NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Various approaches to Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) in its formuation and evaluation in a pharmaceutical industry and research is outlined in this presentation.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Brief description of targeted drug delivery system, along with its concept and strategies for drug targeting. Advantages and disadvantages of drug targeting
Need for drug targeting.
Niosomes is under the Novel drug delivery system. In which the drug are enclosed in the bilayer vesicle which is made up of the phospholipid. Niosomes are the similar to the liposomes both are made up of the bilayer of phospholipid. But in niosomes several advantages of over the liposomes.
Various approaches to Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) in its formuation and evaluation in a pharmaceutical industry and research is outlined in this presentation.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Brief description of targeted drug delivery system, along with its concept and strategies for drug targeting. Advantages and disadvantages of drug targeting
Need for drug targeting.
Niosomes is under the Novel drug delivery system. In which the drug are enclosed in the bilayer vesicle which is made up of the phospholipid. Niosomes are the similar to the liposomes both are made up of the bilayer of phospholipid. But in niosomes several advantages of over the liposomes.
Niosome is a novel drug delivery system used for drug delivery to special area Or we can say it is used for targated drug delivery system.
Niosome are superior carrier than liposome as they are made up of non ionic surfectants. Niosome are more stable and more effective carrier than liposome and specialy ideal for hydrophobic and peptide drug
Niosomes :it is A Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) advantages and dissadvatages ,structures of niosomes,methods of preparation along with applications of niosomes
Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,Electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S
CONTENTS
NIOSOMES
AQUASOMES
PHYTOSOMES
ELECTROSOMES
NIOSOMES
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence the name niosomes.
The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size.
Their size lies in the nanometric scale. Although structurally similar to liposomes, they offer several advantages over them.
Niosomes have recently been shown to greatly increase transdermal drug delivery and also can be used in targeted drug delivery, and thus increased study in these structures can provide new methods for drug delivery.
STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes.
Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes.
STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes.
Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes.
APPLICATION OF NIOSOMES
Drug Targetting
One of the most useful aspects of niosomes is their ability to target drugs.
Niosomes can be used to target drugs to the reticuloendothelial system.It can be achieved by coating with polymer e.g. PEG.
In Diagnosis
Niosomes have also been used as carriers for iobitridol, a diagnostic agent used for X-ray imaging.
Anti-neoplastic Treatment
Most antineoplastic drugs cause severe side effects.
Niosomes can alter the metabolism; prolong circulation and half life of the drug, thus decreasing the side effects of the drugs.
Niosomes, is decreased rate of proliferation of tumor and higher plasma levels accompanied by slower elimination.Leishmaniasis :-
Leishmaniasis is a disease in which a parasite of the genus Leishmania invades the cells of the liver and spleen.
Use of niosomes in tests conducted showed that it was possible to administer higher levels of the drug without the triggering of the side effects, and thus allowed greater efficacy in treatment.
Delivery of Peptide Drugs:-
Oral peptide drug delivery has long been faced with a challenge of bypassing the enzymes which would breakdown the peptide.
Use of niosomes to successfully protect the peptides from gastrointestinal peptide breakdown is being investigated.
In an in-vitro study conducted by ODDS.
