The discovery of restriction enzymes by Nathan, Arber and Smith in the 1970s led to the development of recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Type II restriction enzymes cut within their recognition sites and generate sticky ends, which allow for cutting and joining of DNA from different sources. This key discovery of restriction enzymes that enabled cutting and joining of DNA laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
The DNA microarray is a tool used to determine whether the DNA from a particular individual contains a mutation in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2. The chip consists of a small glass plate encased in plastic. Some companies manufacture microarrays using methods similar to those used to make computer microchips.
This presentation include these contents:
What is PCR?
Applications of PCR
Advantages of PCR
Limitations of PCR
PCR vs Cloning
Restrictions of PCR
Things to try if PCR does not work..
Conclusion
DNA cloning is a technique for reproducing DNA fragments.
It can be achieved by two different approaches:
▪ cell based
▪ using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
a vector is required to carry the DNA fragment of interest into the host cell.
The DNA microarray is a tool used to determine whether the DNA from a particular individual contains a mutation in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2. The chip consists of a small glass plate encased in plastic. Some companies manufacture microarrays using methods similar to those used to make computer microchips.
This presentation include these contents:
What is PCR?
Applications of PCR
Advantages of PCR
Limitations of PCR
PCR vs Cloning
Restrictions of PCR
Things to try if PCR does not work..
Conclusion
DNA cloning is a technique for reproducing DNA fragments.
It can be achieved by two different approaches:
▪ cell based
▪ using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
a vector is required to carry the DNA fragment of interest into the host cell.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
The content is about the general description of genetic material and further two techniques of biotechnology. The content includes two topics.
Firstly with introduction to biotechnology it describe about DNA, recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, history, goals, procedure of rDNA technology, tools, techniques, application, demerits and products of rDNA technology.
Second portion entitiled as Hybridoma technology. this includes the basic principle, production of monoclonal antibodies, merits demerits and drugs from monoclonal antibody.
New pharmaceuticals derived from biotechnology is covered in last. All the content is referred from books and internet sources.
This class recording deals with the sources of DNA damage and the probable repair mechanisms operated within the cell systems. This presentation is prepared in view of students of masters level for updating their knowledge on Molecular Cell Biology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. • 1. Which of the following is the most important discovery
that leads to the development of rDNA (recombinant DNA)
technology?
a) discovery of double helix model by Watson and crick
b) Discovery of DNA as genetic material
c) discovery of restriction enzymes
d) all of these
3. • 2. Who discovered restriction enzymes?
• a) Watson and Crick
b) Jacob and Monad
c) Nathan, Arber and Smith
d) Boyer and Cohen
4. • 3. Restriction enzymes are enzymes
• a) capable of cutting DNA molecule
b) capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’OH
end
c) capable of restricting protein synthesise
d) capable of joining DNA molecules
5. • 4. Restriction enzymes capable of making
internal cuts in a DNA molecule is called
• a) restriction exonuclease
b) restriction endonuclesae
c) both a and b
d) S1 nuclease
6. 5. Restriction enzymes are also called
a) Molecular knives
b) molecular scissors
c) molecular scalpels
d) all of these
•
7. • 6. The sequence recognized by the restriction
enzyme to cut the DNA is called
• a) Recognition site
b) restriction site
c) both a and b
d) cleavage sites
8. • 7. Which of the following are true regarding
restriction enzyme
• a) restriction enzyme are used to cut DNA
molecule
b) restriction enzyme are used to construct
restriction maps
c) restriction enzyme are used in RFLP
d) all of these
•
9. • 8. The type of restriction enzymes used in
rDNA technology is
• a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) all of these
10. • 9. Which of the following statements are true
regarding restriction enzymes
• a) Type I and III enzymes cuts far away from
the restriction sites
b) Type II cuts DNA within restriction sites
c) Eco R1 is a Type II restriction enzyme
d) all of these
11. • 10. Restriction sites of type II enzymes
• a) generally are palindromic sequences
b) consists of 4-6 bp
c) mostly are palindromes with rotational
symmetry
d) all of these
12. • 11.Single stranded unpaired extensions
formed by restriction enzyme upon cleavage
is called as
• a) blunt ends
b) flush ends
c) sticky ends
d) none of these
13. • 12. Which of the following ions are required
for the activity of Type II restriction enzymes
• a) Ca2+
b) Mg2+
c) Cl2+
d) Mn2+
14. • 13. Restriction enzymes
• a) are present in bacteria and are involved in
host restriction system
b) cleave viral DNA inside bacterium
c) are enzymes involved in defence against
bacteriophages
d) all of these
15. • 14. Nathen, Arber and Smith were awarded
with Nobel prize for physiology and medicine
in the year
• a) 1970
b) 1974
c) 1978
d) 1980
16. • 15. The first Type II enzyme isolated was
• a) Eco R1
b) Hind III
c) Bam HI
d) Sal I
17. • Answers
• 1. c) discovery of restriction enzymes
2. c) Nathan, Arber and Smith
3. a) capable of cutting DNA molecule
4. b) restriction endonuclesae
5. d) all of these
6. c) both a and b
7. d) all of these
8. b) Type II
9. d) all of these
10.d) all of these
11.c) sticky ends
