The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
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This presentation will provide the knowledge on measurement of evaporation by using class A evaporation pan. In addition it will give you the knowledge regarding pan coefficient and crop coefficient.
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
It is about hydraulic conductivity and flow of water under ground .It will tell you about how water flows through hydraulic gradient .it will brief you about test which are performed to determine hydraulic conductivity .and experimental approach of it .
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
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This presentation will provide the knowledge on measurement of evaporation by using class A evaporation pan. In addition it will give you the knowledge regarding pan coefficient and crop coefficient.
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
It is about hydraulic conductivity and flow of water under ground .It will tell you about how water flows through hydraulic gradient .it will brief you about test which are performed to determine hydraulic conductivity .and experimental approach of it .
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
Hydrologic Cycle is also called as Water Cycle. It basically deals with transformation of water in different forms starting from gaseous stage (water vapor) to liquid state (water on earth's surface), and water inside soil as underground water.and again back to gaseous stage. The cycle has no starting or end.
The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; 1.1. DRAINAGE B...George Dumitrache
Introductory presentation of the drainage basin systems in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: the global hydrological cycle, store, flows, the drainage systems, precipitation, evapotranspiration, interception, infiltration, percolation, drainage patterns, the water balance.
Chapter 1.pptx:INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGYmulugeta48
For knowing the sources of water in an area.
For knowing quality and quantity of water in an area.
For distribution of river water for full filling of different
area`s forming needs.
Tremendous importance is given to the hydrology all over
the world in the development and management of water
resources for irrigation, water supply, flood control, waterlogging
and salinity control, Hydro power and navigation.
The maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site
and its frequency; this is required for the safe design of
drains and culverts, dams and reservoirs, channels and other
flood control structures.
is fundamental to the functioning of the Earth as it recycles water, and has a role in modifying and regulating the Earth's climate.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
4. • Green Water -
Water that is stored in the soil and is taken up by
plants and lost by evapotranspiration.
• Blue Water -
Water that is found in rivers and lakes as well as
groundwater that is used for agriculture, industrial
and domestic purposes.
8. What is the Hydrologic Cycle?
The hydrologic cycle is the system which
describes the distribution and movement of
water between the earth and its atmosphere.
The model involves the continual circulation of
water between the oceans, the atmosphere,
vegetation and land.
9.
10.
11. Describing the Cycle
Evaporation
Solar energy
powers the cycle.
Heat energy from
the sun causes
evaporation from
water surfaces
(rivers, lakes and
oceans) and
Transpiration from plants
16. Runoff / Surface Flow
The rainwater flows, either over
the ground (run off / surface
flow)
into rivers and back to
the ocean, or…infiltrates
downwards through
the soil and rocks where
it is returned to the oceans
Through groundwater flow
18. Hydrologic Cycle Model: The model shows how water travels endlessly through the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. The triangles show global
average values as percentages. Note that all evaporation equals all precipitation when
all of the Earth is considered. Regionally, various parts of the cycle will vary, creating
imbalances and, depending on climate, surpluses in one region and shortages in
another.
19. Possible routes that raindrops may take on their
way to and into the soil surface
• Precipitation that reaches Earth's surface follows a variety of
pathways.
• The process of precipitation striking vegetation or other
groundcover is called interception.
• Intercepted precipitation may be redistributed as throughfall
and stemflow. Precipitation that falls directly to the ground, is
coupled with drips onto the ground from vegetation
(throughfall).
• Intercepted water that drains across plant leaves and down
plant stems is termed stem flow.
• Water reaches the subsurface through infiltration, or
penetration of the soil surface. It then permeates soil or rock
through vertical movement called percolation.
20. The soil-moisture
environment: Precipitation
supplies the soil-moisture
environment. The principal
pathways for water include
interception by plants;
throughfall to the ground;
collection on the surface,
forming overland flow to
streams; transpiration (water
moving from the soil into plant
roots and passing through their
leaves) and evaporation from
plant; evaporation from land
and water; and gravitational
water moving to subsurface
groundwater. Water moves
from the surface into the soil
by infiltration and percolation.
21. The Water Cycle Balance
• Usually the water cycle is in balance, and the
amount of precipitation falling will slowly soak
into the ground and eventually reach the
rivers.
• However, if rain falls for a long period of time
or if the ground is already soaked or saturated
with water, then the chance of flooding is
increased.
22. A Closed System
• The hydrologic cycle is a good example of a
closed system: the total amount of water is
the same, with virtually no water added to or
lost from the cycle.