Drug absorption from git , Drug absorption from git , DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION , Transcellular / intracellular , transport , .Passive Transport Processes , Passive diffusion , Pore transport , Ion- pair transport , Facilitated or mediated diffusion
, Active transport processes , Primary , Secondary , Symport (Co-transport) , Antiport (Counter transport) , Paracellular / Intercellular Transport , Permeation through tight junctions of epithelial cells , Persorption , Vesicular or Corpuscular Transport (Endocytosis) , Pinocytosis , Phagocytosis , FACTORS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION OF DRUGS , DRUG DISSOLUTION , Factors affecting dissolution rate , DISSOLUTION APPARATUS , IVIVC (In vitro- in vivo correlation) , ROLE OF DOSAGE FORM , Transport model , pH Microclimate , Intracellular pH environment , Tight junction complex
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
HERBAL INGREDIENTS USED IN HAIR CARE , cosmetics , herbal cosmetics , Herbal ingredients used in the cosmetics , preparation for hair , Hair oil , Shampoos , Hair dye , Hair lotion , Ingredient used in Herbal hair oil , Marketed herbal hair oil , Evaluation of herbal hair oil , Ingredient used in Herbal shampoo , Marketed herbal shampoo , Evaluation of herbal shampoo , Ingredient used in the herbal hair dye , Marketed herbal hair dye , Evaluation of herbal hair dye
cosmetics - regulatory : Regulatory provisions related to cosmetics PV. Viji
REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATED TO COSMETICS , REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATING TO IMPORT OF COSMETICS , Application for registration certification for import cosmetics , Grant of registration certificate , Standards for imported cosmetics , REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATING TO MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS , REQUIREMENTS OF FACTORY PREMISES FOR MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS , LOAN LICENCE
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICSPV. Viji
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICS , IMPORTANCE OF LABELING , LABELING REQUIREMENTS , Common or generic name of the product. , Product function , Use instruction , Name & address of Manufacturer , Country of manufacture , Manufacture Date , Expiry date , Net Quantity , Retail Sale Price , Storage condition , Barcodes , Batch number , Warning or Caution if hazard exists , Manufacturing License Number , Ingredients , Registration Certificate Number (RCN) , Consumer Care Details , Using Stickers , Brown/Red or green dot , Not a standard pack size under Legal Metrology(Packaged commodities) Rules
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
NMR SPECTROSCOPY ,Relaxation,longitudinal / spin- spin relaxation,transverse / spin- spin relaxation,Shielding of proton ,Deshielding of proton,CHEMICAL SHIFT,Factors Influencing Chemical Shift,Inductive effect, Vander Waal’s deshielding,Anisotropic effect (space effect),Hydrogen bonding
,SPLITTING OF THE SIGNALS,COUPLING CONSTANT,NMR SIGNAL IN VARIOUS COMPOUND
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. DEFINITION
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system , in which the
medication is encapsulated in a vesicle , composed of a bilayer
of non – ionic surface active agents and hence the name
niosomes .
Niosomes also called as nonionic surfactant vesicles or NSVs .
Nios = non ionic surfactant
Somes = vesicles
2
4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME
Biodegradable
Biocompatible
Non-toxic
Non-immunogenic
Non-carcinogenic
High resistance to hydrolytic degradation
4
5. According to the nature of lamellarity
1. Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.
2. Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size
3. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size.
According to the size
1. Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm)
2. Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm)
3. Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
TYPES OF NIOSOMES
5
7. OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES
Proniosomes
Aspasomes
Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o)
Bola - niosomes
Discomes
Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes
7
8. ADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMES
Targeted drug delivery
Reduction in dose
Decrease in the side effects
Both hydrophilic and lipophillic drugs can be encapsulated
Enhance the skin permeability of drugs
The surfactants used and also the prepared niosomes are biodegradable,
biocompatible and non-immunogenic
They are osmotically active and stable
8
9. DISADVANTAGES OF NIOSOME
Fusion,
Aggregation,
Leaching
Hydrolysis
Time consuming
Requires specialized equipment
Inefficient drug loading
High production cost
9
12. NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS
The non-ionic surfactants orient themselves in bilayer lattices
where the polar or hydrophilic heads facing hydrophilic region
while the non-polar tails facing each other to form a hydrophobic
region.
12
14. CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a steroid derivative, which is mainly used for the formulation of
niosomes. Although it may not show any role in the formation of bilayer.
It makes the membrane rigid , increase the entrapment efficiency .
It prevents the vesicle aggregation by the inclusion of molecules that stabilize the
system against the formation of aggregates by repulsive steric or electrostatic
forces .As a result of this, the niosome becomes less leaky in nature.
14
15. CHARGE INDUCING MOLECULE
Some charged molecules are added to niosomes to increase
stability of niosomes by electrostatic repulsion which prevents
aggregation and coalescence.
The negatively charged molecules used are diacetyl
phosphate (DCP) and phosphotidic acid. Similarly,
stearylamine (STR) and stearyl pyridinium chloride are the
well known positively charged molecules used in niosomal
preparations.
Only 2.5-5 % concentration of charged molecules is tolerable
because high concentration can inhibit the niosome formation.
