This document discusses the principles of ultrasound imaging, including the construction of transducers and ultrasound controls. It covers topics such as the properties of sound waves, how sound propagates through different mediums, the components and workings of an ultrasound transducer, and how ultrasound images are displayed. It also describes various ultrasound imaging controls and their functions.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Usg transducer and basic principles of ultrasound Doppler, this slide describe the basic physics of ultrasound transducer and Doppler , must know thing is given in this presentaion. Good review for radiology resident. Thanks.
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Usg transducer and basic principles of ultrasound Doppler, this slide describe the basic physics of ultrasound transducer and Doppler , must know thing is given in this presentaion. Good review for radiology resident. Thanks.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Principle of usg imaging, construction of transducers
1. Principle of USG imaging, construction
of transducers and USG controls
DR. DEV LAKHERA
2. Topics
• Properties of sound wave
• Propagation of sound wave
• Transducer components
• Workings of a transducer
• Interaction between sound and matter
• Ultrasonic image display
• USG controls
3. Sound as a wave
• Mechanical
• Require a medium for transport
• Normal auditory frequency – 20Hz-20 KHz
• Ultrasonic - > 20 KHz
• Diagnostic imaging – 1 MHz – 20 MHz
5. • Wavelength (λ) – bet two
compression bands
• Time (T) to complete a single
cycle is called the period.
• frequency (f ) -number of
complete cycles in a unit of
time.
6. Propagation of sound (velocity)
Depends on:
Density
Resistance to compression
1540 m/sec
7. • Sound travels slowest in gases, intermediate in liquids and fastest
through solids
• Body tissues behave as liquids (avg 1540 m/sec)
• V = Freq x Wavelength (velocity constant in a medium)
• Freq – inc wavelength - dec
8. Propagation of sound (intensity)
Depends on:
Amplitude of oscillation
Db
Defines the Brightness of the image
Irrespective of the Freq the Amp remains
constant
The Higher the Amp the brighter the image
and the lower the more darker the images
Returning Waves
9. Frequency
Higher the freq Lower the penetration and
Higher the resolution
Low the freq higher the penetration and
lower the resolution
10. Formation of USG image
1. Electrical Energy
converted to Sound
waves
2. The Sound waves
are reflected by
tissues
3. Reflected Sound waves are
converted to electrical signals
and later to Image
14. Piezoelectric crystals
• Piezoelectric effect- certain materials on
application of electric energy change their
physical dimensions
• Naturally occurring: Quartz
• PZT- Lead zirconate titanate
15. • Dipoles –geometric pattern
• Plating electrodes
• Voltage applied in a pulse
causes this crystal to vibrate
16. Receive
• Echoes reflect back and from each tissue interface and cause physical
compression of crystal element
• Dipole change their orientation
• Causes generation of voltage received and displayed
17. Characteristics of a USG Beam
• Fresnel zone- Determined by radius of
transducer
• Fraunhofer zone (divergent part)
• Fresnel zone- Increases with frequency
and diameter
18. Advantage of high frequency beams
• Superior superficial resolution , longer frensel zone
• Tissue absorption increases with increasing frequency so low
frequency beam required to penetrate thick parts
• Larger transducers however reduce side to side resolution.(now
reduced due to focused transducers)
21. REFLECTION
Images are produced by the reflected portion of beam
Percentage of reflected beam depends upon
1.Tissue’s acoustic impedance
2.Beam’s angle of incidence
22. Acoustic Impedance
• How much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes
through a tissue.
• Acoustic impedance depends on:
the density of the tissue (d, in kg/m3)
the speed of the sound wave (c, in m/s)
• Amplitude of returning echo is proportional to the difference in
acoustic impedance between the two tissues
23. Acoustic Impedance
• Two regions of very different
acoustic impedances, the
beam is reflected or absorbed
• Acoustic impedance of tissue
is constant (speed of
transmission is constant)
Examples of impedance
for bodily tissues (in
kg/(m2s)):
•air 0.0004 × 106
•lung 0.18 × 106
•fat 1.34 × 106
•water 1.48 × 106
•kidney 1.63 × 106
•blood 1.65 × 106
•liver 1.65 × 106
•muscle 1.71 × 106
•bone 7.8 × 106
24. • Tissue - air interface – 99.9 % beam is reflected
• Coupling agent is needed
• Ultrasound gel
28. Scattering
• Redirection of sound in several directions
• Caused by interaction with small reflector or rough surface
• Only portion of sound wave returns to transducer
29. Refraction
• Sound passes from one medium to other
at an angle change in velocity but
frequency is constant so there is a change
in wavelength.
• Causes a change in direction
• spatial distortion
30. Absorption
• Due to frictional forces opposing the movement of particles in a
medium
• Utrasonic energy Thermal energy
• Depends on 1) frequency
2) viscosity of the medium
3) relaxation time of the medium
31. • The deeper the wave travels in the body, the weaker it becomes
• The amplitude of the wave decreases with increasing depth
Attenuation
33. Amplitude Modulation (A- mode)
• line through the body with the echoes
plotted on screen as a function of depth
• Stronger echoes produce larger spinkes
34. Motion mode (M- Mode)
• pulses are emitted in quick succession
• organ boundaries that produce
reflections move relative to the probe
• commonly in cardiac and fetal cardiac
imaging
35. B-mode or 2D mode: (Brightness mode)
• Most used imaging mode
• Produces a picture of a slice of tissue
• Brightness depends upon the amplitude or
intensity of the echo
36. USG Imaging Controls
• TGC- Time gain compensator
• Near gain
• Far gain
• Intensity
• Coarse gain
• Reject
• Delay
• Enhancement
39. Amplitude
• Intensity control- Increases the potential difference between transducer
• Coarse gain – Increases the height of all echoes proportionately
• Reject control- It helps remove echoes below
a minimum amplitude
40. • Delay – Regulates the depth at which the TGC begins to augment the
weaker signal
• Q-scan - automatically optimises key imaging parameters
41. • General mode
• Resolution mode (high
frequency setting)
• Penetration mode
• (low frequency setting)
43. • Power doppler
Uses amplitude of Doppler signal to detect
moving matter
• Pulse wave doppler
Emits USG in pulses
Lower velocity
• Continuous wave doppler
Transducer emits and receives continuously
High velocity
Color flow
Type of power doppler emits pulses
47. Types of Resolution
• Axial Resolution
• specifies how close together two objects can be along the
axis of the beam, yet still be detected as two separate
objects
• frequency (wavelength) affects axial resolution
48. Types of Resolution
• Lateral Resolution
• the ability to resolve two adjacent objects that are
perpendicular to the beam axis as separate objects
• beamwidth affects lateral resolution
49. Types of Resolution
• Spatial Resolution
• also called Detail Resolution
• the combination of AXIAL and LATERAL resolution
• some customers may use this term
50. Types of Resolution
• Contrast Resolution
• the ability to resolve two adjacent objects of similar
intensity/reflective properties as separate objects
51. Types of Resolution
• Temporal Resolution
• the ability to accurately locate the position of moving
structures at particular instants in time
• also known as frame rate
• VERY IMPORTANT IN CARDIOLOGY
