The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses to form clouds, and falls again as precipitation. Some precipitation runs off surfaces and becomes surface water in oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and groundwater; other precipitation is intercepted by trees and vegetation; and some infiltrates and recharges groundwater stores. Water is also transpired into the atmosphere from plants and other surfaces. The hydrologic cycle involves the balanced circulation of water in the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.
The document classifies the saturated zone into four categories: aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge. It defines an aquifer as a layer of porous rock or sediment that contains and transmits groundwater. Aquifers can be unconfined, with the water table as the upper boundary, or confined, bounded above and below by impermeable layers. The properties of aquifers include porosity, specific yield, specific retention, storage efficiency, and permeability.
This document discusses various concepts related to evaporation and evapotranspiration. It defines evaporation as the process where liquid changes to gas at the free surface below boiling point. Factors that influence the rate of evaporation include vapor pressure, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and water quality. Methods to measure evaporation from open water bodies include the US Class A pan and Colorado sunken pan. The document also defines transpiration, evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. It describes various methods to measure evapotranspiration including lysimeters and water balance approaches. Penman's equation and factors influencing reference evapotranspiration are also
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
Rivers are dynamic systems that continuously change their forms and patterns through processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as influenced by factors like water discharge, sediment discharge, and human interference. River morphology is the study of river forms, patterns, and the processes that develop them. Understanding river morphology and hydrometric measurements is important for designing hydraulic structures, assessing sedimentation and environmental impacts, and understanding sediment transport processes.
The document discusses engineering hydrology, which uses hydrologic principles to solve problems related to water resource management and development. It defines engineering hydrology as studying the hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. Engineering hydrologists work on projects for water control, utilization and management by estimating maximum floods, droughts, water supply and more using statistical and modeling techniques. The key aspects of hydrology discussed are data collection, analysis and prediction.
The document classifies the saturated zone into four categories: aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge. It defines an aquifer as a layer of porous rock or sediment that contains and transmits groundwater. Aquifers can be unconfined, with the water table as the upper boundary, or confined, bounded above and below by impermeable layers. The properties of aquifers include porosity, specific yield, specific retention, storage efficiency, and permeability.
This document discusses various concepts related to evaporation and evapotranspiration. It defines evaporation as the process where liquid changes to gas at the free surface below boiling point. Factors that influence the rate of evaporation include vapor pressure, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and water quality. Methods to measure evaporation from open water bodies include the US Class A pan and Colorado sunken pan. The document also defines transpiration, evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. It describes various methods to measure evapotranspiration including lysimeters and water balance approaches. Penman's equation and factors influencing reference evapotranspiration are also
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
Rivers are dynamic systems that continuously change their forms and patterns through processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as influenced by factors like water discharge, sediment discharge, and human interference. River morphology is the study of river forms, patterns, and the processes that develop them. Understanding river morphology and hydrometric measurements is important for designing hydraulic structures, assessing sedimentation and environmental impacts, and understanding sediment transport processes.
The document discusses engineering hydrology, which uses hydrologic principles to solve problems related to water resource management and development. It defines engineering hydrology as studying the hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. Engineering hydrologists work on projects for water control, utilization and management by estimating maximum floods, droughts, water supply and more using statistical and modeling techniques. The key aspects of hydrology discussed are data collection, analysis and prediction.
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
Introduction, hydrologic cycle, climate and water m1Bibhabasu Mohanty
Introduction, Hydrologic cycle, Climate and water availability, Water balances,
Precipitation: Forms, Classification, Variability, Measurement, Data analysis, Evaporation and its measurement, Evapotranspiration and its measurement, Penman Monteith method. Infiltration: Factors affection infiltration, Horton’s equation and Green Ampt method.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and provides information on factors that influence sedimentation rates. It describes the stages of sediment transport and deposition in reservoirs. Key points include:
1. Sedimentation is a difficult problem for dams as it reduces storage capacity over time. Dead storage is provided to accommodate deposits.
2. Factors like soil type, topography, vegetation cover and rainfall intensity affect the sediment load carried by rivers. Steeper slopes with less vegetation result in higher sediment loads.
3. Sediment consists of bed load and suspended load. Coarser particles settle near the reservoir inlet while finer particles settle farther upstream, near the dam.
