Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
A note on Microsperes , general introduction and method of preparationsNEELAMSOMANI4
This presentation is related to Microspheres. Microspheres as a part of novel drug delivery system relevant to Pharmaceutics. The general introductions and methodology is described that will be helpful to all pharmacy students .
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Drug absorption from git , Drug absorption from git , DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION , Transcellular / intracellular , transport , .Passive Transport Processes , Passive diffusion , Pore transport , Ion- pair transport , Facilitated or mediated diffusion
, Active transport processes , Primary , Secondary , Symport (Co-transport) , Antiport (Counter transport) , Paracellular / Intercellular Transport , Permeation through tight junctions of epithelial cells , Persorption , Vesicular or Corpuscular Transport (Endocytosis) , Pinocytosis , Phagocytosis , FACTORS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION OF DRUGS , DRUG DISSOLUTION , Factors affecting dissolution rate , DISSOLUTION APPARATUS , IVIVC (In vitro- in vivo correlation) , ROLE OF DOSAGE FORM , Transport model , pH Microclimate , Intracellular pH environment , Tight junction complex
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
HERBAL INGREDIENTS USED IN HAIR CARE , cosmetics , herbal cosmetics , Herbal ingredients used in the cosmetics , preparation for hair , Hair oil , Shampoos , Hair dye , Hair lotion , Ingredient used in Herbal hair oil , Marketed herbal hair oil , Evaluation of herbal hair oil , Ingredient used in Herbal shampoo , Marketed herbal shampoo , Evaluation of herbal shampoo , Ingredient used in the herbal hair dye , Marketed herbal hair dye , Evaluation of herbal hair dye
cosmetics - regulatory : Regulatory provisions related to cosmetics PV. Viji
REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATED TO COSMETICS , REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATING TO IMPORT OF COSMETICS , Application for registration certification for import cosmetics , Grant of registration certificate , Standards for imported cosmetics , REGULATORY PROVISIONS RELATING TO MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS , REQUIREMENTS OF FACTORY PREMISES FOR MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS , LOAN LICENCE
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICSPV. Viji
INDIAN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING OF COSMETICS , IMPORTANCE OF LABELING , LABELING REQUIREMENTS , Common or generic name of the product. , Product function , Use instruction , Name & address of Manufacturer , Country of manufacture , Manufacture Date , Expiry date , Net Quantity , Retail Sale Price , Storage condition , Barcodes , Batch number , Warning or Caution if hazard exists , Manufacturing License Number , Ingredients , Registration Certificate Number (RCN) , Consumer Care Details , Using Stickers , Brown/Red or green dot , Not a standard pack size under Legal Metrology(Packaged commodities) Rules
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
NMR SPECTROSCOPY ,Relaxation,longitudinal / spin- spin relaxation,transverse / spin- spin relaxation,Shielding of proton ,Deshielding of proton,CHEMICAL SHIFT,Factors Influencing Chemical Shift,Inductive effect, Vander Waal’s deshielding,Anisotropic effect (space effect),Hydrogen bonding
,SPLITTING OF THE SIGNALS,COUPLING CONSTANT,NMR SIGNAL IN VARIOUS COMPOUND
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. MICROSPHERES
Microspheres are small spherical particles,
ranging in size from 1 μm to 1000 μm.
They are spherical free flowing particles
consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers
which are biodegradable in nature.
2
5. ADVANTAGES
Improve bioavailability
Provide prolonged therapeutic effect.
Provide constant drug concentration in
blood .
Decrease toxicity.
Protect the drug from enzymatic and
photolytic cleavage
Reduce the dosing frequency and thereby
improve the patient compliance
5
6. DISADVANTAGES
The cost is more.
Process conditions like change in
temperature, pH, solvent addition, and
evaporation/agitation may influence the
stability of core particles.
Degradation of product due to heat,
hydrolysis, oxidation, solar radiation or
biological agents.
6
7. TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
Bioadhesive microspheres
Floating microspheres
Radioactive microspheres
Magnetic microspheres
Polymeric microspheres
a) Biodegradable polymeric
microspheres
b) Synthetic polymeric
microspheres 7
8. Bio-adhesive microspheres:
Adhesion of drug delivery device to the
mucosal membrane such as buccal, ocular,
rectal, nasal etc can be termed as
Bioadhesive microspheres .
8
TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
9. Magnetic microspheres:
This kind of delivery system is very
much important which localises the drug
to the disease site.
Magnetic carriers receive magnetic
responses to a magnetic field from
incorporated materials that are used for
magnetic microspheres.
9
TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
10. Floating microspheres:
In floating types the bulk density is less than
the gastric fluid and so remains buoyant in
stomach.
10
TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
11. Radioactive microspheres:
radioactive microspheres deliver high
radiation dose to the targeted areas without
damaging the normal surrounding tissues.
