1) The document discusses various parameters of pulsed ultrasound including pulse duration, pulse repetition period, pulse repetition frequency, spatial pulse length, duty factor, and how they relate to imaging depth and image quality.
2) Key points covered include that pulse duration and spatial pulse length are characteristics of the transducer, while duty factor, pulse repetition period and frequency can be altered by the sonographer by changing imaging depth.
3) Attenuation, the decrease in ultrasound intensity as it travels through tissue, is also discussed along with how it limits imaging depth and relates to frequency. Axial and lateral resolution, which determine image accuracy, are defined.
An overview of Doppler Effect in Ultrasonography - the medical imaging of the body using Ultrasound.
Includes Colour Doppler, Power Doppler, Spectral Doppler, Continuous Wave Doppler, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and comparisons with other Radiographic imaging modalities.
Ultrasound Machine-A Revolution In Medical ImagingRAVI KANT
What is medical imaging?
Why ultrasound imaging is required?
History of ultrasound
What is ultrasound
Physical definition
Medical definition
Ultrasound production
The Returning echo
Doppler effect
What is Doppler ultrasound
Principles of instrumentation in ultrasonography
Transmitter and receiver circuits of ultrasound
Mechanical assembly of ultrasound machine
Manufacturing companies of USG
Sonoscape S40 color Doppler ultrasound system
Clinical applications of ultrasound
Future of ultraso
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
An overview of Doppler Effect in Ultrasonography - the medical imaging of the body using Ultrasound.
Includes Colour Doppler, Power Doppler, Spectral Doppler, Continuous Wave Doppler, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and comparisons with other Radiographic imaging modalities.
Ultrasound Machine-A Revolution In Medical ImagingRAVI KANT
What is medical imaging?
Why ultrasound imaging is required?
History of ultrasound
What is ultrasound
Physical definition
Medical definition
Ultrasound production
The Returning echo
Doppler effect
What is Doppler ultrasound
Principles of instrumentation in ultrasonography
Transmitter and receiver circuits of ultrasound
Mechanical assembly of ultrasound machine
Manufacturing companies of USG
Sonoscape S40 color Doppler ultrasound system
Clinical applications of ultrasound
Future of ultraso
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
This concepts of Doppler physics contents are introduction, history, on which principle it works, applications of this physics Doppler angle types of flow types of Doppler advantages disadvantages and summary
This slide contain application of ultrasound and biological effects of ultrasound , ppt contains many GIF files and notes , which may not be accessible here ,,
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Us physic (s)
1. US PHYSICS (5)
Dr. Kamal Sayed MSc US UAA
OKPulsed US/PD/PRP/PRF/DF/SPL/pulsed
waves/attenuation/ range equation /resolution/
focal depth/Line density/focus
2. •
Chapter 2 Pulsed Ultrasound
•
Basic Rule
•
The pulse doesn’t change
•
The listening time changes when depth of view is altered
•
What is the principle of ultrasound?
•
An electric current passes through a cable to the transducer and is
applied to the crystals, causing them to deform and vibrate. This
vibration produces the ultrasound beam. The frequency of
the ultrasound waves produced is predetermined by the crystals in
the transducer.
•
3. •
Pulse Duration
•
It is the time from the start of a pulse to the end of that
pulse,
•
only the actual time that the pulse is “on” in microsec & all
units of time.
•
It is determined By Sound source & cannot be changed when
sonographer alters imaging depth.
•
Pulse duration is determined by the number of cycles in
•
each pulse and the period of each cycle.
•
.
4. •
Pulse duration is a characteristic of each transducer.
•
Typical Values In clinical imaging, pulse duration ranges
from
0.5 to 3 micro secs.
In clinical imaging, a pulse is comprised of 2–4 cycles.
see next slide (5 + 6)
Pulse Duration (msec) = # (No.of) cycles in pulse X period (msec)
•
Pulse Duration (msec) = # cycles in pulse/frequency (kHz)
•
•
5. In clinical imaging, pulse duration ranges from 0.5 to 3microsecs.
In clinical imaging, a pulse is comprised of 2–4 cycles.
6.
7. •
Pulse Repetition Period
•
PRP is the time from the start of one pulse
•
to the start of the next pulse.
•
It includes both the time that the pulse is “on” & the “dead
time”
•
it is determined By Sound source
•
Units in msec—all units of time
.
