The water budget, or water balance, of a drainage basin shows the relationship between precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and changes in water storage. It is often expressed as an equation where precipitation equals surface runoff plus evapotranspiration plus or minus changes in storage. The water budget is useful for hydrologists to understand water surplus and deficit, and to plan for potential water shortages or recharge after deficit. A water budget graph illustrates surplus when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration and deficit when the reverse is true.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
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You have delineated your watershed boundary as shown in the figure abo.docxerinskingsman95711
You have delineated your watershed boundary as shown in the figure above in black. What problems might come about given this delineation if you are trying to estimate the water budget for this watershed? What might be a better delineation of the boundary for this watershed (please draw a more appropriate boundary)? If groundwater inflows/outflows are negligible and you are trying to estimate ET using the water balance equation (but do not have any measurements of ET), what hydrologic variables do you need to have long-term estimates of? What is the key assumption that you have made in making this estimate of ET?
Solution
Rain or irrigation reaching a unit area of soil surface, may
infiltrate into the soil, or leave the
area as surface runoff. The infiltrated water may
(a) evaporate directly from the soil surface,
(b) taken up by plants for growth or transpirat
ion, (c) drain downward beyond the root zone
as deep percolation, or (d) accumulate within the root zone
. The water balance method is
based on the conservation of mass which st
ates that change in soil water content
S of a root
zone of a crop is equal to the difference between the amount of water added to the root
zone, Q
i
, and the amount of water withdrawn from it, Q
o
(Hillel, 1998) in a given time
interval expressed as in Eq. (1).
io
SQ Q
(1)
Eq. (1) can be used to determine evapotranspiration of a given crop as follows
ET
P
I U
R D
S
(2)
where
S = change in root zone soil moisture stor
age, P = Precipitation, I = Irrigation, U =
upward capillary rise into the root zone, R = Runoff, D = Deep percol
ation beyond the root
zone, ET = evapotranspiration. All quantities are expressed as volume of water per unit land
area (depth units).
In order to use Eq. (2) to determine evapotra
nspiration (ET), other parameters must be
measured or estimated. It is relatively easy
to measure the amount of water added to the
field by rain and irrigation. In agricultural fields, the amount of runoff is generally small so
is often considered negligible. When the groundwater table is deep, capillary rise U is
negligible. The most difficult parameter to measure is deep percolation D. If soil water
potential and moisture content are monitored,
D can be estimated using Darcy’s Principle.
In this study, deep percolation estimated us
ing AquaCrop (Raes et al., 2009), was adopted.
Runoff R was also estimated using AquaCrop following USDA curve number approach
(Hawkins et al., 1985). The ch
ange in soil water storage
S is measured using specialized
instruments such as neutron probe and time-domain reflectrometer
.
#36068 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxAASTHA76
#36068 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 2
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: ATTACHED
Week 3 - Assignment 1
Ground and Surface Water Interactions Laboratory
[WLO: 2] [CLOs: 1, 3, 4, 5]
This lab enables you to design models of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and groundwater.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Making sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin this assignment, read the Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.presentation video.
Follow the instructions in the manual to complete Activities 1, 2, and 3 using materials in your kit, augmented by additional materials that you will supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 3 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report” by downloading the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and your “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
Groundwater and Surface
Water Interactions
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS
Overview
Clean drinking water is vital for all human life. In this lab, students
will learn how freshwater sources interact through the natural
processes of the hydrosphere (all the water on the planet)
and what happens to drinking water supplies when our planet
becomes altered by human activities. Students will design models
of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and
groundwater. The models will demonstrate overconsumption and
dro
Background
The hydrosphere encompasses all the water
on the planet. It includes freshwater and
saltwater; liquid, solid, and vapor; and water
.
