The document discusses structural modeling in VHDL. It provides examples of structurally modeling full adders, SR flip-flops, D flip-flops, and JK flip-flops by using components like XOR gates, AND gates, OR gates, and NAND gates. The structural modeling breaks down a design into its constituent components, allows each component to be simulated separately, and connects them using signals.
Verilog HDL is a hardware description language used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.
A brief history
Verilog HDL originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (later renamed as Gateway Design Automation) in 1985. The company was privately held at that time by Dr. Prabhu Goel, the inventor of the PODEM test generation algorithm. Verilog HDL was designed by Phil Moorby, who was later to become the Chief Designer for Verilog-XL and the first Corporate Fellow at Cadence Design Systems. Gateway Design Automation grew rapidly with the success of Verilog-XL and was finally acquired by Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA in 1989.
Verilog was invented as simulation language. Use of Verilog for synthesis was a complete afterthought. Rumors abound that there were merger discussions between Gateway and Synopsys in the early days, where neither gave the other much chance of success..
In the late 1980's it seemed evident that designers were going to be moving away from proprietary languages like n dot, HiLo and Verilog towards the US Depatment of Defense standard H.D.L., known as the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. VHSIC it self stands for "Very High Speen Intergrated Circuit" BTW).
Perhaps due to such market pressure, Cadence Design Systems decided to open the Verilog language to the public in 1990, and thus OVI (Open Verilog International) was born. Until that time, Verilog HDL was a proprietary language, being the property of Cadence Design Systems. When OVI was formed in 1991, a number of small companies began working on Verilog simulators, including Chronologic Simulation, Frontline Design Automation, and others. The first of these came to market in 1992, and now there are mature Verilog simulators available from many sources.
As a result, the Verilog market has grown substantially. The market for Verilog related tools in 1994 was well over $75,000,000, making it the most commercially significant hardware description language on the market.
An IEEE working group was established in 1993 under the Design Automation Sub-Committee to produce the IEEE Verilog standard 1364. Verilog became IEEE Standard 1364 in 1995.
As an international standard, the Verilog market continued to grow. In 1998 the market for Verilog simulators alone was well over $150,000,000; continuing its dominance.
The IEEE working group released a revised standard in March of 2002, known as IEEE 1364-2001. Significant publication errors marred this release, and a revised version was released in 2003, known as IEEE 1364-2001 Revision C.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
Write complete VHDL codes for the following schematic. Solution.pdfarjuncollection
Write complete VHDL codes for the following schematic.
Solution
for shift reg:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
-- Uncomment the following library declaration if using
-- arithmetic functions with Signed or Unsigned values
--use IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
-- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating
-- any Xilinx primitives in this code.
--library UNISIM;
--use UNISIM.VComponents.all;
entity pipo is
Port ( ClrN,load,clk : in STD_LOGIC;
D3,D2,D1,D0 : in STD_LOGIC;
Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0 : out STD_LOGIC);
end pipo;
architecture Behavioral of pipo is
component D_ff is
Port ( clock,ClrN : in STD_LOGIC;
D : in STD_LOGIC;
Q : out STD_LOGIC);
end component;
signal clock:STD_LOGIC;
begin
clock<= load and clk;
u3:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D3,Q3);
u2:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D2,Q2);
u1:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D1,Q1);
U0:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D0,Q0);
end Behavioral;
for D-Flipflop:
entity D_FF is
Port ( clock,ClrN : in STD_LOGIC;
D : in STD_LOGIC;
Q : out STD_LOGIC);
end D_FF;
architecture Behavioral of D_FF is
begin
process(clk,ClrN)
begin
if(ClrN = \'0\') then
if(falling_edge(clk)) then
Q <= D;
end if;
else
Q <= \'0\';
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;.
Verilog HDL is a hardware description language used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.
A brief history
Verilog HDL originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (later renamed as Gateway Design Automation) in 1985. The company was privately held at that time by Dr. Prabhu Goel, the inventor of the PODEM test generation algorithm. Verilog HDL was designed by Phil Moorby, who was later to become the Chief Designer for Verilog-XL and the first Corporate Fellow at Cadence Design Systems. Gateway Design Automation grew rapidly with the success of Verilog-XL and was finally acquired by Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA in 1989.
