This document summarizes sequential circuits and their basic components - latches and flip-flops. It describes how latches like the SR, S'R', and D latches work based on inputs but no clock signal, while flip-flops like edge-triggered flip-flops change state based on the clock edge. Examples of additional flip-flop inputs like preset, clear and clock enable are provided to control the output independent of the clock. Asynchronous sequential circuits can override the clock input using preset and clear inputs to directly control the output states.

1. Presentation Topic:
Latches and Flip-Flops...
… Nousheen Arshad...
R1F15BSCS0040
Punjab University (UCP CAmpus)

2. : Sequential Circuits :
• Sequential Circuits are those whose outputs are also dependent upon
past inputs, and hence outputs.
• In other words, the output of the sequential circuits may depend upon its
previous outputs.
• The two most popular varieties of storage cells used to build sequential
circuits are:
• Latches.
• Flip-Flop.

3. : Latches :
• Latches are the building blocks of sequential circuits and these can be built
from logical gates.
• It is a level sensitive storage element.
• Latch does not have a clock signal.
• Some examples of latches are:
• SR Latch.
• S'R' Latch.
• D Latch (gated D latch).

4. :SR Latch: :S'R' Latch:
• The simple bi-stable device is called SR
Latch.
• To create an SR Latch, we can wire two
NOR gates in such a way that the output of
one feeds back to the input of another,
and vice versa, like this:
• "Cross- coupling" two NAND gates gives
the S'R' Latch.
• Which has the time sequence behavior.
• S=0, R=0 is forbidden as input pattern.

5. : D Latch (Gated Latch) :
• The name "data type latch" refers to a D-type flip-flop that is level-
triggered, as the data (1 or 0) appearing at D can be held or 'latched' at
any time whilst the Clk input is at a high level (logic 1).
• For the D Latch, Q+ represents the state of flip-flop a short time after the
active clock-edge.

6. : Flip-Flop :
• Flip-flop are also the building blocks of sequential circuits.
• But, these can be built from the latches.
• It works on the basis of clock pulses.
• They are used as a registers.
• Flip flops are edge-triggered.
• Flip flop is sensitive to a signal change.They can transfer only at single
instant, and data cannot be changed until next signal change.

7. : Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop :
• An edge-triggered flip-flop changes states either at the positive edge
(rising edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse out
the control input.
• A rising edge-triggered flip-flop can be constructed from two gated D
latches and an inverter.
• These flip-flop are very useful, as they form for shift registers, which are
an essential part of many electronic devices.

8. : Flip-Flop with Additional Inputs :
• Flip-flops often have additional inputs which can be used to set the flip-flop to an initial state
independent of the clock.
• When designing a synchronous system, we frequently encounter situations when we want
some flip-flops to hold existing data even if the data input may be changing.
• There are two approaches:
• Gating the clock = may results in the loss of synchronization.
• A Flip-flop with clock enable = cost extra power.
• Flip-flop with clear and present inputs :
• A logic 0 applied to ClrN will reset Q to 0.
• A logic 0 applied to PreN will set Q to 1.
• ClrN and PreN are often referred to as asynchronous clear and present inputs.

9. : Asynchronous Sequential Circuits :
• Asynchronous inputs on a flip-flop have control over the outputs (Q and
Not-Q) regardless of clock input status.
• These inputs are called preset (PRE) and clear (CLR).
• The preset input drives the flip-flop to a set state while the clear input
drives it to a reset state.
• It is possible to drive the outputs of a J-K flip-flop to an invalid condition
using the asynchronous inputs, because all feedback within the
multivibrator circuit is overridden.