Dr. Jay Famiglietti - 21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal...John Blue
21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal Agriculture - Dr. Jay Famiglietti, Associate Professor at University of California, Irvine and Senior Water Scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, from the 2015 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'Water and the Future of Animal Agriculture', March 23 - March 26, 2015, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2015_niaa_water_future_animal_ag
This diagram shows that water is added to the aquiter by pre.pdfadislifestyle
This diagram shows that water is added to the aquiter by precipitation and infiltration (soaking into
the ground) below streams and lakes. Precipitation in the Rocky Mountains is responsible for
much of the recharge of the Denver Basin aquifer system. Consider how the water level of the
aquifer might change if the dimate of the region were to become wetter or drier. Water is
subtracted from the aquifer at wells and natural springs. Consider how increasing or decreasing
the amount of water pumped out of the aquifer at wells would change the water level of the
aquifer. 3. Describe how changes in the climate of this region might affect the water level of the
aquifer. Changes in the climate of the region could afiect the water level or the aquifer in several
ways. If the climate became wetter, there could be more recharge, which would lead to an
increase in the water level of the aquifer. If the climate became drier, there would be less
recharge, which would lead to a decrease in the water level of the aquifer. 4. How might human
activities affect the water level of the aquifer?Estimated Water Use Estimated use of groundwater
from In 1884, when wells first began Denver Basin aquifer system, 1990 discharging water from
the Arapahoe aquifer, the water was used primarily for irrigation. The population was small,
livestock was not much of a factor, and large industries didn't exist. As the population changed,
however, so did water use patterns. Agricultural and industrial users still get much of their water
from the aquifer, but more of the water for public use now comes from surface water, which is
stored in reservoirs. Examine the graph of estimated groundwater use. 7. Rank the four types of
water use from the most water used to the least. 8. As population increases, new homes and
businesses are being built around the margin of the Denver metropolitan area. Which of the
current water use categories might increase in the future? Which might decrease? With population
increasing and annual rainfall remaining relatively constant, changes that might have been
responsible for raising the water level of the aquifer after 1960 could include the implementation of
more efficient irrigation practices, a decrease in the number of wells pumping water from the
aquifer, or changes in land use that led to more recharge..
Water is another vital element & normally very badly managed in our society, due to our usual ignorance of its importance, characteristics & inter-relationships with other elements.
In this class we learn of harvesting systems for this vital substance, how to re-connect ourselves with the water cycle, the strategies of "slow it, spread it, sink it"
& we see various examples where a good management of water has totally changed the system. Small re-designs can improve the whole environment a great deal, & this is especially true with water re-designs.
3Week 4 iLab InstructionsSCI230iLab Title Groundwater P.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3
Week 4 iLab Instructions
SCI230
iLab Title: Groundwater Processes and Contamination
Scenario/Summary:
In either confined or unconfined aquifers, excessive extraction can deplete groundwater. Declines in the level of the Ogallala aquifer have become quite serious in some places, as seen in Figure 13.8a and c: High Plain Aquifer. If one person depletes the groundwater in their area, the drop in the water table may spread to other areas. How does water in an aquifer behave—more like water in a bathtub or more as if it is contained in an egg-carton-like configuration (see Figure 13.8b)? The bathtub analogy applies if the aquifer acts as a common pool, so a general lowering of the water table occurs when a person pumps the aquifer from one location. For the egg carton model, the aquifer is compartmentalized so a person pumping in one location does not influence neighboring areas.
Deliverables:
1. Read through the lab instructions document below before executing the lab steps and creating the report.
2. Refer to Owen, Earth Lab: Exploring the Earth Sciences, ISBN-13: 9780538737005, Lab 13: Groundwater and Karst Topography, Groundwater Depletion and Ground Water Contamination, pages 302–307.
3. Follow all procedures in the lab instructions for the items you will need to include in your report.
4. After executing all steps contained in the lab instructions, submit a single Word document containing your report to the Week 4 Dropbox.
Grading Rubric
Category
Points
Description
Questions 1a and 1b [See Figure 13.8: High Plains Aquifer, page 303]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Questions 2a–2c [See Figure 13.9: Ground Water Contamination, page 304, Figures 13.10: Water-Table Contours and 13.11: Groundwater Flows, page 305]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Total
30
A laboratory report will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.
iLab Steps
Step 1: High Plains Aquifer Depletion
Figure 13.8 (a) Map of the High Plains Aquifer showing changes in the water level between 1980 and 1995. The aquifer is also called the Ogallala Aquifer; its extent is outlined in black on the map, and its water-level changes are indicated with different colors. (b) Two models for how aquifers work. (Top) Aquifers may act like bathtubs, where draining from one part may drain the whole thing; or (bottom) in the egg-carton model, one person pumping does not affect neighbors’ water levels. Most aquifers are probably between these two extremes. (c) The same map area as in (a) but with water level change data up to 2005.