Verilog was invented as simulation language. Use of Verilog for synthesis was a complete afterthought. Rumors abound that there were merger discussions between Gateway and Synopsys in the early days, where neither gave the other much chance of success..
In the late 1980's it seemed evident that designers were going to be moving away from proprietary languages like n dot, HiLo and Verilog towards the US Depatment of Defense standard H.D.L., known as the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. VHSIC it self stands for "Very High Speen Intergrated Circuit" BTW).
Perhaps due to such market pressure, Cadence Design Systems decided to open the Verilog language to the public in 1990, and thus OVI (Open Verilog International) was born. Until that time, Verilog HDL was a proprietary language, being the property of Cadence Design Systems. When OVI was formed in 1991, a number of small companies began working on Verilog simulators, including Chronologic Simulation, Frontline Design Automation, and others. The first of these came to market in 1992, and now there are mature Verilog simulators available from many sources.
As a result, the Verilog market has grown substantially. The market for Verilog related tools in 1994 was well over $75,000,000, making it the most commercially significant hardware description language on the market.
An IEEE working group was established in 1993 under the Design Automation Sub-Committee to produce the IEEE Verilog standard 1364. Verilog became IEEE Standard 1364 in 1995.
As an international standard, the Verilog market continued to grow. In 1998 the market for Verilog simulators alone was well over $150,000,000; continuing its dominance.
The IEEE working group released a revised standard in March of 2002, known as IEEE 1364-2001. Significant publication errors marred this release, and a revised version was released in 2003, known as IEEE 1364-2001 Revision C.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
Write complete VHDL codes for the following schematic. Solution.pdfarjuncollection
Write complete VHDL codes for the following schematic.
Solution
for shift reg:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
-- Uncomment the following library declaration if using
-- arithmetic functions with Signed or Unsigned values
--use IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
-- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating
-- any Xilinx primitives in this code.
--library UNISIM;
--use UNISIM.VComponents.all;
entity pipo is
Port ( ClrN,load,clk : in STD_LOGIC;
D3,D2,D1,D0 : in STD_LOGIC;
Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0 : out STD_LOGIC);
end pipo;
architecture Behavioral of pipo is
component D_ff is
Port ( clock,ClrN : in STD_LOGIC;
D : in STD_LOGIC;
Q : out STD_LOGIC);
end component;
signal clock:STD_LOGIC;
begin
clock<= load and clk;
u3:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D3,Q3);
u2:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D2,Q2);
u1:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D1,Q1);
U0:D_Ff port map(clock,ClrN,D0,Q0);
end Behavioral;
for D-Flipflop:
entity D_FF is
Port ( clock,ClrN : in STD_LOGIC;
D : in STD_LOGIC;
Q : out STD_LOGIC);
end D_FF;
architecture Behavioral of D_FF is
begin
process(clk,ClrN)
begin
if(ClrN = \'0\') then
if(falling_edge(clk)) then
Q <= D;
end if;
else
Q <= \'0\';
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;.
Vhdl code and project report of arithmetic and logic unitNikhil Sahu
The main objective of project is to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). We have designed an 8 bit ALU which accepts two 8 bits numbers and the code corresponding to the operation which it has to perform from the user. The ALU performs the desired operation and generates the result accordingly. The different operations that we dealt with, are arithmetical, logical and relational. Arithmetic operations include arithmetic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations include AND, OR, NAND, XOR, NOT and NOR. These take two binary inputs and result in output logically operated. The operations like the greater than, less than, equal to, exponential etc are also included. To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL . The waveforms were obtained successfully. After the coding was done, the synthesis of the code was performed using Xilinx-ISE. Synthesis translates VHDL code into netlist (a textual description). Thereafter, the simulation was done to verify the synthesized code.
Yaser Khalifa introduces you to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language), a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integrated circuits.
FPGA training session generic package and funtions of VHDL by Digitronix NepalKrishna Gaihre
Understanding Generic, Package and Functions in VHDL , Creating a package in VHDL, Creating Functions in VHDL is introduced in this presentation. This Training is Conducted by Digitronix Nepal. Digitronix Nepal is working on FPGA, ASIC and VLSI Design and Verification.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Structural modelling
1. Contents:
Introduction
VHDL structural Modelling Programs –Full Adder, SR Flip
flop, JK Flip flop & D flip flops
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 1
2. Structural Modelling
In structural design, a VHDL and a Verilog uses components or
gates to model the system.
