Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
This is a lecture on well hydraulics. The basics of flow towards the well in confined and unconfined aquifers. Well interactions. Method of images. Flow nets in case of multiple wells. Superposition theory for multiple wells.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
This is a lecture on well hydraulics. The basics of flow towards the well in confined and unconfined aquifers. Well interactions. Method of images. Flow nets in case of multiple wells. Superposition theory for multiple wells.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Unsuccessful
well Perched
water table successful well
Spring
\
Main water table
to 50 percent of the sediment's total volume. Pore space depends on the size and shape of the grains; how they are packed together; the degree of sorting; and in sedimentary rocks, the amount of cementing material. Most igneous and metamorphic rocks, as well as some sedimentary rocks, are composed of tightly interlocking crystals so the voids between grains may be negligible. In these rocks, fractures must provide the voids.
96 chapter 3 Landscapes Fashioned by Water
)6 chapter 3 Landscapes Fashioned by Water
Zone of saturation
Unsaturated zo
ne
figure
3.30
This diagram illustrates the relative positions of many features associated with subsurface water.
Several factors contribute to the irregular surface of the water table. One important influence is the fact that groundwater moves very slowly. Because of this, water tends to "pile up" beneath high areas between stream valleys. If rainfall were to cease completely, these water "hills" would slowly subside and gradually approach the level of the adjacent valleys. However, new supplies of rainwater are usually added often enough to prevent this. Nevertheless, in times of extended drought, the water table may drop enough to dry up shallow wells. Other causes for the uneven water table are variations in rainfall and permeability of Earth materials from place to place.
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
The nature of subsurface materials strongly influences the rate of groundwater movement and the amount of groundwater that can be stored. Two factors are especially important— porosity and permeability.
Porosity
Water soaks into the ground because bedrock, sediment, and soil contain countless voids or openings. These openings are similar to those of a sponge and are often called pore spaces. The quantity of groundwater that can be stored depends on the porosity of the material, which is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces. Voids most often are spaces between sedimentary particles, but also common are joints, faults, cavities formed by the dissolving of soluble rock such as limestone, and vesicles (voids left by gases escaping from lava).
Variations in porosity can be great. Sediment is commonly quite porous, and open spaces may occupy 10 percent
Permeability
Porosity alone cannot measure a material's capacity to yield groundwater. Rock or sediment may be very porous and still prohibit water from moving through it. The permeability of a material indicates its ability to transmit a fluid. Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings. The smaller the pore spaces, the slower the groundwater moves. If the spaces between particles are too small, water cannot move at all. For example, clay's ability to store water can be great, owing to its high porosity, but its pore spaces are so small that ...
Land Subsidence Introduction Of all water that r.docxsmile790243
Land Subsidence
Introduction
Of all water that reaches the surface of the earth from all types of precipitation, some runs off as stream
flow, some is evaporated from land and water surfaces, and some is transpired by vegetation. It is the
purpose of this exercise to consider some aspects of what happens to the rest of the water - that which
enters the ground. The water may remain in the ground from a period of days to thousands of years.
Because of increased demand on groundwater supplies, many places in the world today are
experiencing groundwater related problems.
What is Groundwater?
Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids (pores, fractures,
crevices, and other spaces) in the soil and rock. The water in these voids is called groundwater. Porous,
water-saturated layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through which usable groundwater flows are called
aquifers. Any area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer is called a
recharge zone. Some materials are very impermeable to water infiltration, such as clay, shale or dense
igneous bedrock, and are called aquicludes. (See figure 1)
Figure 1
Aquiclude
Aquiclude
There are two types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. An unconfined aquifer forms when
groundwater collects above a layer of relatively impermeable rock or compacted clay, and the top of the
water represents the water table. A confined or artesian aquifer forms when groundwater is
sandwiched between two aquicludes. This type of aquifer is completely saturated with water under
great pressure and when a well is drilled into the confined aquifer, sometimes water is able to rise to the
surface without pumping. This type of well is called a flowing artesian well system. It is the confined
aquifer that is associated with land subsidence.