4. Management options to reduce sedimentation include catch
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
Hydrology is the science of water on Earth. It studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, groundwater, runoff, and flooding. There are two main types - scientific hydrology which studies physical processes, and engineering hydrology which applies scientific principles to water resources. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including storage and transport through different physical states driven by energy from the sun.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also discusses different types of precipitation like rain, snow, drizzle and methods of precipitation classification. Measurement of rainfall using rain gauges and estimation of rainfall for areas between gauges using methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal maps are described. Optimum density of rain gauges for different terrains is also mentioned.
This document presents information about the hydrological cycle presented by Rahul Kumar Lilhare at the College of Agricultural Engineering in Jabalpur. It describes the major components and processes of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, runoff, and groundwater flow. It notes that the cycle involves the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The global cycle is divided into the atmospheric, surface, and subsurface water systems.
The "Drainage Pattern" slide focuses on understanding the concept of drainage patterns, exploring different types of drainage, and highlighting their significance in natural landscapes. The slide image features a diagram depicting various drainage patterns, showcasing the diverse ways in which water flows through a given area.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
The document discusses the water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. It begins by asking several questions about water on Earth. It then explains that the majority of Earth's water is contained in oceans as saltwater, while the majority of freshwater is stored as icebergs and glaciers. It provides an overview of the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, saturation, groundwater, and surface runoff. It concludes by discussing the residence time of water in different sources like the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, glaciers, and oceans.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance dathan cs
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the Advanced Hydrology course. The objective of Module 1 is to introduce the phenomena of weather, the hydrologic cycle, and hydrologic losses/measurements. The module will cover topics like weather, the different stages of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic losses, and analytical and empirical measurement methods. The first lecture will cover weather, the atmospheric layers, wind belts, cloud types, precipitation events, and factors affecting the Indian climate and its seasons.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It requires balancing supply and demand management options to identify least-cost solutions for meeting water needs.
Hydrology and water resources engineering.vivek gami
This document provides an overview of hydrology topics including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It defines these processes and lists key factors that influence each one. Evaporation is the process where water is converted to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration. Infiltration is the downward flow of water into soil from the land surface. The document discusses methods of measuring these hydrologic processes and factors like temperature, soil type, and rainfall intensity that impact infiltration rates.
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
Introduction, hydrologic cycle, climate and water m1Bibhabasu Mohanty
Introduction, Hydrologic cycle, Climate and water availability, Water balances,
Precipitation: Forms, Classification, Variability, Measurement, Data analysis, Evaporation and its measurement, Evapotranspiration and its measurement, Penman Monteith method. Infiltration: Factors affection infiltration, Horton’s equation and Green Ampt method.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and provides information on factors that influence sedimentation rates. It describes the stages of sediment transport and deposition in reservoirs. Key points include:
1. Sedimentation is a difficult problem for dams as it reduces storage capacity over time. Dead storage is provided to accommodate deposits.
2. Factors like soil type, topography, vegetation cover and rainfall intensity affect the sediment load carried by rivers. Steeper slopes with less vegetation result in higher sediment loads.
3. Sediment consists of bed load and suspended load. Coarser particles settle near the reservoir inlet while finer particles settle farther upstream, near the dam.
4. Management options to reduce sedimentation include catch
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
Hydrology is the science of water on Earth. It studies the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, groundwater, runoff, and flooding. There are two main types - scientific hydrology which studies physical processes, and engineering hydrology which applies scientific principles to water resources. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including storage and transport through different physical states driven by energy from the sun.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology. It discusses the hydrologic cycle and its components like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, etc. It also discusses different types of precipitation like rain, snow, drizzle and methods of precipitation classification. Measurement of rainfall using rain gauges and estimation of rainfall for areas between gauges using methods like arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon and isohyetal maps are described. Optimum density of rain gauges for different terrains is also mentioned.
This document presents information about the hydrological cycle presented by Rahul Kumar Lilhare at the College of Agricultural Engineering in Jabalpur. It describes the major components and processes of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, runoff, and groundwater flow. It notes that the cycle involves the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The global cycle is divided into the atmospheric, surface, and subsurface water systems.
