1. The momentum equation relates the total force on a fluid system to the rate of change of momentum as fluid flows through a control volume.
2. Forces can be resolved into components in different directions for multi-dimensional flows. The total force is equal to the sum of pressure, body, and reaction forces.
3. Examples of applying the momentum equation include calculating forces on a pipe bend, nozzle, jet impact, and curved vane due to changing fluid momentum. Setting up coordinate systems aligned with the flow is important for resolving forces into components.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
Review of Basic Fluid Mechanics Continuity, momentum and energy equation,
units and dimensions, Types of flow, compressibility, Mach number regimes
Description of Fluid Motion Euler and Lagrangian descriptions, Control volume
approach to continuity and momentum equations, Pathlines Streamlines and
Streaklines Angular velocity, Vorticity, Circulation, Stream function, Velocity
potential and Relationship between them
DERIVATION OF THE MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMIN...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The students can learn about basics of image processing using matlab.
It explains the image operations with the help of examples and Matlab codes.
Students can fine sample images and .m code from the link given in slides.
This lecture is about particle image velocimetry technique. It include discussion about the basic element of PIV setup, image capturing, laser lights, synchronize and correlation analysis.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. Free and forced vortex, Forces on
pressure conduits, reducers and bends,
stationary and moving blades, torques in
rotating machines.
Dr. Mohsin Siddique
Assistant Professor
NU-FAST Lahore
1
Fluid Mechanics
2. Free and Forced Vortex Flow
2
Vortex flow is defined as flow along curved path.
It is of two types namely; (1). Free vortex flow and (2) forced
vortex flow
If the fluid particles are moving around a curved path with the help
of some external torque the flow is called forced vortex flow.And if
no external force is acquired to rotate the fluid particle, the flow is
called free vortex flow.
3. Forced Vortex Flow (Rotational Flow)
3
It is defined as that type of flow, in which some external torque is
required to rotate the fluid mass.
The fluid mass in this type of flow rotate at constant angular
velocity, ω.The tangential velocity, V, of any fluid particle is given by
V= ω r,
Where, r is radius of fluid particle from the axis of rotation
Examples of forced vortex flow are;
1. A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis
with a constant angular velocity ω,
2. Flow of liquid inside impeller of a centrifugal pump
3. Flow of water through runner
5. Free Vortex Flow (Irrotational flow)
5
When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that
type of flow is called free vortex flow.
Thus the liquid in case of free vortex flow is rotating due to the
rotation which is imparted to the fluid previously.
Example of free vortex flow are
1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of container
2. Flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe
3. A whirlpool in river
4. Flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing
6. Free Vortex Flow (Irrotational flow)
6
The relation between velocity and radius, in free vortex flow is
obtained by putting the value of external torque equal to zero, or
the time rate of change of angular momentum, i.e., moment of
momentum must be zero. Consider a fluid particle of mass “m” at a
radial distance, r, from the axis of rotation, having a tangential
velocity,V, then
Angular momentum=(mass)x(velocity)=mV
Moment of momentum=(momentum)xr=mVr
Rate of change of angular momentum=d(mVr)/dt
For free vortex flow, there is not torque i.e.,
d(mVr)/dt=0
Integrating, we get
mVr=constant orVxr=C1/m=C
Vxr=C
7. Equation of motion for vortex flow
7
Consider a fluid element ABCD
(shown shaded) in figure rotating at
uniform velocity in a horizontal
plane about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of paper and passing
through O.
The forces acting on element are;
(1). Pressure force p∆A on face AB
(II) on face CD
(iii) centrifugal force, mV2/r, acting in
direction away from the center, O
Ar
r
p
p ∆
∆
∂
∂
+
8. Equation of motion for vortex flow
8
Now,
Mass of element=mass density xVolume
Centrifugal force=
Equating the forces in radial directions we
get
Arm ∆∆= ρ
r
V
Ar
2
∆∆ρ
r
V
ArApAr
r
p
p
2
∆∆=∆−∆
∆
∂
∂
+ ρ
r
V
ArAr
r
p 2
∆∆=∆
∆
∂
∂
ρ
r
V
r
p 2
ρ=
∂
∂
Equation gives the pressure variation along the radical direction for a
forced or free vortex flow in horizontal plane
9. Equation of motion for vortex flow
9
The pressure variation in the vertical plane is given by the
hydrostatic law, i.e.,
In above equation, z is measure vertically in the upward direction.
