Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

• 1.
  Targeted Drug DeliverySystems By SURYAKANT VERMA Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics,
• 2.
  ON Concept. Introduction Advantages andDisadvantages Biological processes and events involved in drug targeting. Agenda Targeted Drug delivery
• 3.
  ON • It isa special form of drug delivery system where the pharmacologically active agent or medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells. • The drug may be delivered: To the capillary bed of the active sites, To the specific type of cell (or) even an intracellular region. Ex- tumour cells but not to normal cells, To a specific organ (or) tissues by complexing with the carrier that recognizes the target Introduction
• 4.
  • It isa method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. • Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues. • This improves efficacy and reduce side effects. ‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
• 5.
  ON SMART DRUG THERAPY??? INDEED..
• 6.
  ON Reasons for Sitespecific delivery of drugs Pharmaceutical  Drug instability in conventional dosage form  Solubility Biopharmaceutical  Low absorption  High-membrane bounding  Biological instability Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic  Short half-life  Large volume of distribution  Low specificity Clinical  Low therapeutic index.
• 7.
  ON  To achievea desired pharmacological response at a selected sites without undesirable interaction at other sites, there by the drug have a specific action with minimum side effects & better therapeutic index.  Ex- in cancer chemotherapy and in enzyme replacement therapy. OBJECTIVES
• 8.
  ON Targeted drug deliverysystem should be- HOW?? • Biochemically inert (non-toxic) • Non-immunogenic. • Both physically and chemically stable in vivo and in vitro. • Restrict drug distribution to target cells or tissues or organs • Should have uniform capillary distribution. • Controllable and predicate rate of drug release. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
• 9.
  ON • Drug releasedoes not effect the drug action. • Therapeutic amount of drug release. • Minimal drug leakage during transit. • Carriers used must be bio-degradable or readily eliminated from the body without any problem and no carrier induced modulation of diseased state. • The preparation of the delivery system should be easy or reasonably simple, reproductive and cost effective. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
• 10.
  ON ADVANTAGES •Control of drugdelivery on to a particular site or vicinity with predetermined or expected release kinetics. • Drug administration protocols may be simplified. • Toxicity is reduced by delivering a drug to its target site, there by reducing harmful systemic effects. • Drug can be administered in a smaller dose to produce the desire effect. • Avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism. • Enhancement of the absorption of target molecules such as peptides and particulates. • Dose is less compared to conventional drug delivery system. • No peak and valley plasma concentration. • Selective targeting toinfections cells that compare to normal cells. DISADVANTAGES • Expensive • Technical skill required • Stability issues both Chemical and physical biological as well • Yield comparatively very less Advantages and Disadvantages Targeted drug delivery systems
• 11.
  Biological processes andevents involved in drug targeting • Cellular Uptake and Processing • Transport across the epithelial barrier • Extravasation • Lymphatic Uptake
• 13.
  ON Cellular Uptake andProcessing • Following administration low molar mass drugs can enter into or pass through various cells by simple diffusion process. • Targeted drug delivery usually have macro molecular assemblies hence cannot enter by such simple process. Hence take up by a process called ENDOCYTOSIS • Steps involved :  Internalization of the plasma membrane  Concomitant with engulfment of extracellular material
• 14.
  ON Cellular Uptake andProcessing • Phagocytes^^^^ rest of the cells opsosins immunoglobulin G complement C3b fibronectin. • dysopsonins IgA & sIgA impart degree of hydrophilicity>>>decrease the uptake
• 15.
  ON Cellular Uptake andProcessing • Compared with phagocytosis pinocytosis is a universal phenomenon in all the cells pinocytosis does not require any external stimulus • Pinocytosis is divided into two types: 1. Fluid phases pinocytosis 2. Adsorptive pinocytosis • Compared with phagocytosis fluid phase pinocytic capture of molecules is relatively slower being directly proportional to the concentration and size dependant
• 16.
  ON Transport across theepithelial barrier • The oral buccal nasal vaginal and rectal cavities are internally lined with one or more layers of epithelial cells • Depending on the position and function in the body epithelial cells can be varied forms Three layer physiology:  Epithelial  Lamia propria  Basal lamina • Low molar mass drugs cross the above by passive difussion carrier mediated systems ans selective and non-selective endocytosis
• 17.