8. •
Typical Values of PRP In clinical imaging, the PR period has
values from 100 microsec to 1 msec
•
Equation PRP = 13 micros/cm X depth of view (cm)
•
The operator changes only the “listening time” (when
•
adjusting the depth of view), never the pulse duration
9. •
Pulse Repetition Frequency
•
PRF is the number of pulses that occur in one second.
•
(PRP is the time from the start of a pulse to the end of that
pulse)
•
PRF is only related to depth of view, it is not related to
frequency
•
Shallow image, higher PRF/ Deeper image, lower PRF
•
Units Hertz, (Hz), per second
•
10. •
PRF is determined By Sound source
•
In most cases, only one pulse of US travels in the body at
•
one time.
•
Thus, as imaging depths changes, PRF changes.
•
Since the operator determines the maximum imaging
•
depth, the operator alters the PRF.
•
Thus, the operator also adjusts the pulse repetition period
11. •
Typical values of PRF In clinical imaging, from 1,000–10,000Hz
(1-10KHz)
•
The PRF depends upon imaging depth.
•
As imaging depth increases, PRF decreases (inverse
•
relationship).
•
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) indicates the number of
ultrasound pulses emitted by the transducer over a
designated period of time. It is typically measured as cycles
per second or hertz (Hz).
•
12. •
In medical ultrasound the typically used range of PRF varies
between 1 and 10 KHz
•
Pulse repetition period and pulse repetition
•
frequency are reciprocals (inverse relationship-when
•
one parameter goes up, the other goes down).
•
Therefore,
•
pulse repetition period also depends upon imaging depth.
•
Equation :
•
pulse repetition period X PRF frequency = 1
Equation :
13. •
Duty Factor
•
The percentage or fraction of time that the system transmits
•
a pulse
•
Important when discussing intensities.
•
Units » Maximum = 1.0 or 100% (Unitless!)
•
» Minimum = 0.0 or 0%
•
If the duty factor is 100% or 1.0, then the system is always
•
producing sound. It is a continuous wave machine.
•
If the duty factor is 0%, then the machine is never producing
•
a pulse. It is off.
14. •
Duty factor is determined by Sound source & can be changed
by sonographer.
•
Typical values From 0.001 to 0.01 (little talking, lots of
listening)
•
As we know, the operator adjusts the maximum imaging
•
depth and thereby determines the pulse repetition period.
•
Therefore, the operator indirectly changes the duty factor
•
while adjusting imaging depth.
15. •
CW sound cannot be used to make anatomical images.
•
If an ultrasound system is used for imaging, it must use
•
pulsed ultrasound and, therefore, the duty factor must be
•
between 0% and 100% (or 0 and 1), typically close to 0.
•
Equation :duty factor (%) = pulse duration (msec)/
•
pulse repetition period (msec) X 100
•
16. •
Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)
•
Definition :The length or distance that a pulse occupies in
space.
•
The distance from the start of a pulse to the end of that pulse.
•
Units : mm, meters—any and all units of distance
•
Determined By Both the source and the medium & cannot be
changed by sonographer
•
it determines axial resolution (image quality).
•
Shorter pulses create higher quality images.
17. •
Typical US Values 0.1 to 1mm.
•
Equation :
•
Spatial Pulse Length (mm) = # of cycles X wavelength (mm)
•
Example For SPL, think of a train (the pulse), made up of cars
•
(individual cycles). The overall length of our imaginary
•
train from the front of the locomotive to the end of the
•
Caboose (a railway wagon with accommodation for the train
crew, typically attached to the end of the train).
•
See next slides (18 + 19)
18. Spatial Pulse Length (mm) = # of cycles X wavelength (mm)
Typical Values 0.1 to 1mm
19. If we know the length of each boxcar in the train and we
know the number of cars in the train, then we know the
total length of the train!
20. •
Parameters of Pulsed Waves
•
1) Pulse duration (PD) It is the time from the start of a pulse to the
end of that pulse (only the actual time that the pulse is “on” in
microsec & all units of time).
•
2) pulse repetition period (PRP) is the time from the start of
one
pulse to the start of the next pulse.
•
3) pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is the number of pulses that
occur in one second.
•
4) spatial pulse length (SPL)
•
5) duty factor (DF)
•
See next 2 slides (21 + 22)
•
•
21.
