This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
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Biogeochemical cycles
Water cycle
Why water is important?
Distribution of water on Earth
Steps of water cycle
Pollution- How effects on water cycle
Groundwater depletion
The rates of movement of water and the quantities involved the cyclic processes are the major aspects involved in the hydrological sciences. There is an endless circulation of water among all the spheres of the earth. It is popularly known as the hydrologic cycle. It is necessary to learn about the hydrologic cycle, when we intend analyse the water resources of the region and the world.
The students can learn about basics of image processing using matlab.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Hydrological Cycle and Water Budget
Dr. Mohsin Siddique
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil & Env. Engg
1
2. Outcome of Today’s Lesson
2
The following are the objectives of the lesson:
1)To know the principles behind the sources of water,
2)To study about hydrologic cycle in general aspect, and
3)To further understand the hydrological components like evaporation,
precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow.
4. Global Water Usage:
4
Types/Categories of water uses
Domestic water demand
Public water use
Commercial water use
Industrial water use
Irrigation water demand
Losses and wastes
9. Global Water Usage:
Water availability
9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
By the year 2025 nearly 2 billion people will live in regions or countries with
absolute water scarcity, even allowing for high levels of irrigation efficiency.
10. Hydrological cycle (Water cycle)
10
Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through
the atmosphere, ocean, and land.This process, known as the water
cycle, is driven by energy from the sun.
The hydrologic cycle has a profound effect upon climate prediction.
Water is vital so we must understand where to find water and how
hydrological-cycle supplies water through the Earth.
Branch of science to study of movements and characteristics of water
under of over surface or earth is called Hydrology.
13. Component of Hydrological Cycle
13
Evaporation: Heat from the sun starts the hydrologic cycle causing water
into water vapor that is held in the air of the atmosphere.
Transpiration occurs when plants take in water through the roots and
release it through the leaves, a process that can clean water by removing
contaminants and pollution.
Evapotranspiration is water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by
plants. Evapotranspiration is also the way water vapour re-enters the
atmosphere
About 90% of atmospheric water comes from evaporation, while the
remaining 10% is from transpiration
Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, oceans, and plants. In addition,
water is released by animals' breathing and perspiration.
14. Component of Hydrological Cycle
14
Evapotranspiration is water
evaporating from the ground and
transpiration by plants.
Evapotranspiration is also the
way water vapor re-enters the
atmosphere
15. Component of Hydrological Cycle
15
Condensation:
As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in
the atmosphere, it starts to cool and become
a liquid again. This process is called
condensation. When a large amount of
water vapor condenses, it results in the
formation of clouds.
16. Component of Hydrological Cycle
16
Condensation can form fog, dew, and clouds
Fog: Fog forms when air near the surface is cold and nearly saturated
with water. Now when water from the ground evaporates, it condenses
immediately forming tiny water droplets that create a low-lying cloud we
call fog.
Dew: Dew forms at night when air becomes saturated with water vapor.
When this saturated air comes in contact with plants or other objects it
condenses, leaving tiny water droplets behind on the object.
Clouds: When the air containing water vapor is heated by the sun, it
rises into the atmosphere by convection.The water vapor in the air is then
cooled by the colder air higher in the atmosphere causing the relative
humidity to increase. As the relative humidity increases, the air eventually
becomes saturated. The water vapor then condenses into tiny water
droplets around particles of dust or salt in the air. These tiny water
droplets make up clouds.
17. Precipitation
17
When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the
earth. This is called precipitation.
Types of Precipitation:
Drizzle
Rain
Freezing rain
Sleet
Snow
Hail
19. Component of Hydrological Cycle
19
Interception refers to precipitation that does
not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by
the leaves and branches of plants and the forest
floor.
Surface detention
Depression storage
20. Component of Hydrological Cycle
20
Infiltration: Some precipitation seeps into
the groundwater and is stored in layers of
rock below the surface of the Earth.
This water stays there for varying amounts
of time. Some water may evaporate into
the hydrologic cycle within days, while
other water will stay in the ground for
centuries or more.
This process of precipitation seeping into
the groundwater is called infiltration.
Groundwater percolation: It is a part of
infiltrated water that percolates into
deeper strata and become part of ground
water.
21. Component of Hydrological Cycle
21
If the terrain is sloping, infiltrated
water starts to flow under gravity.
This flow is termed as Subsurface
flow. It can be further categorized
into
Interflow: Shallow ground water
flow-joins stream within few days
of rain
Base-flow: Deeper ground water
flows-becomes part of ground
water
Subsurface flow incorporates movement of water within the earth,
either within the recharge zone or aquifers. After infiltrating,
subsurface water may return to the surface or eventually seep into
the ocean.
22. Component of Hydrological Cycle
22
On hard or frozen ground, most of the precipitation is unable to seep
below ground.This precipitation then flows down slopes and hills,
eventually stopping in rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans.
Some of this water will then evaporate and rejoin the hydrologic cycle,
while other water will remain in the body of water.
This process of water traveling over the ground and collecting in a body of
water is called surface runoff.
23. Component of Hydrological Cycle
23
Storage:
Natural lakes or man-made reservoirs or ground water
Lake Geneva or Lake Léman is a lake in Switzerland and France
25. Water Budget
25
Water balance equation in its most fundamental form is given by
Where, P=precipitation, E =evaporation, Q = runoff and ∆S =
change in storage
26. Example Long Term Water Balance
for Estimating Evapotranspiration
26
For the Embarras River at Camargo 1978 to 1998, precipitation (P) = 40
in/yr, average stream flow (Q) = 188 ft3/sec, and the watershed area = 186
mi2. Estimate the average annual evapotranspiration for this watershed and
this period, assuming net groundwater flows and changes in storage are
negligible, and the density of water is constant. Because water volume is
mass divided by density, if density is constant, a volume balance is
equivalent to a mass balance.
Solution: We can only add or subtract items of the same type, or items
with common units.The depth of annual precipitation input can be
converted to a volume by multiplying the depth by the watershed area.
27. Example Long Term Water Balance
for Estimating Evapotranspiration
27
28. Global Water Cycle
28 Oki, T. and Kanae, S. 2006. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science, 313, 1068-1072.
29. Typical Hydrological Cycle for UAE
29
100%
75%
15%
Infiltration/groun
dwater recharge
10%
Guess how much is average annual precipitation in UAE ??