Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S

NIOSOMES, AQUASOMES, PHYTOSOMES,
ELECTROSOMES
PRESENTATION BY-
NARAYAN R KOTE
M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8
Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T)
GUIDANCE BY :-
Dr . TIWARI S. S

CONTENTS
NIOSOMES
AQUASOMES
PHYTOSOMES
ELECTROSOMES

NIOSOMES
• Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a
vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence
the name niosomes.
• The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size.
• Their size lies in the nanometric scale. Although structurally similar to liposomes, they
offer several advantages over them.
• Niosomes have recently been shown to greatly increase transdermal drug delivery and
also can be used in targeted drug delivery, and thus increased study in these structures can
provide new methods for drug delivery.

STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
 Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
 However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents
rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes.
 Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some
surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes.

TYPES OF NIOSOMES
1)Multi lamellar vesicles (MLV)
2) Unilamellar vesicles (ULV)
3) Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV)
4) Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV)

Method of preparation:
The preparation methods should be chosen according to the use of the niosomes, since the
preparation methods influence the number of bilayers, size, size distribution, and entrapment
efficiency of the aqueous phase and the membrane permeability of the vesicles.
A]Hand shaking method (thin film hydration technique):
Surfactant + cholesterol + solvent
↓
Remove organic solvent at room temperature
↓
Thin layer formed on the walls of flask
↓
Film can be rehydrated to form multilamellar niosomes

B]Reverse phase evaporation technique (REV):
Cholesterol + surfactant dissolved in ether + chloroform
↓
Sonicated at 50°C and again sonicated after adding PBS
↓
Drug in aqueous phase is added to above mixture
↓
Viscous niosomes suspension is diluted with PBS
↓
Organic phase is removed at 40°C at low pressure
↓
Heated on a water bath for 60°C for 10 minutes to yield niosomes.

C] Ether injection method:
Surfactant + cholesterol is dissolved in diethyl ether
↓
Then injected in warm water maintained at 60°C through a 14-gauze needle
↓
Ether is vaporized to form single layered niosomes.
D] Sonication method:
Drug in buffer +surfactant/cholesterol in 10 ml of aqueous phase
↓
Above mixture is sonicated for 3 minutes at 60°C using titanium Probe yielding
niosomes

E] Multiple membrane extrusion method:
Mixture of surfactant, cholesterol in chloroform is made into thin film by
evaporation.
↓
The film is hydrated with aqueous drug solution and the resultant suspension
extruded through polycarbonate membrane.
• It is a good method for controlling niosome size.

APPLICATION OF NIOSOMES
 Drug Targetting
• One of the most useful aspects of niosomes is their ability to target drugs.
• Niosomes can be used to target drugs to the reticuloendothelial system.It can be achieved by
coating with polymer e.g. PEG.
 In Diagnosis
• Niosomes have also been used as carriers for iobitridol, a diagnostic agent used for X-ray
imaging.
 Anti-neoplastic Treatment
• Most antineoplastic drugs cause severe side effects.
• Niosomes can alter the metabolism; prolong circulation and half life of the drug, thus
decreasing the side effects of the drugs.
• Niosomes, is decreased rate of proliferation of tumor and higher plasma levels accompanied
by slower elimination.

 Leishmaniasis :-
 Leishmaniasis is a disease in which a parasite of the genus Leishmania invades the cells of
the liver and spleen.
 Use of niosomes in tests conducted showed that it was possible to administer higher levels of
the drug without the triggering of the side effects, and thus allowed greater efficacy in
treatment.
 Delivery of Peptide Drugs:-
 Oral peptide drug delivery has long been faced with a challenge of bypassing the enzymes
which would breakdown the peptide.
 Use of niosomes to successfully protect the peptides from gastrointestinal peptide
breakdown is being investigated.
 In an in-vitro study conducted by oral delivery of a vasopressin derivative entrapped in
niosomes showed that entrapment of the drug significantly increased the stability of the
peptide.

 Niosomes as Carriers for Haemoglobin:
• Niosomes can be used as carriers for haemoglobin within the blood.
• The niosomal vesicle is permeable to oxygen and hence can act as a carrier for haemoglobin
in anaemic patients.
 To organs other than RES:
• It has been suggested that carrier system can be directed to specific sites in the body by use
of antibodies.
• Immunoglobulins seem to bind quite readily to the lipid surface, thus offering a convenient
means for targeting of drug carrier.
• Many cells possess the intrinsic ability to recognize and bind particular carbohydrate
determinants and this can be exploited to direct carriers system to particular cells

AQUASOMES
• Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier system but instead of being simple nanoparticle
these are three layered self assembled structures.
• It comprised of a solid phase nanocrystalline core coated with oligomeric film on which
biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification.
• Aquasomes are like "bodies of water" and their water like properties protect and preserve
fragile biological molecules, and this property of maintaining conformational integrity as
well as high degree of surface exposure is exploited in targeting of bioactive molecules.
• These three layered structures are self-assembled by non covalent and ionic bonds. These
carbohydrate stabilize nanoparticles of ceramic are known as "aquasomes".