The pressure ,p, varies with respect to r and z or p is the function of
r and z and hence total derivative of p is
Substituting values from above equations we get;
g
z
p
ρ−=
∂
∂
dz
z
p
dr
r
p
dp
∂
∂
+
∂
∂
=
gdzdr
r
V
dp ρρ −=
2
Equation of Motion forVortex Flow
10. Equation of forced vortex flow
10
For forced vortex flow, we have;
Where ω is angular velocity=constt
Substituting the values ofV in equation of motion
of vortex flow
Consider two points 1 and 2 in the fluid having
forced vortex and integrating above equation for
point 1 and point 2, we get
rV ×= ω
gdzdr
r
r
p ρ
ω
ρ −=∂
22
∫∫∫ −=
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
gdzdrrpd ρρω
[ ] [ ]12
2
1
2
2
2
12
2
zzgrrpp −−−=− ρ
ρω
60
2 Nπ
ω =
11. Equation of forced vortex flow
11
If the point 1 and 2 lie on the free surface then,
p1=p2=Patm=0 and hence above equation become;
[ ] [ ]
1122
12
2
1
22
2
2
12
&
2
rVrV
zzgrrpp
ωω
ρωω
ρ
==
−−−=−
Q
[ ] [ ]12
2
1
2
212
2
zzgVVpp −−−=− ρ
ρ
[ ]
[ ] [ ]2
1
2
212
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
0
VV
g
zz
gVV
−=−
−−= ρ
ρ
12. Equation of forced vortex flow
12
If the point 1 lie on axis of rotation then, v1= ω r1=
ω x0=0 and hence above equation becomes;
Thus, Z varies with square of r. Hence, equation is
an equation of parabola.This means the free surface
is paraboloid
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]2
2
22
2
2
212
2
1
2
1
2
1
r
g
V
g
Z
V
g
zz
ω==
=−
[ ] [ ]0212 −=−= zzzZQ
13. Equation of Free Vortex Flow
13
For free vortex flow, we have;
Substituting v for free vortex flow in equation
of motion of vortex flow
Consider two points 1 and 2 at radial distance
r1 and r2 from central axis.The height of
points from the bottom of vessel is z1 and z2.
Integrating above equation for the points 1
and 2 we get
rCV
CconttVr
/=
==
gdzdr
r
C
gdzdr
rr
C
gdzdr
r
V
dp ρρρρρρ −=−=−= 3
2
2
22
∫∫∫ −=
2
1
2
1
3
22
1
gdzdr
r
C
dp ρρ
14. Equation of Free Vortex Flow
14
[ ]122
1
2
2
2
12
2
1
2
1
32
2
1
2
1
3
22
1
11
2
zzg
rr
C
pp
gdzdrrcgdzdr
r
C
dp
−−
−−=−
−=−= ∫∫∫∫∫
−
ρ
ρ
ρρρρ
[ ]
[ ] [ ]12
2
1
2
212
122
1
2
2
2
2
12
2
2
zzgVVpp
zzg
r
C
r
C
pp
−−−−=−
−−
−−=−
ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
[ ] [ ] [ ]
12
2
1
2
212
12
2
1
2
2122
1
2
2
2
2
12
22
22
zz
g
V
g
V
g
p
g
p
zzVV
g
zz
g
g
r
C
r
C
gg
pp
+−+−=−
−−−−=−−
−−=
−
ρρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
g
Vp
z
g
Vp
z
22
2
22
2
2
11
1 ++=++
γγ
21. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
21
We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.The lift force on an aircraft
is exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of water from a hose
exerts a force on whatever it hits.
In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way as in
solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of motion.
i.e., F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to relate applied
force to acceleration.
In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we should use
so we use a different form of the equation.
( )
dt
md
ma sV
F ==∑
22. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
22
Newton’s 2nd Law can be written:
The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force acting
on the body, and takes place in the direction of the force.
The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in momentum must be
in the same direction as force.
It is also termed as impulse momentum principle
( )
dt
md sV
F =∑
=
=∑
mV
F Sum of all external forces on a body of fluid or system s
Momentum of fluid body in direction s
( )smddt VF =∑
23. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
23
Let’s start by assuming that we
have steady flow which is non-uniform
flowing in a stream tube.