The "Drainage Pattern" slide focuses on understanding the concept of drainage patterns, exploring different types of drainage, and highlighting their significance in natural landscapes. The slide image features a diagram depicting various drainage patterns, showcasing the diverse ways in which water flows through a given area.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
The document discusses the water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. It begins by asking several questions about water on Earth. It then explains that the majority of Earth's water is contained in oceans as saltwater, while the majority of freshwater is stored as icebergs and glaciers. It provides an overview of the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, saturation, groundwater, and surface runoff. It concludes by discussing the residence time of water in different sources like the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, glaciers, and oceans.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance dathan cs
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the Advanced Hydrology course. The objective of Module 1 is to introduce the phenomena of weather, the hydrologic cycle, and hydrologic losses/measurements. The module will cover topics like weather, the different stages of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic losses, and analytical and empirical measurement methods. The first lecture will cover weather, the atmospheric layers, wind belts, cloud types, precipitation events, and factors affecting the Indian climate and its seasons.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It requires balancing supply and demand management options to identify least-cost solutions for meeting water needs.
Hydrology and water resources engineering.vivek gami
This document provides an overview of hydrology topics including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It defines these processes and lists key factors that influence each one. Evaporation is the process where water is converted to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration. Infiltration is the downward flow of water into soil from the land surface. The document discusses methods of measuring these hydrologic processes and factors like temperature, soil type, and rainfall intensity that impact infiltration rates.
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
The document provides an overview of water resources management and hydrology. It discusses the goals of understanding hydrologic processes and solving water-related problems. Key topics covered include the water cycle, what hydrologists study and do, examples of ancient hydrologic history like the Nile River, major global water usage, water scarcity issues, and the shrinking of the Aral Sea as an example of poor water management.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
The document discusses various topics related to water use and management. It begins by describing the hydrologic cycle and major water compartments. It then discusses current water use, reasons for freshwater shortages, the impacts of dams and diversions, and approaches to water management. The document also explores potential solutions that could be employed if conventional water management strategies prove insufficient, such as cloud seeding, desalination, and increasing water use efficiency.
The document discusses water resource management in India. It provides context on the evolution of water management from a local, community-based approach historically to a more centralized, state-controlled system introduced by the British. Key points discussed include the need for integrated water resource management across sectors, the appropriate roles of government and other institutions, and benefits of decentralized water management by empowering local communities and establishing management committees.
The document discusses water resources in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan's water availability has declined significantly from 5,000 cubic meters per person annually in 1951 to around 1,000 cubic meters in 2010 due to rapid population growth. The majority of Pakistan's water comes from groundwater, but overuse is causing water tables to drop sharply. Water quality is also declining due to untreated municipal and industrial waste being discharged into surface water. This pollution poses major health risks to Pakistanis.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and water resources on Earth. It describes how water circulates between the oceans, atmosphere, and land through processes like evaporation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and transpiration. Energy from the sun drives evaporation of ocean water into vapor which forms clouds and falls as rain or snow, some of which is intercepted by plants and soils. Precipitation that reaches the ground either infiltrates into soils and groundwater, runs off into streams and rivers, or is taken up and released by plants through transpiration, completing the cycle as vapor returns to the oceans.
The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Most of the Earth's water (96.5%) is stored in oceans. A small fraction of water is present in the atmosphere, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and glaciers at any given time. The hydrologic cycle involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, streamflow, and runoff that redistribute water throughout the planet.
- Engineering hydrology deals with applying hydrological principles to engineering projects involving water. It is used in designing structures like dams and bridges, as well as projects related to water supply, irrigation, flood control, and more.
- The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, percolation, and subsurface flow.
- Only a small fraction of the Earth's total water is fresh water available for human use. The majority is ocean water. Fresh water is stored in ice caps, groundwater, lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
The hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from surfaces into the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates as rain or snow back onto the Earth's surface, where it collects in lakes, oceans, soil, and underground aquifers before returning to the atmosphere through further evaporation or transpiration from plants. The sun drives the hydrological cycle by providing the energy needed for evaporation and transpiration. This cyclic movement of water is crucial to life on Earth and is known as the hydrological cycle.
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and vegetation, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses to form clouds, and falls as precipitation onto land or ocean where the cycle repeats. This cycle is driven by energy from the sun and recycles the finite supply of water on Earth in a closed system with no gains or losses.
