
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6. 4. Economic Development:
Forest contributes to the economic development of the country
because they provide goods & services to the people & industry.
5. Safeguard against Pollution:
Forest check air pollution and soil erosion. Thus, they exercise
safety and against pollution.
6. Soil Conservation:
Forest save the hill-slopes from landslides.
7. Wind Erosion:
In deserts, trees reduce wind erosion by checking wind velocity.
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7. 8. Attract Rainfall:
By causing condensation of water vapor in clouds, forests attract
rains.
9. Minor forest products:
Some examples of minor forest products are canes, gums,
resins, dyes, flocks, medicines, tannins, lac, fibres, katha etc.
For tribal people it provide food like tuber, roots, leaves, fruits,
meat from birds & other animals etc.
10. Fodder for Cattle:
Forest provide fodder to cattle.
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8. Associated Problems of Forests
The main problems associated with forests resources are:
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Deforestation
Timber extraction
Mining
10. Deforestation
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• Deforestation is the removal of the forest area or trees so that the resultant
land can be put to commercial use.
• For ex.
forest land is converted to farms.
factories are constructed for urban purposes.
• Deforestation means to cut trees or clear forests regions on a large scale
which often degrades the land quality.
• The global coverage of forests is however 30% but many forest areas are
still converted into barren lands by cutting vast forests.
• If the current rate of deforestation is continued, then rainforests will
completely obliterate.
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• A variety of reasons exist for deforestation, but the most basic one is to
provide families with resources for daily use.
• For ex. In many parts of the world, wood is still used for energy purpose.
• Another major cause of Deforestation is agriculture. Forests are cleared by
the farmers so as to gain more land for planting crops, vegetation & for
grazing their cattle & other livestock.
• Farmers also resort to the practice of “slash & burn” agriculture in which
they burn down a part of the forest & use the land for growing crops &
other purposes.
12. Causes of Deforestation
Main causes responsible for deforestation are as under:
1. Felling of trees:
Trees are felling down to meet the ever increasing demand of the cities.
2. Grazing by the local cattle, goats, sheep etc.
They not only destroy the vegetation but also pull out the roots of plants.
After denudation of our Himalayas, the process of deforestation started in the
Shivalik region. Shivalik sal forests were over-exploited for industry use, i.e.
railway sleepers etc. Consequently, the foothills of the Shivaliks are in semi
desert conditions.
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13. 3. Meeting out the growing hunger for land:
It has hit the ecology of the country badly very, soon India is likely to have
more of wasteland than productive land.
Large scale deforestation has badly affected the weather facing almost each
year more of bleak than the normal weather.
4. The increase in jhum cultivation:
Also called as Slash & Burn Cultivation.
Jhum Cultivation in North east & Orissa has also laid large in forest tracts
bare.
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14. As the jhum cycle is shortened to six years only (in some districts, even 2-3
years only), too short period does not provide enough time for natural repair
of damaged ecosystem.
5. Construction of hill roads:
A major cause of deforestation has been the construction of hill roads.
About a decade back, they were about 30,000 km long. Most of these roads
are in state & most fragile belt of Himalayas.
Road construction damaged the protective vegetation cover, both above &
below roads.
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15. Effects of Deforestation
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Deforestation can cause for following:
1. Loss of Species:
• The forests of the world are home to 70% of the species. Due to
deforestation, many species are losing their habitat. The loss of the natural
surroundings of the species leads to their gradual extinction from the Earth.
• This also has majorly influenced the field of medical research & also the
livelihood of the local population which have a high dependence on plants
& animals for medicines & hunting.
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2. Increase in Carbon Emission:
• The forests are the major source of absorbing harmful greenhouse
emissions.
• These greenhouse gases have a huge role in depleting the ozone layer of
the earth.
• In the absence of the forests, there will be increase in carbon emissions &
greenhouse gases.
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3. Water Cycle:
• The forests are also helpful in maintaining the ground water supply by
grounding rainwater in their roots & discharging it into environment.
• For ex. the Amazon forests hold more than half of the water in their roots.
This helps in maintaining water cycle. In the absence of forests, the Earth’s
climate will become dryer.
4. Soil erosion :
• Through their roots, trees firmly hold their soil & prevent soil erosion.
• In the absence of forest, soil will receive increase exposure of heat & will
eventually dry out.
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5. Life Quality:
• The loss of soil due to deforestation also leads to seeping of soil into other
life forms like lakes, rivers, stream etc.
• This reduces the quality of the water in these sources & impacts their
usefulness to the human populations.
6. Disrupted Livelihoods:
• The forests are a major source of livelihood for many local population who
are engaged in activities like hunting, honey gathering, medicine, rubber
collecting, etc. from these forests.