Land Subsidence
Mexico City, Tokyo, Houston, Las Vegas, several areas of Arizona and California are experiencing serious
problem as a result of land subsidence. Land subsidence or sinking of the land surface can be due to the
removal of underground water (groundwater mining). When many wells are drilled into the aquifer,
pumping removes water from the aquifer and lowers the hydrostatic pressure (water pressure). This
reduced hydrostatic pressure in the pore spaces of the sediments result in the compaction of the aquifer
and in the gradual lowering of the land surface. If the water is replaced in the aquifer the increased
hydrostatic pressure will return the beds of sands and gravel to their original form, but once compacted
the clays and silts of the confining bed will not expand to their original thickness resulting in a lower
surface elevation. (See figures 2 and 3.)
Figure 2
Land subsidence can cause problems such as flooding along coastal areas, as well as structural damage
to buildings, highways, and dams.
Subsurface minera ...
A presentation that covers hydrogeology basics for Tennessee, an overview of Tennessee hydrogeology and a discussion of the various groundwater provinces of Tennessee.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
4. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
5. What is Groundwater?
Found in the subsurface, inside pores within soil
and rock
Spelled either as two words, Ground Water, or as
one, Groundwater
Groundwater is the largest source of freshwater on
earth, and was little used until recently.
With electricity and the modern pump,
groundwater has become very important to
agriculture, cities, and industries.
It is usually much cleaner than surface water.
6. Figure 4.2 This map of major aquifers in the United States shows an
interesting distribution of groundwater formations.
7. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
8. What is Groundwater Hydrology?
It is the study of the characteristics, movement,
and occurrence of water found below the
surface.
Groundwater and aquifers are like surface water
and watersheds
An aquifer is a geologic unit that transmits water.
Piezometric surfaces are used to map water levels,
similar to topographic lines on maps.
Each aquifer has its own piezometric surface.
The water level elevation in wells are used to create
the piezometric surface.
9. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
10. The Geology of Groundwater
Sedimentary Rocks
sandstone, shale, limestone, conglomerate
Glaciated Terrain
large valleys and basins were carved out
sediments (sands, clays) were left behind
Alluvial Valleys and Fans
along rivers and streams
Tectonic Formations
solid rock is fractured by pressures due to earth’s
movement
11. Figure 4.3 Continental glaciers of the most recent Ice Age in North America
(approximately 20,000 years ago) reached as far south as the Ohio and
Missouri River Valleys.
16. Figure 4.5 Ms. Cech inspects rock fractures along the Big Thompson River
near Estes Park, Colorado.
17. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
18. Groundwater Recharge
Water that replenishes aquifers
Usually from surface water or precipitation that
infiltrates, and then percolates through the vadose
zone
Recharge happens when percolating water finally
reaches the water table, which is the top of the
saturated zone.
Above the water table is the unsaturated zone where
water is held by capillary forces
The root zone may capture some water that infiltrates
and lift it back to the atmosphere.
19. Figure 4.6 Lakes and wetland complexes often exist in areas with shallow
groundwater elevations that intercept the land surface..
21. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
22. Aquifers
Water-bearing geologic formation that can
store and yield usable amounts of water
Aquifer types:
unconsolidated, consolidated, fractured
perched, unconfined, confined, artesian
thermal springs
Aquifer properties
porosity = volume of pores (voids) per total volume
of aquifer
n = Vv / Tt
24. Figure 4.10 The Ogallala Aquifer provides water to irrigators, cities, and
other groundwater users in parts of South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming,
Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico.
Land surface elevation
in meters
25. Figure 4.7 Two conditions are necessary to create an artesian groundwater system: a
confined aquifer and sufficient pressure in the aquifer to force water in a well or other opening
to rise above the static water level of the aquifer.
Confined Aquifer
28. Example Porosity Calculation
Take a 1000-mL beaker (1 liter)
Fill it with sand to the top
Measure how much water it takes to fill the beaker
to the top (say 300 mL)
The porosity = (300 mL) / (1000 mL) = 30%
29.
30. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
31. Groundwater Movement
Water moves because of two factors
The force pushing through the subsurface
The permeability of the geologic media
Darcy’s Law says that the flux of water (flow per
unit area) is calculated using these two factors:
q = K i
q = flux of water, ft / s
K = hydraulic conductivity, ft / s
i = hydraulic gradient, ft / ft
Note they both
have the same
units
32.