Hydrology is the study of water flow across and through near-surface environments. The document discusses key aspects of the hydrologic cycle including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff processes, factors affecting water movement in soils, groundwater flow, and human impacts. It provides explanations and examples of different types of precipitation, runoff, and groundwater mechanisms. Dams and their various structures are also described along with issues like leakages and safety considerations in seismic areas.
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.1 DR...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the first subchapter (Drainage Basin Systems) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
The document discusses various hydrological processes including interception, depression storage, infiltration, runoff, streamflow, and runoff modeling. It provides information on how interception by vegetation affects rainfall amounts and canopy storage capacity. Depression storage is explained as water trapped in low-lying areas that drains or infiltrates over time. Factors influencing infiltration rates and common measurement techniques are outlined. The generation of runoff from excess precipitation and factors controlling stream hydrographs are summarized. Finally, an overview of the development of conceptual runoff models and their applications is provided.
Hydrological cycle also called water cycle is the earth's water circulatory system. Hydrologic cycle is a continuous process. The total water supply of the earth, except the deep ground water is in constant circulation from earth to the atmosphere and back to the earth.
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and vegetation and rises into the atmosphere. It condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation that falls on land either infiltrates soil and recharges groundwater, flows overland as surface runoff returning to oceans, or is intercepted by plants. Ice also plays a role, storing water as snow and glaciers that slowly melt. The cycle continually repeats as water is recycled and redistributed around the globe.
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Water exists as a liquid, vapor, and solid states as it moves through the water cycle, which includes processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. The sun drives evaporation of water from sources like oceans, lakes, and soil into water vapor in the atmosphere, which then condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, hail, or fog that falls back to the Earth's surface, completing the cycle.
The hydrological cycle involves the continuous circulation of water on Earth. Water evaporates from surfaces, is carried by winds, condenses into rain or snow clouds, and precipitates back to the ground as rain, snow, or hail. This water may be stored temporarily in oceans, soil, groundwater, and glaciers before returning to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration from plants. The sun provides the main source of energy driving the hydrological cycle through evaporation of water from land and sea.
This document provides an overview of hydrology and the hydrological cycle. It defines hydrology as the science dealing with water from its sources through circulation and destinations. Hydraulics focuses on practical problems of water usage and transport. The key difference is hydrology studies the availability and distribution of water resources while hydraulics applies engineering to water usage. The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including evaporation, transportation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff that replenishes rivers and groundwater.
This chapter discusses key concepts in hydrology including:
- The hydrologic cycle and its major processes like precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow.
- The global distribution of water resources, with oceans holding over 96% of water as saline water and the small fraction of freshwater resources on land and in ice.
- The water budget equation that accounts for inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over time.
- Major components of the hydrologic cycle and their roles in transporting water throughout the environment.
Groundwater occurs beneath the Earth's surface in pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt percolating into the ground. Groundwater is found everywhere but is usually within 750 meters of the surface. It makes up about 1% of the total water on Earth but 35 times the amount of water in streams and lakes. Groundwater flows through the hydrologic cycle, entering the ground as precipitation and eventually emerging in streams, lakes, or oceans.
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2. • Hydrology means the science of the water. It isHydrology means the science of the water. It is
the science that deals with the occurrence ,the science that deals with the occurrence ,
circulation and distribution of water o of thecirculation and distribution of water o of the
earth and its atmosphere.earth and its atmosphere.
• Hydrology is a very broad subject of an inter –Hydrology is a very broad subject of an inter –
disciplinary nature drawing support from allieddisciplinary nature drawing support from allied
sciences such as meteorology, geology , statistics ,sciences such as meteorology, geology , statistics ,
chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics.chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics.
3. World water balance and waterWorld water balance and water
resource of the earth by unesco 1975resource of the earth by unesco 1975
4. OceanOcean
StorageStorage
Wat er Source Wat er Vol ume
(cu. m i.)
Wat er Vol ume
(cu. k m)
% of T otal Wat er
Oceans 321,000,000 1,338,000,000 96.5%
Total global wat er 332,500,000 1,386,000,000 --
Gleick, P. H., 199 6: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weath er, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxfo rd
University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-82 3.