1a. Study the map in Figure 13.8a: High Plains Aquifer, page 303.
i. What do the blue and lavender colors indicate? The orange and red?
ii. Where was the aquifer most depleted? Where was the aquifer rising? Does the whole aquifer act like a bathtub? Why, or Why not?
iii. What problems can you envision for hous.
Project 1 Water Balance A lot of people think that drought me.docxwkyra78
Project 1: Water Balance
A lot of people think that drought means a lack of precipitation. However, precipitation is only part of the equation. Another important aspect about what we need to consider is the natural loss of liquid water to the atmosphere, the processes known as evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration). The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation in a particular area. Therefore, it is possible to have a drought in one region one year with a given amount of precipitation (35 inches), and to not have a drought the next year with less precipitation (30 inches). This is caused by the latter year have a lower rate of evaporation due to lower temperatures. For us to have a good understanding of the stresses that are placed on water resource it is necessary to have a good understanding of the hydro-climatic processes that are at work at different locations. Here we are looking at the periods of surplus, water utilization, deficit, and recharge. An analysis of these help indicate the severity of water needs in a particular area. In the mid-latitudes, the winter season is generally associated with surplus, when the soil is holding its capacity of water, partially due to low rates of evaporation. Spring is associated with water utilization, where the water stored in the soil from winter is being used up, at least until there is no water left in storage. Summer is associated with periods of deficit, when there is no water in storage, due to a lack of precipitation and high evaporation rates. The fall is associated with recharge, where moisture is being added to the soil due to declining levels of evaporation as the atmosphere begins to cool. Below we are looking at 2 very different locations, Berkeley, California, which is in a fairly dry environment, with a winter-time precipitation maximum, and Terre Haute, Indiana, which has a peak of precipitation in the summer months. Compare them for similarities and differences in their hydro-climatologic data.
A. Study the attached table in Figure 1 on of this Lab Exercise. This represents the Water Budget of Berkeley, California.
B. Using the Terre Haute, Indiana, data given below, complete a data tabulation of the average annual water budget of the area:
WATER BUDGET FOR BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (Figure 1)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
P
13.0
11.2
9.4
3.7
2.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
1.3
3.1
6.2
10.6
PE
2.6
3.2
4.5
5.6
7.1
8.4
8.8
8.2
7.5
6.3
4.3
2.8
P-PE
10.4
8.0
4.9
-1.9
-4.7
-7.9
-8.7
-8.1
-6.2
-3.2
1.9
7.8
Change in ST
0.0
0.0
0.0
-1.9
-4.7
-3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
7.8
ST
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.1
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
9.7
AE
2.6
3.2
4.5
5.6
7.1
3.9
0.1
0.1
1.3
3.1
4.3
2.8
D
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
8.7
8.1
6.2
3.2
0.0
0.0
S
10.4
8.0
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Note:
· The data is in centimeters (cm)
· The estimated soil moisture is at field capacity
· In the data tabulation, complete one column at a time. In this case,
January serves as an acceptable star ...
Weekly and Monthly Groundwater Recharge Estimation in A Rural Piedmont Enviro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— La Colacha basin (Córdoba province, Argentina) is a typical piedmont rural area where the unconfined aquifer is used for agricultural activities. The objective of this work is to show the estimation of the recharge (R) rate in the unconfined aquifer, using the water table fluctuation method (WTF). Furthermore, considerations in relation to monthly and weekly recharge rhythms and to the aquifer discharge (D) were performed. The aquifer shows a typical behavior of groundwater recharge areas with an important and quick answer of water table to the arrival of precipitations (P). After that, a recession curve is observed, representing the groundwater discharge to the local base level (the main stream of the basin). The monthly estimation resulted in an annual average R value of 14.3 % of total P. Although the major amounts of recharge occur in full summer, according to the major total amounts of P, the correlation between monthly R and P was low (r2 < 0.2) as a result of the high quantities of rainfall water that are converted into runoff. The regression coefficient is higher (r2 = 0.6) for the end of summer and autumn when rainfalls diminish and have low intensities. This situation provides less water to the aquifer, but the recharge process is more efficient. The ratio R/D for the 3 year series was positive, which means that the aquifer recharge was dominant. In the weekly recharge analysis, the annual average R is slightly lower than in the monthly one, that is, 12.4 % of the total P. Thus, it may be concluded that, in this case, the change from monthly to a weekly time step, did not much improve the final value. However, the information obtained with the weekly estimation is much more useful to interpret the aquifer detailed behavior.
