This document summarizes key information about water resources. It discusses various sources of water including surface water sources like ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and rainwater as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It also outlines major uses of water for consumptive purposes like irrigation, and non-consumptive purposes like hydroelectric power. Overuse of water resources is mentioned as a threat, with agriculture being the largest consumer and issues arising from overdrawing surface and groundwater supplies.

1. PREPARED BY:-
Khushbu k. shah
ASST. Prof.
S.S.A.S.I.T.
S.S.A.S.I.T G.T.U
SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
WATER RESOURCES
Environmental studies
(2110007)

2. Water Resources

3. Introduction
Sources of water that are useful to
humans.
Uses of water include agricultural,
industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities.
Virtually all of these human uses require
fresh water.

4. Fresh water is renewable
resources like soil and air.
The worlds is supplied by
clean and fresh water and it is
decreasing. Water is one of our
most critical resources, but
around the world it is under
threat.
Water demand already
exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as
the world population
continues to rise

5. The world’s water resources
Glaciers,
Snow
2%
Ground
water
0.75%
Lakes &
rivers
0.25%
Oceans
97%

6. SOURCE OF WATER
Source of water
SURFACE WATER
-Ponds
-Lakes
-Streams
-Rivers
-Storage reservoir
-Stored rain water
GROUND WATER
-Wells : -Open/Dug well
-Tube well
-Artesian well
-French well
-Springs
-Infiltration galleries

7.  Ponds :
“Natural small sized depression formed within
the surface of the earth, when gets filled up with
water, is known as pond.”

8.  Lakes :
“Natural large sized depression formed within
the surface of the earth, when gets filled up with
water, is known as pond.”

9.  Streams :
“In hilly regions, generally small amount of water
runs off towards the earth. This small run-offs are
known as streams. These streams feed their waters to
lakes, rivers. Quantity of water available in them is
very small and sometimes they may even sometimes go
dry.”

10.  Rivers :
“when number of streams combine together, a
river is formed. Rivers are the most important sources of water
for public water supply schemes.”

11. Rivers:
‘Perennial and non-perennial’
Perennial Non-perennial
• water is available throughout the
year.
• water is not available at all time.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons
and by snow during summer seasons.
• Fed by rains during rainy seasons.
• It is a source of public supplies
directly.
• The construction of a dam is
generally adopted and water is used for
irrigation and hydropower etc.

12.  Storage reservoir:
“These are formed by constructing hydraulic
structures like dams across river. That stored water is
generally used for irrigation and hydropower.”

13.  Stored rain water:
“At some places, on
the terrace of the buildings
water is stored during rainy
season in a big tank &
thereafter whenever
requirement is there that
stored water is used.”

14.  Springs:
“The natural outflow of groundwater at the
earth’s surface is said to from a spring. A pervious layers
sandwiched between two impervious layers, give rise to
a natural spring. It supplies very small amount of water.”

15.  Infiltration galleries:
“ Infiltration galleries are horizontal or nearly
horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depth (3 to 5 m)
along the banks of the river through the water bearing strata.”
 These galleries are generally constructed of masonry walls
with roof slabs and derive their water from the aquifer by
various Porous drain pipes.
 These pipes are generally covered with gravel so as to present
the entry of the fine sand particles into the pipe. These tunnel
is taken to a sump well, from where it is pumped, treated and
distributed to the consumers.

17.  Wells:
“A water well is a hole usually vertical,
excavated in the earth for bringing grounding water to the
surface.”
1.Dug well or open well:-
• Open well having bigger diameters, and are suitable for low
discharge of lit/second.
• The diameter vary from 2 to 9 m.

18. Diameter-2-9 m
Thickness-0.5-0.75 m
Depth< 20 m

19. 2.Tube well:-
• It is bored or drilled deep into the ground,
intercepting one or more water bearing stratum.
• Larger discharge, higher velocity.

20. OPEN WELL
Dia. 2-9 m
Depth <20 m
Walls of well are made of
pervious/ impervious
materials like brick or stone
Discharge is less
C/S area of flow is large
TUBE WELL
Dia. 80-600 mm
Depth 20-600 m
Steel pipe with perforations
& strainer is used as tube
well
Discharge is more
C/S area of flow is less

21. 3.Artesian well:-
When a well is constructed in a pervious layer which is bound
between two impervious layer, the water comes on the
surface with some pressure at which it is stored in a layer.