15
16. METHOD OF PREPARATION:
1) preparation of small unilamellar vesicles
• Sonication
• Micro fluidization
2) preparation of large unilamellar vesicles
• Reverse Phase Evaporation
• Ether Injection
3) preparation of Multilamellar vesicles
• Hand shaking method
• Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote
loading)
4) Miscellaneous method :
• Multiple membrane extrusion method
• The “Bubble” Method
• Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes
16
17. 1) Preparation of small unilamellar vesicles
a) Sonication
Niosomes
sonicated for 3mins at 60°c using
titanium probe
Drug in buffer + surfactant
/cholesterol in 10ml glass vial
17
19. b) Micro fluidization
Two ultra high speed jets inside interaction chamber
Impingement of thin layer of liquid in micro channels
Niosomes
High speed impingment & the energy involved
19
20. 2) preparation of large unilamellar vesicles
a) Reverse Phase Evaporation
Surfactant + cholesterol (1:1) in
organic solvent
Drug in aqueous phase
Sonicated at 4-5°c
Add phosphate buffer saline &
sonicate
Viscous niosomes suspension
diluted with PBS
Organic phase is removed at 40°c
Under low pressure
Heated on a water bath at 60°c for 10
mins
Niosomes
20
22. b) Ether Injection
Surfactant is dissolved in diethly
ether
Then injecting in warm water
maintained at 60°c through 14 gauge
needle at 0.25 ml/min
Ether is vaporized
Niosomes
22
24. 3) preparation of multilamellar vesicles
a) Hand shaking method
Surfactant + cholesterol + volatile
organic solvent
Remove organic solvent at room
temperature by rotary evaporator
Thin layer formed on the wall of flask
Multilamellar niosomes
Film can be rehydrated with drug &
aqueous phase
24
26. b) Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake
process (remote loading)
Surfactant + cholesterol in chloroform
Hydrated with citric acid by vortex mixing
freezing & thawing then sonication
Addition of aqueous drug solution & vortexed
pH raised to 7.0-7.2 by 1M disodium phosphate
Multilamellar niosomes
Thin film is deposited on the wall of RBF
26
27. 4) MISCELLANEOUS METHOD :
a) Multiple membrane extrusion method
Surfactant + cholesterol + diacetyl
phosphate dissolved in chloroform
Niosomes
Pass the mixture through a series of
8 polycarbonate membrane
Aq. drug solution is added to above
mixture
Solvent evaporation to form thin film
27
30. c) FORMATION OF NIOSOMES FROM
PRONIOSOMES
Another method of producing niosomes is to coat a water-soluble
carrier such as sorbitol with surfactant
The result of the coating process is a dry formulation. In which each
water-soluble particle is covered with a thin film of dry surfactant.
This preparation is termed “Proniosomes”
The Niosomes are formed by the addition of aqueous phase at T >
Tm and brief agitation
T = Temperature.
Tm = mean phase transition temperature
30
31. SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED
DRUGS
The removal of unentrapped solute from the vesicles can be accomplished by
various techniques, which include:
Gel Filtration
The unentrapped drug is removed by gel filtration of niosomal dispersion through a
Sephadex-G-50 column and elution with phosphate buffered saline or normal
saline.
Dialysis:
The aqueous niosomal dispersion is dialyzed in a dialysis tubing against
phosphate buffer or normal saline or glucose solution
Centrifugation:
The niosomal suspension is centrifuged and the supernatant is separated. The
pellet is washed and then resuspended to obtain a niosomal suspension free from
unentrapped drug.
31
32. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES
Membrane Additives:
Stability of niosomes can be increased by the number of additives into
niosomal formulation along with surfactant and drugs.
e.g. Addition of cholesterol in niosomal system increases the rigidity and
decreases the drugs permeability through the membrane
Temperature of Hydration:
Shape and size of niosome is also influenced by the hydration temperature.
Assembly of the niosomes vesicles is affected by the temperature change of
niosomal system. Temperature change can also induce the vesicle shape
transformation
32
33. PROPERTIES OF DRUGS
The drug entrapment in niosomes is affected by molecular weight, chemical structure,
hydrophilicity, lipophilicity of the drug. Vesicle size may increase due to entrapment of
drug.
Nature of the drug Leakage from the
vesicle
Stability
33
34. AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
As the HLB value of surfactants like span 85 (HLB 1.8) to span 20 (HLB 8.6)
increased, the mean size of niosomes also increases proportionally.
Entrapment efficiency is also affected by phase transition temperature i.e. span 60
having higher TC, provide better entrapment efficiency.