• Water just moves from one storage type to
another.
• Water evaporating from the oceans is
balanced by water being returned through
precipitation and surface run off.
23. Human Inputs to the Cycle
• Although this is a closed system, there is a natural
balance maintained between the exchange of water
within the system.
• Human activities have the potential to lead to
changes in this balance which will have knock on
impacts.
• For example, as the earth warms due to global
warming, the rate of exchange in the cycle (between
land and sea and atmosphere) is expected to
increase
24. Human Inputs to the Cycle
• Some aspects of the hydrologic cycle can be utilized
by humans for a direct economic benefit.
Example: generation of electricity
(hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs)
These are huge artificial lakes which may
disrupt river hydrology (amount of water in a river).
25. Groundwater Resources
• Groundwater is the part of the hydrologic cycle
that lies beneath the ground and is therefore tied
to surface supplies.
• Groundwater is the largest potential source of
freshwater in the hydrologic cycle – larger than
all surface reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and streams
combined.
• Between Earth's surface and a depth of 3 km
(10,000 ft) worldwide, some 8,340,000 km3
(2,000,000 mi3) of water resides.
27. Field water cycle
• Various sub‐cycles of the total hydrologic
cycle can be defined. One of these describes
the dynamics of water movement on, into,
out of, and below the surface of the Earth.
This subcomponent is called the field water
cycle.
28. • FWB is an account of all quantities of water
added to, subtracted from and stored within a
given volume of soil in a given period of time
in a given field.
• Water balance concept rests upon the law of
conservation of matter.
29. field water cycle
• It is often separated from the full hydrologic cycle, because
many believe that this is the environment where some of the
most important physical, chemical and biological processes
occur (Hillel, 1971).
• The continued functioning of these processes and the
quantity and quality of water associated with them, are
critical to the health and survival of plants and animals
(including us).
30. Water Balance
• A water balance can be established for any area of
earth's surface by calculating the total precipitation
input and the total of various outputs.
• The water‐balance approach allows an examination of
the hydrologic cycle for any period of time.
• The purpose of the water balance is to describe the
various ways in which the water supply is expended.
• The water balance is a method by which we can
account for the hydrologic cycle of a specific area, with
emphasis on plants and soil moisture.
31. Field Water Balance
Water input and output is not always in
balance locally
P ≠ R + ET
(Something is missing ?)
P = R + ET + ΔS
ΔS is the change in water storage
32. • The water balance is defined by the general hydrologic
equation, which is basically a statement of the law of
conservation of mass as applied to the hydrologic
cycle. In its simplest form, this equation reads
Inflow = Outflow + Change in Storage
• Water balance equations can be assessed for any area
and for any period of time.
• The process of ‘making an overall water balance for a
certain area’ thus implies that an evaluation is
necessary of all inflow, outflow, and water storage
components of the flow domain - as bounded by the
land surface, by the impermeable base of the
underlying groundwater reservoir, and by the
imaginary vertical planes of the area’s boundaries.
33. The water balance method has four characteristic features.
• A water balance can be assessed for any subsystem of the
hydrologic cycle, for any size of area, and for any period of
time;
• A water balance can serve to check whether all flow and
storage components involved have been considered
quantitatively;
• A water balance can serve to calculate one unknown of the
balance equation, provided that the other components are
known with sufficient accuracy;
• A water balance can be regarded as a model of the
complete hydrologic process under study, which means it
can be used to predict what effect the changes imposed on
certain components will have on the other components of
the system or subsystem.
34. Zones of Saturation
Unsaturated zone
– Zone between the land surface and
water table
– Pores contain water and air
– Also called as vadose zone or the zone
of aeration
• Saturated zone
– Pores are completely filled with water
– Contains water at greater than
atmospheric pressure
– Also called phreatic zone
• Water table
– Surface where the pore water pressure is
atmospheric
– Divide between saturated and
unsaturated zone
• Capillary fringe
– Zone immediately above the water table
that gets saturated by capillary forces
35. • Field water balance can be measured and A
soil-moisture budget can be established for
any area of earth's surface by measuring the
precipitation input and its distribution to
satisfy the "demands" of plants, evaporation,
and soil moisture storage in the area
considered.
• A budget can be constructed for any time
frame, from minutes to years.
36. Overall water balance
• For calculating the overall water balance of a
particular soil/ region water balance of the
follwing are worked out.
1, Lnd water balance
2, unsaturated water balance and
3, ground water balance
Integrating all three of the water balances (land
surface, unsaturated zone, groundwater), the
overall water balance is defined.