11
TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
12. Polymeric microspheres:
The different types of polymeric
microspheres can be classified as follows:
a) Biodegradable polymeric microspheres
b) Synthetic polymeric microspheres
12
TYPES OF MICROSPHERES
14. SINGLE EMULSION
TECHNIQUE
14
Polymer in aqueous solution+ drug
Disperse in organic phase (oil/
chloroform)
Microspheres
Microspheres in organic phase
stir or sonicate
Chemical cross linking
or heat denaturation
Centrifugation ,
Wash, separation
15. DOUBLE EMULSION
TECHNIQUE
15
Polymer in aq. solution + Drug
Disperse in organic phase
First emulsion ( W/O)
Multiple emulsion(W/O/W)
Microspheres in solution
Microspheres
Homogenization or sonication
Addition of aq. sol of PVA
Addition to large aq. Phase
Separation, wash, dry
17. SOLVENT
EVAPORATION
17
Coating polymer solution
Core material disperse in liquid
manufacturing vehicle phase
Evaporation of polymer solvent
Microspheres
Core material
Dissolved or dispersed
Agitation
Heating (if need)
18. PHASE SEPARATION
COACERVATION
TECHNIQUE
18
Aq/ organic solution of polymer
Drug dispersed or dissolved in the
polymer solution
Polymer rich globules
Microspheres in aq/ organic phase
microspheres
Add drug
Phase separation induced
by different means
solidify
Separate, wash and dry
21. Techniques used for
coacervation
Change in temperature
Incompatible polymer addition
Non solvent addition
Salt addition
Polymer – polymer interaction
21
22. SPRAY DRYING AND
SPRAY CONGEALING
22
Polymer dissolved in organic phase
(acetone)
Drug is dispersed in polymer solution under high
speed homogenization/
Atomized in a stream of hot air
Separated by cyclone separator and traces of solvent is
removed by vacuum drying
microspheres
Solvent evaporation
Formation of small droplets
25. i. a ) BULK
POLYMERIZATION
25
Monomer / mixture of monomer +
initiator
Microspheres
Heated to initiate polymerization
Polymer obtained is moulded /
fragmented
26. i. b ) SUSPENSION
POLYMERIZATION
26
Monomer or composition of
monomers are heated and dispersed
in water
Microspheres
Droplets
(vigorous agitation)
27. i. c) EMULSION
POLYMERIZATION
27
Monomer + aq. Solution of NaOH +
initiator ( stir)
Polymerization occurs , microspheres
are formed
Micelles solution of polymer in aq.
medium
28. ii. INTERFACIAL
POLYMERIZATION
28
Monomer A +
water Oil phase
W/O emulsion
Add monomer B
Microspheres in
aq. Medium
Microspheres
High pressure
homogenization
polymerization
30. EVALUATION OF
MICROSPHERES
1 .Particle size and shape:
The most widely used procedures to
visualize microparticles are conventional
light microscopy (LM) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).
2. surface chemistry :
The surface chemistry of the microspheres
can be determined using the electron
spectroscopy for chemical analysis(ESCA).
30
31. 3) Drug entrapment efficiency:
Drug entrapment efficiency can be
calculated using following equation,
% Entrapment = Actual content /
Theoretical content x 100
31
32. 4) Swelling index :
Swelling index can be calculated by using
Swelling index= (mass of swollen
microspheres –mass of dry
microspheres) 100/mass of
dried microspheres
32
33. 5 )In vitro methods:
Release studies for different type of
microspheres are carried out by using
phosphate buffer pH 6.8, mostly by
rotating paddle apparatus.
6) Adhesion property:
Freshly cut piece of pig intestine is used
(5 cm long) to determine the adhesion
property of Bio-adhesive microspheres.
33
35. APPLICATIONS
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
Oral drug delivery
Gene delivery
Nasal drug delivery
Buccal drug delivery
Gastrointestinal drug delivery
Transdermal drug delivery
Colonic drug delivery
35
37. MICROENCAPSULATION
“Microencapsulation may be defined as
the process of surrounding or
enveloping one substance within
another substance on a very small
scale, yielding capsules ranging from
less than one micron to several hundred
microns in size.”
It is mean of applying thin coating to
small particle of solid or droplet of liquid
& dispersion.
Particle size: 50-5000 micron.
2 phases:
a) Core material
b) Coating material
37
38. TECHNIQUES TO
MANUFACTURE
Physical methods
Air-suspension coating
Multiorifice centrifugal process
Pan coating
Coacervation Process
Spray–drying
Chemical process
Solvent Evaporation
Polymerization
38
39. AIR SUSPENSION
(WURSTER METHOD)
39
Within the coating chamber, particles
are suspended on an upward moving
air stream.
Spraying of coating material on the
air suspended particles.
The cyclic process is repeated
depending upon purpose of
microencapsulation.
Air stream serves to dry the product
the core material receives an
increment of coating material
41. B) Pan Coating
41
The particles are tumbled in a pan
while the coating material is applied
slowly as solution or atomized spray
to the core
To remove the coating solvent, warm
air is passed over the coated
materials
43. 43
the rotating disc flings the particulate core
material ( liquid) droplets or solid particles
towards orifices
The counter rotating disc mounted within the
cylinder , atomizes or disperses the core
material fed through the centrally located
inlet .
When the core material arrives at the orifices
& encounters the coating material membrane
The impact & centrifugal force , generated by
the rotating cylinder , hurls the core material
through the enveloping coating membrane.
MULTIORIFICE
CENTRIFUGAL PROCESS
45. APPLICATION
For sustained or prolonged drug release.
For masking taste and odor of many drugs
to improve patient compliance.
For converting liquid drugs in a free
flowing powder.
To reduce toxicity and GI irritation
Incompatibility among the drugs can be
prevented by microencapsulation.
The drugs, which are sensitive to oxygen,
moisture or light, can be stabilized by
microencapsulation
45
46. REFERENCE
Theory and practice in novel drug delivery
system by S.P. VYAS.
MICROSPHERES: A BRIEF REVIEW
Kadam N. R. and Suvarna V Department of
Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben
Nanavati College of Pharmacy,Vile Parle,
Maharashtra.
Leon, Lachman, Herbert A. L., Joseph, L.
K; “ The Theory And Practice Of Industrial
Pharmacy”, 3rd edition, 1990, Varghese
Publishing House,412, 428.
46