Entrapment efficiency of the niosomes is affected by the HLB value for e.g.
niosomes have high entrapment efficiency at HLB value 8.6 but HLB value 14 to
17 is not suitable for niosomes formulation
34
35. Structure of Surfactants
The geometry of vesicles to be formed from surfactant is affected
by its structure, which is related to critical packing parameter (CPP)
where V= hydrophobic group volume
Ic = the critical hydrophobic group length
a0 = the area of hydrophilic head group
spherical micelles formed if CPP<0.5, inverted micelles is formed if
CPP>1. 37
35
36. Resistance to Osmotic Stress
Diameter of niosomal vesicles was found to be decreased when niosomal
suspension is kept in contact with hypertonic salt solution. There is slow release
with slight swelling of vesicles, which is due to inhibition eluting fluids from
vesicles, followed by faster release, which may be due to decrease in mechanical
strength under osmotic stress
36
42. Therapeutic applications of Niosomes
1) For Controlled Release of Drugs
2) To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs
3) For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation
42
43. 1)To Prolong the Release Rate of Drugs
1.1 For Controlled Release
The release rate of drugs like withaferin and gliclazide from the niosomes was found
slower as compared to other dosage forms
1.2 In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
Experimental results of the water soluble antibiotic gentamicin sulphate showed a
substantial change in the release rate. Beside this, the percent entrapment efficiency of
gentamicin sulphate was altered when administered as niosomes. Also, as compared to
normal drug solution, niosomes of drug show slow release
Niosomal formulation containing timolol maleate (0.25%) prepared by chitosan coating
exhibited more effect on intra ocular tension with fewer side effects as compared to the
marketed formulation.
43
44. 2) To Improve the Stability and
Physical Properties of the Drugs
2.1 To Increase Oral Bioavailability :
the formulation of niosomes, the oral bioavailability of the acyclovir as well as griseofulvin
was increased as compared to the drug alone.
2.2 For Improvement of Stability of Peptide Drugs :
Niosomes prepared by the span 60 has high resistance against proteolytic enzyme and
exhibit good stability in storage temperature.
44
45. 2.3 To Promote Transdermal Delivery of Drugs
Niosomes enhance the uptake of drugs through the skin.
Cosmetics : topics use of niosome entrapped antibiotics to treat acne is done .
2.4 To Improve Anti-inflammatory Activity
Niosomal formulation of diclofenac sodium prepared with 70% cholesterol showed greater
anti-inflammatory effect as compared to the free drug.
Similarly, nimesulide and flurbiprofen showed greater activity than the free drug
45
46. 3.For Targeting and Retention of Drug
in Blood Circulation
3.1 For Increased Uptake by A431 Cells [a model cell line (epidermoid carcinoma)
used in biomedical research]
Chitosan based vesicles incorporating transferrin and glucose as ligand have been
reported. These vesicles bind CoA (co-A) to their surface. Chitosan containing vesicles
are then taken up by A431 cells and the uptake was found to be enhanced by
transferrin.
3.2 For Liver Targeting
Methotrexate was reported to be selectively taken up by liver cells after administration
as a Niosomes can also be used as a niosomal drug delivery system.
3.3 To Improve the Efficacy of Drugs in Cancer Therapy
Most antineoplastic drugs cause severe side effects
Niosomes can alter the metabolism , prolong half life of the drug and decreasing the
side effects of the drugs .
46
47. 3.4 In Treatment of Localized Psoriasis
In the treatment of localized psoriasis, niosomes of methotrexate taking chitosan
as polymer have shown promising results
3.5 In Leishmaniasis
The leishmaniasis parasite mainly infects liver and spleen cells.
The commonly used drugs, antimonials, may damage the body organ like heart,
liver, kidney etc.
47
48. 3.6 Carrier for Haemoglobin
Niosomes play an important role as a carrier for haemoglobin. The niosomal haemoglobin suspension was
found to give superimposable curve on free haemoglobin curve
Usefulness of Niosomes in Cosmetics
Elastic niosomes showed increased permeation through the skin which will be beneficial for topical anti-
aging application.
suitable for skin moisturising and tanning products
Niosomes were prepared as possible approach to improve the low skin penetration and bioavailability
shown by conventional topical vehicle for minoxidil.
48
50. Marketed products
Lancome has come out with a variety of
anti-ageing products which are based on
niosome formulations. L’Oreal is also
conducting research on anti-ageing cosmetic
products.
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51. REFERENCES
1. Sanjay K. Jain and N.K. Jain Controlled and novel drug delivery system
2. Dr. Rakesh S. Patel niosomes as a unique drug delivery
system,www.pharmainfo.net
3. Mithal, B. M., A text book of pharmaceutical formulation, 6 th Edn.,
vallabh prakashan, 6, 306-307
4. International journal of pharmaceutical Science and Nanotechnology
volume 1,issue 1, April-June 2008
5. Shailendra Kumar Singh et.al, Niosomes: A Controlled and
Novel Drug Delivery System, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 34(7) 945—953(July, 2011)
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