22. 4.French well or Radial well:-
• It is a special type of well in which surface water is collected from
the river bed.
• A natural or radial perforated pipes are laid with slope towards the
center below the bed level of the river.
• A well will collect the water at the center and then it is pumped out
with the help of the pump.

23. What is rain water harvesting?
“It simply means catching and holding rain where
it falls and using it, You can stored it in tanks or you can
use it to recharge groundwater.”
 Ground water sources are increasingly getting depleted or
are getting polluted. Bore wells are either silting up, getting
short of water or are drawing polluted water.
 It encourages water conservation and self-dependence.
 It makes ecological and financial sense not to waste a pure
natural resource available in large quantity on one’s roof.

24. USES OF WATER
USES Consumptive use
Partial
consumptive use
Non consumptive
use

25. Consumptive use:
Irrigation
•The quantity of water utilized or consumed for
irrigation purpose
•Water is used for growth of crops
•Depend on type of crops

26. Partial Consumptive use:
1.Domestic use
2. Fire water need
3. Institutional water needs
4. Industrial water needs
5. Thermal and nuclear power generation water needs

27. Non-Consumptive use:
1.Hydro electric power production
2. In land navigation
3. Pollution control
4. Recreational life

28. • Agriculture causes the greatest threat to freshwater sources.
Increase in demand for food has led to the increase in demand in
water, especially surface water and groundwater .
• In turn, farmland is being abandoned because of drought. This is
due to both overuse and and irrigation in hot, dry places where
evaporation is too high, so irrigation becomes wasteful (Morison
et al. 2008).
OVERUSE OF WATER

29. • In some areas, farmers draw water from rivers and lakes for
irrigation, which results in wetlands drainage. This causes to wetland
ecosystems to deteriorate and farmers lose an important tool in
naturally filtering wastewater. Also, overdrawing from rivers in one
area often cause them to dry up in another, and they sometimes
cannot flow to the lake or ocean they are connected to, and cause
droughts in those areas (FAO).
• Water overuse leads to food insecurity. If water in a certain area
cannot be replenished, people cannot continue to grow crops there.
When water is overused, the land is also usually depleted, which can
change the climate in that area.

30. • Essentially, water overuse causes desertification, which is hard
to reverse, and so farmers constantly have to find new land to
raise crops.
• Food security cannot be established unless a permanent or
long-term strategy is set up to make sure the water used for
agriculture can be replaced. Otherwise, reliable sources of food
can never be established.

31. OVER-UTILIZATION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER
• The rapid increase in population and industrial growth led to
severe demand on water resources. After using all available surface
water resources to the maximum, human beings began using
groundwater to meet their needs.
• The increased extraction of groundwater far in excess of the
natural recharge led to decreased groundwater level. The erratic and
inadequate rainfall caused reduction in storage of water in
reservoirs. This also led to decrease of groundwater.

32. • Building construction activities seal permeable soil zone and
reduce the area for percolation of rainwater thereby increasing
surface runoff.
• If groundwater withdrawal rate is higher than recharge rate,
sediments in aquifers get compacted resulting in sinking of
overlaying land surface. This is called land subsidence which leads
to structural damage in buildings, fracture in pipes and reverses
the flow of canals leading to tidal flooding.

33. • Over-utilization of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions for
agriculture disturbs equilibrium of reservoir in the region causing
problems like lowering of water table and decreased pressure in
aquifers coupled with changes in speed and direction of water
flow.
• Over utilization of groundwater in coastal areas leads to rapid
intrusion of salt water from the sea thereby rendering it unusable
for drinking and agriculture.

34. • Over-utilization of groundwater lads to decrease in water level
thereby causing earthquake, landslides and famine.
• Over-utilization of groundwater leads to drying-up of dug wells as
well as bore wells.
• Due to excess use of groundwater near agricultural fields,
agricultural water that contains nitrogen as a fertilizer percolates
rapidly and pollutes the groundwater thereby rendering the water
unfit for potable use by infants. (Nitrate concentration exceeding 45
mg/L).

35. SAVE WATER
AND
SAVE NATION