  ON Transport across theepithelial barrier • The polar materials diffuse through tight junctions of epithelial cells • Passive transport is usually higher in damaged mucosa where as active transport depends on structural integrity of epithelial cells • Positively charged particles showed increased uptake than negatively charged counterparts. • Absoption of drugs from buccal via transcellular and paracellular later being dominant.
• 18.
  ON Transport across theepithelial barrier • Some proposals • Ex-vaginal cavity could be an effective delivery site for certain pharmaceuticals • Such as calcitonin for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis • It was demonstrated that when delivered vaginally first undergo uterine pass effect suggesting that the vaginal route can be useed to target to the uterus
• 19.
  ON Extravasation • Many diseasesresult from the dysfunction of cells located outside the cardiovascular system thus for a drug to exert its therapeutic effects it must exit from the central circulation this process of trans vascular exchange is called Extravasation which is governed by blood capillary walls • Factors that control permeability of capillaries • Structure of the capillary wall • Pathological condition • Rate of blood and lymph supply • Physicochemical factors of drug
• 20.
  ON Extravasation • The structureof the blood capillary varies in different organs tissues. • It consists of a single layer of endothelial cells joined together by intercellular juctions • Depending on the morphology and continuity of the endothelial layer and the basement membrane blood capillaries are divided into • Continuous • Fenestraded • Sinusoidal
• 21.
  ON Extravasation
• 22.
  ON Extravasation • Continuous capillariesare common and widely distributed in the body exhibit tight inter endothelial junctions and an uninterrupted basement membrane • Fenestrated capillaries shows inter- endothelial gaps of 20-80nm • Sinusoidal capillaries show inter endothelial gaps of 150nm • Depending on the tissue or organ the basal membrane is either absent ex-liver or present in discontinuous ex- spleen and bone marrow.
• 23.
  ON Extravasation • Macromolecules cantransverse the normal endothelium by passive process such as nonspecific fluid phase trans capillary pinocytosis and passage through inter endothelial junctions gaps or fenestrate or by receptor-mediated transport systems • Organs such as the lung with very large surface areas have a proportionately large total permeability and consequently a high extravasation • Depends on charge shape, size, HLB, characteristics of macromolecules.
• 24.
  ON Extravasation • The endotheliumof brain is the strongest of all endothelia formed by continous nonfenestrated endothelial cells which show no pinocytic activity • Soluble macromolecules permeate the endothelial barrier more readily than particulate macromolecules the rate of movement of fluid across the endothelium appears to be directly related to the diff between the hydrostatic and osmotic forces.
• 25.
  ON Lymphatic Uptake • Followingextravasation drug molecules can either reabsorb into the blood stream directly or enter into the lymphatic system and return with the lymph to the blood circulation • Also drugs administered by subcutaneous intracellular transdermal peritoneal routes can reach the systemic circulation by lymphatic system.
• 26.
  ON Lymphatic Uptake
• 27.
  ON Lymphatic Uptake • Factorsknow to influence the clearance of drugs from interstitial sites  Route of administration  Size and surface characteristics of particles  Formulation medium  The composition and  pH of the interstitial fluid and  Disease within the interstitium • The direct delivery of drugs into lymphatics has been proposed as a potential approach to kill malignant lymphoid cells located in lymph nodes.
• 28.
  ON References: 1. Muller, R;Keck, C (2004). "Challenges and solutions for the delivery of biotech drugs – a review of drug nanocrystal technology and lipid nanoparticles". Journal of Biotechnology 113 (1–3): 151–170. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.06.007 2. Target-Oriented Drug Delivery Systems(9) by Vijay kumar Modern Pharmaceutics Volume 2 Applications and Advances; Fifth edition edited by Alexander T . Florence Pg.no 329-342. 3. Encyclopaedia of controlled delivery by Edith Mathiowitz. 4. S.P Yyas and R.K Khar Controlled drug Delivery concepts and advances Vallabh prakashan first edition.