Groundwater levels fluctuate due to various factors. Secular variations occur over years due to changes in storage and recharge/discharge amounts. Seasonal variations result from rainfall and irrigation on well-defined cycles. Diurnal variations happen within a day due to tidal effects. Other causes of groundwater level changes include stream flows, evaporation, transpiration, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, ocean tides, earth tides, external loads, earthquakes, urbanization, volcanic eruptions, roads, and continental drift.
Groundwater province is an area or region in which geology and climate combine to produce groundwater conditions consistent enough to permit useful generalisations.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Groundwater province is an area or region in which geology and climate combine to produce groundwater conditions consistent enough to permit useful generalisations.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
CLIMATE change affects the components of water cycle such as evaporation, precipitation and evapotranspiration and thus results in large-scale alteration in water present in glaciers, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The effects of cli-mate change on subsurface water relates to the changes in its recharge and discharge rates plus changes in quantity and quality of water in aquifers. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% of the longwave back radiations emitted from the surface, thus making the Earth warmer. Except CO2, the effects of other GHGs are minor because of their low concentration and also because of low residence times (e.g. water vapour and methane). The rise in CO2 level causing global warming was first proposed by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in 1896 and now it is a widely accepted fact that the concentration of CO2 is the primary regulator of temperature on the Earth and leads to global warming.
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature i.pdfaishwaryaenterprises2
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature illustrating how groundwater
pumping on drawdown of the water table both locally and at the valley scale may have led to an
alteration of downstream flows or to adverse effects on some other component of this system.
What properties of the aquifer/surface water system may have made this system more susceptible
to such change?
Solution
Let us understand first the concept of ground water pumping:The water that enters the earth
strata gets collected beneath earth to a level that level is called water table , It is measured is
metres.The water is infiltrated through the phreatic line.In todays world we are using
underground water in excess this has led to deepening of water table level.The aquifier is
affected by both locally as construction activities dont let water to infilitritate,
Loweing of water is a phenomena occured due to this adverse effect,
This also results in increase in TDS of water and also salt water comes to the surface .
The properties of aquifier / surface system that make this worse are :Surface water bodies
generally gain water and solutes from ground water this phenomena increase the impact of
lowering of water table.The excessive use of water in a state leads to water level lowering
A vertical section of flow field indicates how potential energy is distributed beneath the water
table inthe ground water and surface water.
The quantity of ground water discharge to surface water bodies can be determined for a known
cross section by multiplying the Hydraulic gradient.The soil properties alos make it more
susceptible to drawdown of water table.Perneability is measure of movement of water that also
makes a large impact on the drawdown as example sand is more permeable than clay because
pore space between sand grains are larger than particles of clay.
Transpiration by plants also affects the drawdown condition to increase.
Now the interaction between in three basic ways : stream gain water from stream (whic increases
drawdown)They both gain and lose but when drawdown is high it impacts the underground water
adversely..
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Any phenomenon, which
produces pressure
change within an aquifer,
results into the change of
ground water level.
These changes in ground
water level can be a result
of changes in storage,
amount of discharge and
recharge, variation of
stream stages and
evaporation
3. TIME VARIATION OF
GROUNDWATER LEVEL
Secular variation : These are variations in
ground water level extending over a period of
years.
Seasonal variation: These results from
influence such as recharge from rainfall and
irrigation and discharge by pumping which
follow well defined seasonal cycles
Diurnal variation : These variations are
within a day due to tidal effect
4. Due to stream flow: Where a stream
channel is in indirect contact with an
unconfined aquifer the stream may recharge
the ground water, or receive discharge from
the ground water (termed as influent
and effluent stream respectively)
5. Due to evaporation : In areas where the
ground water level is very near to the surface,
evaporation plays a dominant role in reducing
the ground water level. If ground water level is
in the range of one foot below the surface the
highest rate of evaporation occurs and the
ground water level reduces to 3 to 4 feet.
6. Due to transpiration : where the root
zones of plants are directly in contact with
saturated water zone. This also results in
reducing the ground water level.
7. Due to atmospheric pressure : A
change in atmospheric pressure is inversely
proportional to water table level in confined
aquifers.
Due to wind: Minor fluctuation of water
levels is caused by wind blowing over the top
of wells
Due to rainfall : Annual ground water
level fluctuation results from seasonal
variation of recharge from rainfall
8. Due to ocean tides : In coastal aquifers in
contact with the ocean fluctuation of ground
water level occurs in response to tides
Due to Earth tides: Regular semidiurnal
fluctuation occurring in small magnitude
located a great distance from oceans has been
attributed to earth tides
Due to external load : The elastic
properties of an aquifer (confined) result in
changes in hydrostatic pressure when changes
in loading occur.
9. Due to Earthquakes: Observations
reveals that earthquakes have a variety of
effects on ground water.
Other factors that are effecting the
groundwater level
Urbanization
Volcanic eruption
External roads
Land subsidence
Continental drift
Etc……………