33. The hydraulic conductivity, K, is a measure of the
permeability of the aquifer
gravels have large hydraulic conductivities
clays and solid rock have small values
The hydraulic gradient is a measure of the force acting
on the water
it is like the slope of the land surface, water flows faster where it
is steep
i = dh / dl = slope of the water surface
h is the hydraulic head, or water level in a well
dh is the change in water level between two wells
dl is the distance between the wells
determines the direction of flow.
45. Specific Yield
Volume of water that can be removed per unit
volume of aquifer
less than the porosity - hard to get the last drop!
46. Specific Yield Calculation
Take a 1000-mL beaker (1 liter)
Fill it with sand to the top
Measure how much water it takes to fill the beaker
to the top (say 300 mL)
The porosity = (300 mL) / (1000 mL) = 30%
We pour the water out and 250 mL is collected
What is the specific yield?
(250 mL) / (1000 mL) = 25%
Can’t get the last drop!
47. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
48. Age of Groundwater
Time it takes for water to move through the subsurface
Maybe 1 to 25 years in aquifers near Athens
Up to 30,000 years for water down on the coast
49.
50. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
51. Locating and Mapping Groundwater
The first step is to generate a piezometric surface,
which maps water table elevation
Wells are plotted on a map, and water levels in the wells
are indicated
Lines of constant water level elevations are plotted
(called equipotentials)
Flowlines (also call streamlines) are drawn so that they
are perpendicular to the equipotential lines
Local rivers, lakes, and other surface water features are
plotted on the map.
52. Figure 3.45 W ater levels (in feet above sea level) in monitoring we lls and
contours of tota l potential (piezometric surface or water table surface) at a
contam inated site (Fetter, 1988).
Figure 3.45 W ater levels (in feet above sea level) in monitoring we lls and
contours of tota l potential (piezometric surface or water table surface) at a
contam inated site (Fetter, 1988).
53. Groundwater Hydrology
What is Groundwater?
What is Groundwater Hydrology?
The Geology of Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge
Aquifers
Groundwater Movement
Age of Groundwater
Locating and Mapping Groundwater
Drilling a Groundwater Well
54. Drilling a Groundwater Well
Various methods are available for drilling a well
A simple method is the auger method, which uses
a screw-like bit. This works in soft materials
For solid rock, a simple technique is the hammer
or percussion method which pounds a hole in the
rock
Rotary methods uses a harden steel bit tipped with
diamonds to cut through the rock. Either water, air
or mud can be used to lubricate and to lift the
cuttings.
55.
56. Well Components
A well pad is placed on the surface to hold up
the well.
A blank casing is used from the surface down
to the aquifer. Clay or concrete fills the space
outside the casing.
A screened casing is used in the aquifer. Sand or
gravel fills the space outside the casing
A submerged turbine pump lifts the water to
the surface. The motor that drives the pump is
either on the surface or also submerged.
62. South Georgia Water Use
Floridan aquifer important
supply for drinking water
and irrigation water
Water wars between
Georgia and Florida over
flow in the Apalachicola
River
Are irrigation wells
reducing flow in the Flint
and Apalachicola Rivers?
Wikipedia
Flint
Chattahoochee
Apalachicola
63.
64. Stream Depletion Factors
Used to assess the effects of well pumping on stream
flow
Depend on
the distance to the stream (less effect with greater
distance)
properties of the aquifer
65. Quiz 4 Two wells are located 1 km (1,000 meters) apart. Well A has a water level of 105 m
and Well B has a water level of 102 m.
Which direction is the groundwater flowing? From Well ____ to Well ____
What is the hydraulic gradient between the two wells?
What is the flux (flow rate) if the hydraulic conductivity is K = 10 m/day?
A one-liter (1,000 mL) beaker is filled with sand and filled to the top with water.
What is the porosity of the material if 250 mL was required to fill the beaker?
We pour the water out, and 200 mL is collected. What happened to the rest of the water?
What would the porosity be if we use clay instead of sand? (more, less, the same)
How much water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand? (more, less, the same)
True - False Questions
[T / F] An aquiclude is a geologic formation that holds a lot of water.
[T / F] Perched aquifers are a kind of artesian aquifer.
[T / F] The Ogallala aquifer is the major aquifer in the Southeastern U.S.
[T / F] The water table is found at the top of the saturated zone.
[T / F] The two factors that determine how much horsepower is needed to lift water are
the amount of water that must be lifted and the height that you must lift the water.
Explain what Stream Depletion Factors are used for