Method of preparation:
• The method of preparation of aquasomes involves three steps.
• The general procedure consists of formation of an inorganic core, followed by Coating
of the core with polyhydroxy oligomer, and finally loading of the drug of choice to this
assembly.

Formation of an inorganic core
It involves the fabrication of a ceramic core, and the procedure depends upon the materials
selected.
The two most commonly used ceramic cores are calcium phosphate and diamond. .
Coating of the core with polyhydroxy oligomer:
 In the second step, ceramic cores are coated with carbohydrate (polyhydroxy oligomer)
 The coating is carried out by addition of carbohydrate into an aqueous dispersion of the cores
under sonication.
 These are then subjected to lyophilization to promote an irreversible adsorption of
carbohydrate onto the ceramic surface.
 The unabsorbed carbohydrate is removed by centrifugation.
 The commonly used coating materials are cellobiose, citrate, pyridoxal-5- phosphate,
trehalose and sucrose.

Loading of the drug of choice to this assembly:
 The final stage involves the loading of drug to the coated particles by adsorption.
 For that, a solution of known concentration of drug is prepared in suitable pH buffer, and
coated particles are dispersed into it.
 The dispersion is then either kept overnight at low temperature for drug loading or
lyophilized after some time so as to obtain the drug-loaded formulation (i.e., aquasomes).

APPLICATIONS
 Insulin Delivery
 Aquasomes for pharmaceuticals delivery i.e. insulin, developed because drug activity is
conformationally specific.
 Bio activity preserved and activity increased to 60% as compared to i.v administration and
toxicity not reported.
 Oral Delivery of Enzyme
 Aquasomes also used for delivery of enzymes like DNAase and pigments/dyes because
enzymes activity fluctuates with molecular conformation and cosmetic properties of pigments
are sensitive to molecular conformation.
 As oxygen Carrier:
• Aquasomes as red blood cell substitutes, haemoglobin immobilized on oligomer surface because
release of oxygen by haemoglobin is conformationally sensitive.
• By this toxicity is reduced, haemoglobin concentration of 80% achieved.

PHYTOSOMES
 The term "phyto" means plant while "some" means cell-like.
 Phytosomes are little cell like structure.
 Phytosomes are novel drug delivery system containing bioactive phytoconstituents of herbs
surround and bound by phospholipids.
 Phytomedicines are complex chemical mixtures prepared from plants.
 Water soluble phytoconstituents (flavonoids) are poorly absorbed.

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• It is lipophilic substance
• Freely soluble in non polar solvent
• Moderately soluble in fats
• Insoluble in water
 STRUCTURE OF PHYTOSOMES

Common stage of preparation:
Phospholipids
↓
Solution of phospholipid in organic solvents with drug extract
↓
Drying
↓
Formation of thin film
↓
Hydration
↓
Formation of phytosomal suspension

APPLICATION
 Enhancing bioavailability
 Antioxidant properties
 Hepato protective
 Transdermal application
 Cancer treatment

ELECTROSOMES
 These are the transmembrane protein generate and propagate the electrical signals that allow
us to sense our surroundings, process, information, make decisions, and move.
 Ion channel proteins act as gates that span the lipid bilayer that surrounds all electrochemical
gradients.
 The ion flux through a channel pore can be extremely high.
 They are high resolution in function and 3D structure to description of their molecules.
 The high resolution structure of ion channel and ion channel associated protein are providing
the substrates for sophisticated tests of the mechanisms of channel gating and permeation.
 Ion perform two basic function open and close to control the passage of ion across the cell
membrane.

STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSOMES
Ion channels are the part of large protein network. These networks includes cytoskeletal
components, signaling proteins like protein kinase and phosphatases, and channel-associated
proteins that recruit these signaling molecules to the channel to modify its function.

APPLICATIONS
 Ear targeting
 Brain targeting
 Muscles targeting
 Nervous system targeting

REFERENCES:
https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/niosomes-as-novel-drug-delivery-system-a-review-article
Shakya V, Bansal BK. Niosomes: A Novel Trend in Drug Delivery. International Journal of
Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2014; 3(4):1036-1041.
Vishal S, Parth P, “Aquasomes: A novel carrier for drug delivery.” IJPSR, 2012, 3 (3), 688-694.
Vyas SP, Khar RK, Targeted & controlled Drug Delivery, CBC Publisher & distributors, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 28-
30.
Phytosomes: An Emerging Technology For Improving Phytochemical Bioavailability- A Review
https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/phytosomes-emerging-technology-improving-phytochemical-
bioavailability-review
The Electrosome: A Surface-Displayed Enzymatic Cascade in a Biofuel Cell’s Anode and a High-Density
Surface-Displayed Biocathodic Enzyme

Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S

Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S

Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S

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