The document discusses the components and structure of an electric power system. It describes how power is generated at power stations and stepped up in voltage for transmission over long distances before being stepped down for distribution to consumers. The key components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, control equipment, and distribution systems. Power flows from generation through transmission and distribution before reaching ultimate consumers.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the weights attached directly to the cables) on a 275,000 volt suspension pylon near Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England. In some countries, pylons for high and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. For double circuit lines in Germany, the “Danube” towers or more rarely, the “fir tree” towers, are usually used. If a line is constructed using pylons designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Medium voltage circuits are often erected on the same pylons as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same pylons is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV-circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the weights attached directly to the cables) on a 275,000 volt suspension pylon near Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England. In some countries, pylons for high and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. For double circuit lines in Germany, the “Danube” towers or more rarely, the “fir tree” towers, are usually used. If a line is constructed using pylons designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Medium voltage circuits are often erected on the same pylons as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on the same pylons is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV-circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Structure of power system
1. Contents:
Introduction
One-Line Diagram
Components of Power System
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi 1
2. Introduction
An electrical power system consists of generation,
transmission and distribution.
The transmission systems supply bulk power and the
distribution systems transfer electric power to the
ultimate consumers.
The generation of the electric energy is nothing but the
conversion of one form energy into electrical energy.
Electrical energy is generated in hydro, thermal and
nuclear power stations.
Sometimes, electrical energy is generated from non-
renewable energy sources like wind, waves, fossil fuels,
etc. The generating voltages are usually 6.6kV, 10.5kV,
11kV, 13.8kV, 15.75kV, etc.
2Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
3. 3
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
4. Components of an electric power system:
Generators: A device used to convert one form of energy into electrical
energy.
Transformer: Transfer power or energy from one circuit to other without
the change of frequency.(to increase or decrease the voltage level)
Transmission lines: Transfer power from one location to another
Control Equipment: Used for protection purpose
Primary Transmission: 110kV, 132kV or 220kV or 400kV or 765kV, high
voltage transmission, 3 phase 3-wire system.
Secondary transmission: 3 phase 3-wire system, 33kV or 66kV feeders
are used
Primary distribution: 3 phase 3-wire system, 11kV or 6.6kV, 3 phase 3-
wire system
Secondary distribution: 400V for 3φ, 230V for 1φ
4
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
5. Generators:
Generator is a device which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Generating voltages are
normally 6.6 kV,10.5 kV or 11 kV.
This generating voltage can be step up to 110 kV/132
kV/220kV at the generating(indoor or outdoor) to
reduce the current in transmission line and to reduce
transmission losses.
Generators produce real power (MV) and reactive
power (MVAR).
5
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
6. Transformers:
It is a static device which transfers power or energy
from one circuit to another circuit without change of
frequency.
The main function of transformers is step up voltages
from lower generation levels to the higher generation
voltage levels and also step down voltages from
higher transmission voltage levels to lower
distribution levels.
When we are increasing the transmission voltage,
current flowing through the current flowing through
the grid decreases, thereby transmission losses (I2R)
reduces.
6
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
7. Control Equipment
Circuit Breaker (CB): Circuit breakers are used for opening or
closing a circuit normal and abnormal (fault) condition.
Different types of circuit breaker are oil circuit breaker, air-blast
circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker.
During fault conditions relay will give command to the circuit
breaker to operate.
Isolators: Isolators are placed in substations to isolate the part of
system during maintenance.
It can operate only during no-load condition. Isolated switches
are provided on each side of the circuit breaker.
7
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
8. Contd…
Busbar: Busbars are used to connect number of lines
operating at the same voltage electrically.
It is made up of copper or aluminium. Different types
of busbar arrangements are –single busbar
arrangement, single bus bar with sectionalisation,
double bus bar arrangements, ring bus bar scheme etc.
8
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
9. Transmission System
It supplies only large blocks of power to bulk power station
or very big consumers.
It interconnects the neighbouring generating stations in to a
power pool i.e, interconnection of two or more generating
stations.
Tolerance of transmission line voltage is ±5 to ± 10% due to
the variation of loads.
Primary Transmission
If the generated power is transmitted through transmission
line without stepping up the generated voltage, the line
current and power loss would be very high.
So the generated voltage is stepped up to higher value by
using the step up transformer located in substations known
as sending end substations near the generating stations.
9
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
10. Contd…
The high voltage transmission lines transmit power from
sending end substation to the receiving end substation.
Primary transmission voltages are 110KV, 132 KV or 220KV
0r 400KV or 760KV.It uses 3phase, and 3wire system.
Secondary Transmission
At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to
a value of 66 or 33 or 22 KV using step down transformers.
The secondary transmission line forms the link between the
receiving end substation and the secondary station. It uses
3phase,3 wire system and the conductors used are called
feeders.
10
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
11. Distribution System
The component of an electrical power system connecting all the
consumers in an area to the bulk power sources or transmission line
is called a distribution system.
A distribution station distributes power to domestic, commercial and
relatively small consumers.
Distribution transformers are normally installed on poles or on
plinth mounted or near the consumers
Primary Distribution
At the secondary substations, the voltage is stepped down to 11 KV
or 6.6 KV using step down transformers.
The primary distributor forms the link between secondary substation
and distribution substation and the power is fed in to the primary
distribution system. It uses 3phase, 3 wire system.
11
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
12. Secondary Distribution
At the distribution substation the voltage is stepped down
to 400V (for 3phase) or 230V (for 1 phase) using step
down transformers.
The distribution lines are drawn along the roads and
service connections to the consumers are tapped off from
the distributors.
It uses 3 phase, 4 wire system.
Single phase loads are connected between one phase wire
and one neutral wire.
12
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi
13. Conclusion:
The basic structure of power system and its various components ,
their role are discussed.
References:
1. Hadi Saadat, ‘Power System Analysis’, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 21st
reprint, 2010.
2. Kundur P., ‘Power System Stability and Control, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 10th reprint, 2010.
3. Pai M A, ‘Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis’, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, Second Edition, 2007.
4. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye, ‘ Power System Analysis &
Design’, Cengage Learning, Fifth Edition, 2012.
5. Olle. I. Elgerd, ‘Electric Energy Systems Theory – An Introduction’, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2012.
6. C.A.Gross, “Power System Analysis,” Wiley India, 2011.
7. M.Jeraldin Ahila “Power System Analysis”, Lakshmi Publications, Chennai, Eleventh Edition
2017.
8. Other web documents
13
Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Structure of Power System Prepared by,
Mrs.S.Revathi