22.
23. •
By adjusting the imaging depth, the operator changes the
pulse repetition period,
•
pulse repetition frequency, and duty factor.
•
The pulse duration and spatial pulse length are
characteristics of the pulse itself and are
•
inherent in the design of the transducer system. They are not
changed by sonographer.
24. •
chapter 3 Interaction of Sound and Media
•
Attenuation
•
Definition : The decrease in intensity, power and amplitude of
a sound wave as it travels.
•
The farther US travels, the more attenuation occurs.
•
See slide (25)
•
Units dB, decibels (must be negative, since the attenuation
•
causes intensity to decrease)
25. Overall attenuation is increased when : 1) frequency increases or
2) path length increases
26. •
Attenuation of sound in soft tissue is :
•
1) directly related to distance traveled, and
•
2) directly related to frequency. This is why we are able to
•
image deeper with lower frequency ultrasound.
•
The three Components of attenuation :
•
1. Absorption (sound energy converted into heat energy)
•
2. Scattering
•
3. Reflection
•
27. •
Note : Attenuation of sound in blood is approximately equal
to that in soft tissue
•
Hint : Attenuation and speed are totally unrelated.
•
Media • Air—much, much more attenuation than in soft
tissue
•
• Bone—more than soft tissue, absorption & reflection
•
• Lung—more than soft tissue, due to scattering
•
• Water—much, much less than soft tissue
•
Air >> Bone & Lung > Soft Tissue >> Water
•
28. •
Attenuation ultimately limits the maximum depth from which
•
images are obtained. The goal in diagnostic imaging is to
•
use the highest frequency that still allows us to image to
•
the depth of the structures of clinical interest. That is why
•
we use 2–10 Mhz sound waves.
29. •
Range Equation
•
Ultrasound systems measure “time-of-flight” and relate that
•
measurement to distance traveled.
•
Since the average speed of US in soft tissue (1.54 km/sec) is
•
known, the time-of-flight and distance are directly related
•
The time needed for a pulse to travel from the transducer to
•
The reflector and back to the transducer is called:
•
» the go-return time or the time-of-flight
30. •
Range equation:
Distance to boundary (mm) =
•
go-return time (microsec) X speed (mm/microsec) /2
•
in soft tissue, distance to boundary (mm) = time (microesc) X
(0.77) mm/microsec
•
The 13 Microsecond Rule
•
see next slide (31)
•
•
•
•
•
32. •
Axial Resolution
•
Resolution : The ability to image accurately (accuracy, not
merely quality)
•
Axial Resolution : The ability to distinguish two structures
that are close to each
•
other front to back, parallel to, or along the beam’s
•
main axis. (Synonyms longitudinal or axial)
•
Units mm, cm — all units of distance.
33. •
The shorter the pulse, the smaller the number, the better the
•
picture quality (with shorter pulses, axial resolution improved)
“Short pulse” means a short spatial pulse length or a short
•
pulse duration.
•
Ultrasound transducers are designed by the manufacturers to
•
have a minimum number of cycles per pulse, so that the
•
numerical value is low and the image quality is superior (0.05–
0.5mm).
34. •
Equation :
•
Axial resolution (mm) = spatial pulse length (mm)/2
•
For soft tissue:
•
Axial resolution (mm) = 0.77 X # cycles in pulse/ frequency (MHz)
•
******************
•
Imaging phantom, or simply phantom, is a specially designed object that
is scanned or imaged in the field of medical imaging to evaluate, analyze,
and tune the performance of various imaging devices.
35. •
Lateral Resolution
•
The minimum distance that two structures are separated by
•
side-to-side or perpendicular to the sound beam that
•
produces two distinct echoes (Synonyms Lateral, Angular,
Transverse, Azimuthal)
•
Units mm, all units of length (smaller number, more accurate
image).
•
Since the beam diameter varies with depth, the lateral
•
resolution also varies with depth.
36. •
The lateral resolution is best at the focus or one near zone
•
length (focal depth) from the transducer because the
•
sound beam is narrowest at that point.
•
When two side-by-side structures are closer together than
•
the beam width, only one wide reflection is seen on the
•
image.
•
See images next slide (37 + 38)
37. Lateral resolution is usually not as good as axial resolution
because US pulses are wider than they are short.
Be aware of the term “POINT SPREAD ARTIFACT”