5.
6. How much groundHow much ground
water?water?• Ground water occurs
only close to the
surface (a few miles
down)
• Density of soil/rock
increases with
depth
• The weight of the
rocks above
condense the rocks
below and squeeze
out the open pore
spaces deeper in the
7. Frozen freshwater storedFrozen freshwater stored
in glaciers, ice fields, andin glaciers, ice fields, and
snowfieldssnowfields
• Glacial ice covers 11%Glacial ice covers 11%
of all landof all land
• Represents a large % ofRepresents a large % of
all freshwaterall freshwater
• Mountain snowfieldsMountain snowfields
are “reservoirs” forare “reservoirs” for
many water-supplymany water-supply
systemssystems
• 75% in Western States75% in Western States
• ““Rain-on-snow” eventsRain-on-snow” events
contribute to highcontribute to high
runoff velocitiesrunoff velocities
• ““New” OperationalNew” Operational
Snowmelt ForecastsSnowmelt Forecasts
8. What percent of theWhat percent of the
Earth’s total volumeEarth’s total volume
of water is stored inof water is stored in
the atmosphere?the atmosphere?
• 0.001%0.001%
• Water vaporWater vapor
• CloudsClouds
(water vapor(water vapor
condensed oncondensed on
particulate)particulate)
9. Global Hydrological CycleGlobal Hydrological Cycle
• The various aspects of water related to the earth can beThe various aspects of water related to the earth can be
explained in terms of a cycle Known asexplained in terms of a cycle Known as HydrologicalHydrological
cycle.cycle.
• The sunThe sun provides the energy for the evaporation of theprovides the energy for the evaporation of the
sea water and gravitational field and coriolis forcesea water and gravitational field and coriolis force
contribution to the circulation of water.contribution to the circulation of water.
10.
11. PrecipitationPrecipitation
• The vapor that accumulates or freezes onThe vapor that accumulates or freezes on
condensation nuclei is acted on by gravitycondensation nuclei is acted on by gravity
and falls to Earth’s surface.and falls to Earth’s surface.
rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail
12. InterceptionInterception
Interception: when it rains over a catchment, not all theInterception: when it rains over a catchment, not all the
precipitation falls directly on to the ground. Before itprecipitation falls directly on to the ground. Before it
reaches the ground, a part of it may be caught by thereaches the ground, a part of it may be caught by the
vegetation and subsequently evaporated. The volume ofvegetation and subsequently evaporated. The volume of
water so caught is called interception.water so caught is called interception.
1.1.It maybe retained the vegetation as surface storage and returned toIt maybe retained the vegetation as surface storage and returned to
the atmosphere by evaporation a process termed interception loss.the atmosphere by evaporation a process termed interception loss.
2. It can be drip off the plant leaves to join the ground surface or the2. It can be drip off the plant leaves to join the ground surface or the
surface flow , this is known as through fall .surface flow , this is known as through fall .
3. The rain water may run along the leaves and branches and down the3. The rain water may run along the leaves and branches and down the
stem to reach the ground surface .This is called stem flow.stem to reach the ground surface .This is called stem flow.
13.
14. Depression storageDepression storage
• Depression StorageDepression Storage: when the precipitation of a storm: when the precipitation of a storm
reaches the ground, it must fill- up all depressions beforereaches the ground, it must fill- up all depressions before
it can flow over the surface. The volume of water tappedit can flow over the surface. The volume of water tapped
in these depression is called depression storage.in these depression is called depression storage.
• Depression storage depends on these chief factorsDepression storage depends on these chief factors
• 1.the type of soil, 2. the condition of the surface1.the type of soil, 2. the condition of the surface
reflecting the amount and the nature of depression,3. thereflecting the amount and the nature of depression,3. the
slope of the catchment , 4.the antecedent precipitationslope of the catchment , 4.the antecedent precipitation
as a measure of soil moisture.as a measure of soil moisture.
15. InfiltationInfiltation
• Infiltration: is the flow of water into the ground throughInfiltration: is the flow of water into the ground through
the soil surfacethe soil surface..
• At the top , a thin layer of saturated zone is created .At the top , a thin layer of saturated zone is created .
• Beneath zone there is a transition zone.Beneath zone there is a transition zone.