In time δt a volume of the fluid
moves from the inlet a distance u δt ,
so the volume entering the
streamtube in the time δt is
A streamtube in three and two-dimensions
volume entering the stream tube = area x distance
mass entering stream tube = volume x density
momentum of fluid entering stream tube = mass x velocity
tuA δ11=
tuA δρ 111=
( ) 1111 utuA δρ=
momentum of fluid leaving stream tube ( ) 2222 utuA δρ=
24. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
24
Now, according to Newton’s 2nd Law the force exerted by the fluid
is equal to the rate of change of momentum. So
Force=rate of change of momentum
We know from continuity of incompressible flow, ρ=ρ1= ρ2 &
Q=Q1=Q2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 111222
11112222
1111222211112222
F
F
uQuQ
t
utuA
t
utuA
t
tuuA
t
tuuA
t
tuuAtuuA
ρρ
δ
δρ
δ
δρ
δ
δρ
δ
δρ
δ
δρδρ
−=−=∑
−=
−
=∑
[ ] [ ]1212 uumuuQF −=−= ρ
This analysis assumed that the inlet and outlet velocities were in the
same direction - i.e. a one dimensional system.What happens when
this is not the case?
25. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
25
Consider the two dimensional
system in the figure below:
At the inlet the velocity vector, u1 ,
makes an angle, θ1 , with the x-axis,
while at the outlet u2 make an
angle θ 2.
In this case we consider the forces
by resolving in the directions of the
co-ordinate axes.
The force in the x-direction
Two dimensional flow in a streamtube
26. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
26
The force in the y-direction
The resultant force can be determined by combining Fx and Fy
vectorially as
And the angle at which F acts is given by
27. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
27
For a three-dimensional (x, y, z) system we then have an extra force
to calculate and resolve in the z direction.
This is considered in exactly the same way.
In summary we can say:The total force the fluid = rate of change of
momentum through the control volume
28. Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
28
Note that we are working with vectors so F is in the direction of
the velocity.This force is made up of three components:
FR = Force exerted on the fluid by any solid body touching the control
volume
FB = Force exerted on the fluid body (e.g. gravity)
FP = Force exerted on the fluid by fluid pressure outside the control
volume
So we say that the total force, FT, is given by the sum of these forces:
FT= FR+ FB +FP
The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body touching the
control volume is opposite to FR . So the reaction force, R, is given by
R =-FR
29. Application of the Momentum Equation
29
In common application of the momentum principle, we
use it to find forces that flowing fluid exert on structures
open to the atmosphere like gate and overflow spillways
In the following section, we will consider the application
of momentum principle for the following cases.
1. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend.
2. Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe.
3. Impact of a jet on a plane surface.
4. Force due to flow round a curved vane.
30. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
30
Coordinate system: It is convenient to choose the co-ordinate
axis so that one is pointing in the direction of the inlet velocity.
In the above figure the x-axis points in the direction of the inlet
velocity.
Let’s compute, total force, pressure force, body force and resultant
force
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
31. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
31
1.Total Force:
In x-direction In y-direction
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
32. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
32
2. Pressure force
2
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
33. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
33
3. Body force:
There are no body forces in the x or y directions.The only
body force is that exerted by gravity (which acts into the
paper in this example - a direction we do not need to
consider).
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
34. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
34
Resultant force
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
35. Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
35
Resultant force and direction
Finally, the force on bent is same
magnitude but in opposite direction
Flow round a pipe bend of
constant cross-section
Control volume
36. Force on a Pipe Nozzle
36
Force on the nozzle at the outlet
of a pipe. Because the fluid is
contracted at the nozzle forces are
induced in the nozzle.
Anything holding the nozzle (e.g. a
fireman) must be strong enough to
withstand these forces.
Control volume of coordinate
system of nozzle is shown in figure
Control volume of nozzle
Resultant force on nozzle = Total force - Pressure force - Body force
37. Force on a Pipe Nozzle
37
Total Force
Control volume of nozzle
Pressure Force = pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2
g
VP
Z
g
VP
Z
22
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 ++=++
γγ
21 ZZ = 02
=
γ
P
−=
−= 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
11
222 AA
Q
g
V
g
V
P
ρ
γ
38. Force on a Pipe Nozzle
38
Body Force: The only body
force is the weight due to
gravity in the y-direction - but
we need not consider this as
the
only forces we are considering
are in the x-direction. Control volume of nozzle
Resultant force on nozzle=total force - pressure force - body force
39. Impact of a Jet on a Plane
39
A perpendicular jet hitting
a plane.
Control volume and Co-
ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force - Body force
Resultant force of jet = Total force+0+0
Total force
40. Impact of a Jet on a Plane
40
A perpendicular jet hitting
a plane.
Control volume and Co-
ordinate axis
Resultant force of jet = Total force - Pressure force - Body force
Hence, the resultant force
41. Force on a curved vane
41
This case is similar to that of a
pipe, but the analysis is simpler
because the pressures are equal -
atmospheric , and both the cross-
section and velocities (in the
direction of flow) remain constant.
The jet, vane and co-ordinate
direction are arranged as in the
figure . Jet deflected by a curved vane
Solve urself I am tired now !!