This is the original assignment-Project 1 Water Balance .docxMARK547399
This is the original assignment-
Project 1: Water Balance
A lot of people think that drought means a lack of precipitation. However, precipitation is only part of the equation. Another important aspect about what we need to consider is the natural loss of liquid water to the atmosphere, the processes known as evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration). The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation in a particular area. Therefore, it is possible to have a drought in one region one year with a given amount of precipitation (35 inches), and to not have a drought the next year with less precipitation (30 inches). This is caused by the latter year have a lower rate of evaporation due to lower temperatures. For us to have a good understanding of the stresses that are placed on water resource it is necessary to have a good understanding of the hydro-climatic processes that are at work at different locations. Here we are looking at the periods of surplus, water utilization, deficit, and recharge. An analysis of these help indicate the severity of water needs in a particular area. In the mid-latitudes, the winter season is generally associated with surplus, when the soil is holding its capacity of water, partially due to low rates of evaporation. Spring is associated with water utilization, where the water stored in the soil from winter is being used up, at least until there is no water left in storage. Summer is associated with periods of deficit, when there is no water in storage, due to a lack of precipitation and high evaporation rates. The fall is associated with recharge, where moisture is being added to the soil due to declining levels of evaporation as the atmosphere begins to cool. Below we are looking at 2 very different locations, Berkeley, California, which is in a fairly dry environment, with a winter-time precipitation maximum, and Terre Haute, Indiana, which has a peak of precipitation in the summer months. Compare them for similarities and differences in their hydro-climatologic data.
Study the attached table in Figure 1 on of this Lab Exercise. This represents the Water Budget of Berkeley, California.
Using the Terre Haute, Indiana, data given below, complete a data tabulation of the average annual water budget of the area:
WATER BUDGET FOR BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (Figure 1)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
P
13.0
11.2
9.4
3.7
2.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
1.3
3.1
6.2
10.6
PE
2.6
3.2
4.5
5.6
7.1
8.4
8.8
8.2
7.5
6.3
4.3
2.8
P-PE
10.4
8.0
4.9
-1.9
-4.7
-7.9
-8.7
-8.1
-6.2
-3.2
1.9
7.8
Change in ST
0.0
0.0
0.0
-1.9
-4.7
-3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
7.8
ST
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.1
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
9.7
AE
2.6
3.2
4.5
5.6
7.1
3.9
0.1
0.1
1.3
3.1
4.3
2.8
D
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
8.7
8.1
6.2
3.2
0.0
0.0
S
10.4
8.0
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Note:
The data is in centimeters (cm)
The estimated soil moisture is at field capacity
In the data tabulation, complete one column at a time. In this case,
Janua ...
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" NENAwaterscarcity
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
5. The Water Budget Potential evapotranspiration (PET): the amount of water that could be evaporated and transpired if there was sufficient water available. Soil Water Deficit means that the soil is dry, or could hold more water. Soil Water Recharge means the soil is re-absorbing moisture after a shortage Soil water utilisation is when the water contained in the soil is being lost again Field Capacity is the amount of water that the soil type can hold after excess has run off and downward movement into ground water sources has slowed to a minimum.
6. One pupil to come and explain what is happening here- use as many key terms as possible
8. Pupils to come up and explain what happens in each diagram. Imagine this was an exam question (GAS) Do we think that the UK and Greece have an overall positive or negative Water Budget?
![The Water Budget (Balance) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thewaterbudget-110911112717-phpapp02/85/The-water-budget-1-320.jpg)
![The Water Budget ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)