• The next zone is transmission zone where the downwardThe next zone is transmission zone where the downward
moisture takes place.moisture takes place.
• The last zone is the wetting zone . The soil moistureThe last zone is the wetting zone . The soil moisture
zone will be at or near the field capacity and the moisturezone will be at or near the field capacity and the moisture
content decreased with the depthcontent decreased with the depth..
16. RunoffRunoff
• Runoff: is draining or flowing of precipitation from aRunoff: is draining or flowing of precipitation from a
catchment area through a surface channel. It thuscatchment area through a surface channel. It thus
represents the output from the catchment in a given unitrepresents the output from the catchment in a given unit
of time.of time.
17. InterflowInterflow
• Interflow: A part of precipitation that infiltrates movesInterflow: A part of precipitation that infiltrates moves
laterally through upper layer of the soil and returns to thelaterally through upper layer of the soil and returns to the
surface at some location away from the point of entry insurface at some location away from the point of entry in
to the soil.(through flow).to the soil.(through flow).
18. EvaporationEvaporation
•The process by which liquid water is
transformed into a gaseous state
•Evaporation into a gas ceases when the gas
reaches saturation
•The molecules that escape the condensed stage have
above-average energies.
•Those left behind have below-average energies
•Manifested by a decrease in the temperature of the
condensed phase.
20. TranspirationTranspiration
• Transpiration: is the process by which water leaves theTranspiration: is the process by which water leaves the
body of a living plant and reaches the atmosphere asbody of a living plant and reaches the atmosphere as
water vapour.The water is taken up by the plant-rootwater vapour.The water is taken up by the plant-root
system and escapes through the leaves.system and escapes through the leaves.
• The important factors effectinng transpiration are :The important factors effectinng transpiration are :
1.pressure,2. temperature,3. wind,4. light intensity,4.1.pressure,2. temperature,3. wind,4. light intensity,4.
characteristics of the plant such as root and leaf systemcharacteristics of the plant such as root and leaf system
of the plant.of the plant.
22. Process ofProcess of
hydrological cyclehydrological cycle
• Water of the oceans evaporated due to heat energyWater of the oceans evaporated due to heat energy
provided by the solar radiation .provided by the solar radiation .
• The water vapors move upwards and forms clouds . WhileThe water vapors move upwards and forms clouds . While
much of the clouds condense and fall back to the oceansmuch of the clouds condense and fall back to the oceans
and land as precipitation. Some part of it may evaporateand land as precipitation. Some part of it may evaporate
back to the atmosphere even falling .back to the atmosphere even falling .
• Another part may be intercepted by vegetation, structureAnother part may be intercepted by vegetation, structure
and other surfaces modification, or some part move down toand other surfaces modification, or some part move down to
the ground surface.the ground surface.
• A portion of water that reaches the ground enters the earth'sA portion of water that reaches the ground enters the earth's
surface through infiltration enhances the moisture content ofsurface through infiltration enhances the moisture content of
the soil and reach the groundwater body.the soil and reach the groundwater body.
23.
24. • Vegetations sends a portion of the water from under theVegetations sends a portion of the water from under the
ground surface back to the atmosphere through theground surface back to the atmosphere through the
process of transpiration.process of transpiration.
• The precipitation reaching the ground surface afterThe precipitation reaching the ground surface after
meeting the needs infiltration and evaporation movesmeeting the needs infiltration and evaporation moves
downward the natural slope over the surfaces and troughdownward the natural slope over the surfaces and trough
a network of gullies , streams and rivers to reach thea network of gullies , streams and rivers to reach the
ocean.ocean.
• The ground water may come to the surface throughThe ground water may come to the surface through
springs and other outlets after spending a considerablysprings and other outlets after spending a considerably
longer time than he surface flow.longer time than he surface flow.
• The portion of the precipitation which by a variety ofThe portion of the precipitation which by a variety of
paths above and below the surface of the earth reachespaths above and below the surface of the earth reaches
the stream channel is call runoff.the stream channel is call runoff.
• Once it enters a stream channel runoff becomes streamOnce it enters a stream channel runoff becomes stream
flow. It is seen that the hydrologic cycle is a very vast andflow. It is seen that the hydrologic cycle is a very vast and
complicated cycle.complicated cycle.