The important features of VHDL structural type of architecture
body are:
Design hierarchy
Components are used
Each component is simulated separately.
In the structural modeling, an entity is described as a set of
components connected by signals, that is, as a net list.
The architecture body is composed of two parts: the declarative
part and the statement parts.
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 2
3. Contd…
Full adder is taken as an example,
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 3
4. Program
Library ieee;
Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
Entity full_add is
port(A,B,Cin :in bit;
Sum,Cout :out bit);
end full_add;
architecture adder of full_add is
component xor3
port(I1,I2,I3:in bit;
O1:out bit);
end component;
component and2
port(I1,I2:in bit;
O1:out bit);
end component;
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 4
5. Contd…
component or3
port(I1,I2,I3:in bit;
O1:out bit);
end component;
signal S1,S2,S3:bit
begin
Y1:xor3 port map (A, B, Cin, Sum);
X1:and2 port map (A, B, S1);
X2:and2 port map (A, Cin, S2);
X3:and2 port map (B, Cin, S3);
Y2:or3 port map (S1,S2,S3,Cout);
end adder;
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 5
6. Structural description of pulse triggered SR
Flip-flop
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 6
7. Program
Library ieee;
Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
Entity SR_FF is
port(S,R,CP:in std_logic;
Q,Qbar:buffer std_logic);
end SR_FF;
architecture FF of SR_FF is
component nand2
port(I1,I2:in std_logic;
O1:out std_logic);
end component;
for all: nand2 use entity work.two input(nand2_7);
signal S1,R1: std_logic;
begin
NA1:nand2 port map (S1,Qbar,Q);
NA2: nand2 port map (Q ,R1,Qbar);
NA3: nand2 port map (S ,CP,S1);
NA4: nand2 port map (R ,CP,R1);
end FF;
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 7
8. Structural description of pulse triggered D
Flip-flop
Library ieee;
Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
Entity D_FF is
port(D,CP:in std_logic;
Q,Qbar:buffer std_logic);
end D_FF;
architecture FF of D_FF is
component nand2
port(I1,I2:in std_logic;
O1:out std_logic);
end component;
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 8
9. for all: nand2 use entity work.two input(nand2_7);
signal S1,R,R1: std_logic;
begin
NA1:nand2 port map (D,CP,S1);
NA2: nand2 port map (R,CP,R1);
NA3: nand2 port map (D,D,R);
NA4: nand2 port map (S1,Qbar,Q);
NA5: nand2 port map (Q,R1,Qbar);
end FF;
Contd….
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 9
10. Structural description of pulse triggered JK Flip-
flop
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 10
11. Program
Library ieee;
Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
Entity JK_FF is
port(J,K,CP:in std_logic;
Q,Qbar:buffer std_logic);
end JK_FF;
architecture FF of JK_FF is
component nor2
port(I1,I2:in std_logic;
O1:out std_logic);
end component;
component and3
port(I1,I2,I3:in std_logic;
O1:out std_logic);
end component;Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 11
12. Contd…
for all: nor2 use entity work.two input(nor2_7);
for all: and3 use entity work.three input(and3_7);
signal R,S
begin
N1:nor2 port map (S,Q,Qbar);
N2: nor2 port map (R,Qbar,Q);
A1: and3 port map (Q,K,CP,R);
A2: and3 port map (Qbar,J,CP,S);
end FF;
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 12
13. Conclusion:
The basics of structural modelling is explained in detail with examples.
References:
1. Mandal, “Digital Electronics Principles & Application, McGraw Hill Edu, 2013.
2. William Keitz, Digital Electronics-A Practical Approach with VHDL, Pearson, 2013.
3. Thomas L.Floyd, ‘Digital Fundamentals’, 11th edition, Pearson Education, 2015.
4. Charles H.Roth, Jr, Lizy Lizy Kurian John, ‘Digital System Design using VHDL,
Cengage,2013.
5. D.P.Kothari,J.S.Dhillon, ‘Digital circuits and Design’,Pearson Education, 2016.
6. A.P.Godse., Dr.D.A.Godse, ‘Digital Logic Circuits’ , Technical Publications Third Edition
2016
7. Other Web Sources
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structural Modelling 13
