This document discusses per-unit analysis and impedance/reactance diagrams of power systems. It provides examples of calculating the per-unit values of components in a sample power system using given base values, and drawing the corresponding reactance diagram. It also works through another example of determining new per-unit values when changing the base values, and drawing the updated reactance diagram. The document is intended to teach per-phase and per-unit analysis techniques.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
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Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
Variable Voltage Source Equivalent Model of Modular Multilevel ConverterIJRES Journal
The structures of modular multilevel converter module (MMC) are very complex, and the
numerous sub-modules and output level number bring difficulties for the analysis and simulation. In this paper,
assuming the sub-capacitor voltage instantaneous value of a single arm is the same value, the switching
frequency of the switch is much higher than the output voltage frequency, the system harmonics were ignored,
the system state equations are deduced about the intermediate variables as circulation current and the capacitor
voltage between the upper and lower arms. On this basis, a variable voltage source continuous equivalent
model is proposed, which may replace the system physical simulation model with the actual simulation study. At
the same time, the model reflects the relationship between the output voltage and circulation current，which
provide a way to analyze the formation mechanism of circulation and the capacitor voltage fluctuations, and
make system analysis simple and intuitive. The simulation results validate that this continuous model is
rationality and correctness.
Simulation of three-phase bridge rectifier using MATLAB/ SIMULINK for harmoni...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper presents the three-phase CHB inverter fed induction motor suitable for renewable energy source applications. Normally, all present existing multilevel inverters produce multilevel output, but the number of components required is more, bulk in size, more in cost. Which are more burdens to small capacity renewable sources. These challenges are eliminated in CHB inverter. This CHB mainly consisting of one DC source, one capacitor and eight switches in each phase. To generate a five-level output in phase to ground voltage, it is required to maintain the capacitor voltage (V2) at fifty percent of the DC source voltage (V1). This capacitor voltage is regulated by a sensor less voltage regulating technique. The sensor less voltage regulation works without any sensor devices. We can implement this technique with very less cost compared to other techniques. The sensor less voltage regulation is realized by level-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation. The simulation results show a very good dynamic performance. Controller maintains the capacitor voltage at fifty percent of the source voltage irrespective of main source voltage changes and load changes. Inverter generates a five-level wave at the output from line to ground and seven-level wave from line to line with fewer Harmonic. It is implemented in matlab/simulink and showing good dynamic performance.
Fast photovoltaic IncCond-MPPT and backstepping control, using DC-DC boost c...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present our contribution in photovoltaic energy optimization subject. In this research work, the goal is to determinate fastly the optimal PV Module working point, allowing maximum power extraction. In this work we use DC-DC Boost converter to control the working point, by adjusting PV voltage trough duty cycle. In order to achieve our goal, we use the combination of incremental conductance MPPT technique and DC-DC Boost converter backstepping control. The validation of this control is made by Matlab simulation; the obtained results prove its effectiveness and its good maximum power tracking dynamics for different irradiance and temperature profiles.
Modified Bidirectional Converter with Current Fed InverterIJPEDS-IAES
A bidirectional dc-dc converter with multiple outputs are concatenated with a
high frequency current source parallel resonant push pull inverter is
presented in this paper. The two outputs are added together and it is taken as
the input source for the inverter. The current source parallel resonant push
pull inverter implemented here with high frequency applications like
induction heating, Fluorescent lighting, Digital signal processing sonar. This
paper proposes a simple photovoltaic power system consists of a
bidirectional converter and a current fed inverter for regulating the load
variations. Solar power is used as the input source for the system. Simulation
of the proposed system is carried out in PSIM software and experimentally
verified the results.
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Per unit analysis
1. Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi 1
2. Per-unit analysis
The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the
actual value of the quantity to the base value expressed as
decimal.
Per unit value=
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Base Impedance 𝑍 𝑏=
𝑘𝑉𝑏
2
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤=𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛*
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
*
𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
2
2
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
3. Per phase representation of various components
of a power system.
3
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
4. Impedance Diagram
The impedance diagram on single phase basis under balanced
operating conditions can be drawn form the one line diagram.
Assumptions:
Single phase transformers equivalents are shown as ideal
transformers with transformer impedance indicated on
appropriate side.
Magnetizing reactance’s of the transformer have been neglected.
Generators are represented as voltage sources and with series
resistance and inductive reactance.
The shunt capacitances are also neglected.
Loads are represented by resistance and inductive reactance.
Neutral grounding impedances are neglected.
4
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
5. Reactance Diagram
The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram
if we omit all static loads, all resistances, shunt branches of
transformer and capacitance of transmission lines in the
impedance diagram.
Sample system:
5
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
6. Impendence & Reactance Diagram
6
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
7. ExamplesObtain the per unit impedance and reactance diagram of the power system shown in fig.(13)
G1: 30MVA, 10.5kV, X”=1.6 ohm
G2: 15MVA, 6.6kV, X”=1.2 ohm
G3: 25MVA, 6.6kV, X’=0.56 ohm
T1: 15MVA, 33/11kV, X=15.2Ω/ph on H.T side.
T2: 15mva, 33/6.2kV, X=16Ω/ph on H.T side.
Transmission Line:20.5Ω/ph
Load A: 15MW, 11kV, 0.9p.f lagging
Load B: 6.2kV, 34MW+j20.07MVAR
7
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
11. The single line diagram of an unloaded power system shown in fig. along with components data
determine the new perunit values and draw the reactance diagram. Assume 50MVA and
13.8kV as new base on generator1.
11
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
13. Reactance of Transformer T3(H.T Side)
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 *
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
*
𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
2
= j0.1×
50
35
×
220
220
2
=j0.1429 p.u
Reactance of Generator G3:
Generator is connected on LT side of transformer.
KVbnew(LT Side)= KVb(HT Side)×
𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1
𝐻𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1
= 220×
22
220
= 22kV
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 *
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
*
𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
2
= j0.2×
50
30
×
20
22
2
=j0.2755 p.u
Reactance of Transformer T2(H.T Side)
T2 is a three phase transformer bank formed using three single phase transformer with
voltage rating 127/18kV. In this the HT side is star connected and LT side is delta connected.
∴ Voltage ratio of line voltage of 3-phase transformer =
𝟑×𝟏𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟖
=
𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟖
kV
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 *
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
*
𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
2
=j0.2×
50
30
×
220
220
2
= j0.2755 p.u
13
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
14. Reactance of Generator G3:
Generator is connected on LT side of transformer.
KVbnew(LT Side)= KVb(HT Side)×
𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1
𝐻𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1
= 220×
18
220
= 18 kV
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 *
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑏,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
*
𝑘𝑉 𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
2
= j0.2×
50
30
×
18
18
2
= j0.333 p.u
14
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
15. References
1. Hadi Saadat, ‘Power System Analysis’, Tata McGraw Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 21st reprint, 2010.
2. Kundur P., ‘Power System Stability and Control, Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 10th reprint, 2010.
3. Pai M A, ‘Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis’, Tata Mc
Graw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, Second Edition, 2007.
4. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye, ‘ Power
System Analysis & Design’, Cengage Learning, Fifth Edition, 2012.
5. Olle. I. Elgerd, ‘Electric Energy Systems Theory – An Introduction’, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Second Edition,
2012.
6. C.A.Gross, “Power System Analysis,” Wiley India, 2011.
7. M.Jeraldin Ahila “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS”,Lakshmi Publications,
Chennai, Tenth Edition 2016.
15
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology Per Phase & Per-Unit Analysis Prepared by,
Mrs.s.Revathi