• Deforestation has the impact of derailing the livelihood of such people &
their way of life.
20. Timber Extraction
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• It is the business of felling, trimming & transporting timber.
• The mining for timber causes extensive deforestation and also the
destruction of the forests.
• It causes immense damage to the biodiversity & many indigenous species
are at risk of becoming extinct.
• However the growing needs or developing economies makes it necessary at
times to cut trees.
• This cutting of trees is done in a systematic & planned manner so that the
bulk of the forests are not impacted.
21. Effects Of Timber Extraction
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Timber extraction has the following effects:
1. Loss of Cultural Diversity:
• Forests are home for most indigenous of tribes of the world estimated to be
close to 10 million.
• These people have lived in the forests for an eternity & now their entire
world is at the risk of being taken by Governments & business for obtaining
the natural resources that the forests have.
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2. Loss of Biodiversity:
• Biodiversity refers to the range & variability seen in the living species. This
biodiversity is necessary for the survival of the Earth.
• Most ecosystems tend to exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium. It is
unwise to assume that the human race is independent of this diversity & the
fate of our human existence is not impacted by events which impact
biodiversity.
• Deforestation & timber extraction results in loss of biodiversity which
directly & indirectly risk lives of every living organism.
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3. Loss of Carbon Storage Capacity:
• Gases like Carbon dioxide are present in the atmosphere & are deeply
associated with the various biological process occurring on earth.
• Forests maintain an ecological balance of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the
environment as they have the capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. In the
absence of forests, there will be an increase in the amount of carbon
dioxide.
• The present world is witnessing large increase in carbon dioxide because of
the rapid increase in consumption of fossil fuels. As a result, there is now a
great increase in carbon content on earth which is leading to global
warming.
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4. Effect on Tribal People:
• The food resources of forests often considered as a buffer because they help
the communities to get over period of scarcity during scarcities.
• The forests are also the source of medicinal resources. There are thousands
of plants which are now part of our medical literature & act as major source
of medicines to fight deadly diseases.
• Even when the forests are replaced by large plantations, there is a certain
loss of well-being for the people. This is because the people have to
relocate themselves to new locations due to which they suffer from scarcity
of food, water, fuel, fodder. etc,
• The large-scale deforestation of forests thus has a severe impact on the
tribal cultures & people.
26. Mining
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• Mining is the process of excavating the Earth's crust in search of valuable
minerals & materials.
• It also encompasses removal of soil.
• Any object or material that cannot grown through agriculture or created in
artificial conditions in a laboratory is mined.
• It generally refers to extensive extraction of any non-renewable resource
like coal petroleum & even mineral water.
• Also, various materials like metals, rock-salt, potash, diamond, limestone,
uranium, iron, etc. are also extracted.
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The effects of mining on forest resources are as follows:
1. Effect on Land:
• This has the following implications:
i. Deforestation:
• Mining requires large areas of forest to be cleared so that the land can
mined. This deforestation has far reaching effects on communities and the
environment.
Effects Of Mining
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ii. Loss of Biodiversity:
• Clearing of the forests also endangers the existence of many species of
plants and animals. This severely impacts biodiversity.
iii. Pollution:
• Even though attempts are made to release chemicals & toxins into rivers, a
large portion still seeps into the land. This pollutes the land & changes its
chemical properties. The chemical content makes the soil poisonous & all
produce grown on such land can have damaging impact on human life.
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2. Effect on Water:
• Mining has the following impact on the water:
i. Pollution:
• The harmful chemical waste from mining like mercury, arsenic, sulphuric
acid, etc. are mostly disposed in the water like rivers & streams.
• The disposing of chemicals act as a major source of water pollution.
ii. Loss of Aquatic Life:
• The toxic chemicals that are released in the water damage the aquatic life
of flora & fauna.
• The excessive level of water also impacts the dissolved oxygen levels in
water due to which the existence of aquatic life is at risk.
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iii. Spread of diseases:
• When water gets polluted from chemicals disposed from mining process, it
also impacts the lives of the communities who use water for their day-to-
day purposes.
• This exposes them to various diseases.
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3. Effects on Tribal people:
• Large-scale mining also impacts the livelihoods of local communities.
• There is large-scale displacement of established communities as the forest
land is reclaimed for mining or other developmental work.
• Entire communities may have to give up traditions & forced to start
livelihood in alien surroundings. The communities end-up losing their lands
also the source of their livelihoods.
32. REFERENCES
1. Dr. Y. K. Singh, in "Environmental Science" ; New age international
publishers, New Delhi, 2006, pp: 10-
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