This document provides information about plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses the characteristics and classifications of meristematic tissue, including apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Simple permanent tissues are described as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex permanent tissues include xylem, which transports water and minerals, and phloem, which transports organic substances. Xylem elements are described as vessels, tracheids, parenchyma, and fibers. Phloem elements include sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers.

1. B.Sc. II
Botany
UNIT IV:
PLANT
ANATOMY
TYPES OF
TISSUE
DR. DILIP V. HANDE
ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR
DEPT OF BOTANY
SHRI SHIVAJI
SCIENCE
COLLEGE
AMRAVATI

2. 1. TISSUE
 Group of cells, having common origin
Tissues
Meristematic
Tissue
Permanent
Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissues
1) Parenchyma
2) Collenchyma
3) Sclerenchyma
Complex Permanent
Tissues
1) Xylem
2) Phloem

4. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
 Cells have power of division
 A. Characteristics of
Meristematic Tissues
 Cells are thin walled
 Have abundant
cytoplasm
 Retain power of division
 No intracellular spaces

6. B. Classification of meristems :
 Based on position in plant body
 (i) Apical meristems
 Occur at apices
 Differentiate into primary tissues
 Cause increase in length
 Axillary buds are present in axils of
leaves

7. Apical Meristem

8. (ii) Lateral meristems :
Arranged parallel to the sides of organs
of plant
Cells produced by them differentiate
into secondary tissues
Cause increase in width of plant organ
e.g., Fascicular cambium & cork
cambium

10. (iii) Intercalary meristems :
Meristems occur in between
mature/permanent tissues
Produce cells that form primary tissues
Cause increase in length
Occur at bases of internodes & leaf sheaths
of grasses & other monocots;
They regenerate parts removed by grazing
animals

12. Based on origin
(i) Promeristems :
Group of meristematic cells in
embryo / seedlings
Give rise to primary meristems

14. (ii) Primary meristems :
Formed from promeristems
Cells produced by them differentiate
into primary / secondary permanent
tissues
e.g., Apical meristems, fascicular
cambium & intercalary meristem

16. (iii) Secondary meristems :
Formed at a later stage in the life of
plant from permanent tissues by
process of dedifferentiation,
e.g., Cork cambium & inter-fascicular
cambium

18. 3. PERMANENT TISSUES
Cells have lost power of division &
become structurally & functionally
specialized
Characteristics :
Undergone differentiation into specific types for a
particular function
2 types:
(i) Simple permanent tissues ( Tissue composed of
1 type of cell)
(ii)Complex permanent tissues ( Tissue is
composed of more than 1 type of cell)

20. B. Simple Permanent Tissues :
(i) Parenchyma
Cells are thin- walled
Retain capacity to divide at maturity
No intracellular spaces
Main function is storage
When parenchyma cells contain a number of
chloroplasts they are called chlorenchyma &
when they are arranged with regular system
of intercellular air spaces, they constitute
aerenchyma

22. (ii) Collenchyma
Cells living at maturity
Cells are variously shaped
Cell wall is unevenly thickened
Occurs below epidermis of dicot stem
Cells may possess chloroplast
Provides strength & flexibility to
growing organs

23. Collenchyma

24. (iii) Sclerenchyma
Cells are dead at maturity
Cell wall is lignified evenly
Gives mechanical support to
organs
Has 2 types of cells :
(a)SCLEREIDS (STONE CELLS) :
Oval/spherical & have very thick walls with
narrow lumen
Occur in shells of nuts & in pulp of fruits & in
tea leaves
(b)FIBRES :Elongated & thick walled cells
Generally occur in groups Present in xylem
phloem & cortex & pericycle

25. Sclerenchymatous fibre

26. C. Complex Permanent Tissues :
(i)XYLEM :
Forms continuous channel
Concerned with transport of water & minerals
Provides mechanical support
Composed of treachery elements, xylem
parenchyma & xylem fibres

27. XYLEM VESSELS :
• Long cylindrical tubular structures
formed by many cells.
• End walls of vessel members have
either single large opening /
perforation / several small openings
• Have thick lignified walls
• Vessles are dead at maturity & found
in angiosperms only

29. (b) XYLEM TRACHEIDS :
• Elongated cells
• Overlap one another at their slanting
ends
• Do not have perforation plates
• Have thick lignified walls
• Dead at maturity

30. c) XYLEM PARENCHYMA
• Thick/ thin walls of cellulose
• Only living components of xylem
• Involved in short distance transport
• Help in storage of sugars, starch,
lipids & tannins

32. (d) XYLEM FIBRES ( SCLERENCHYMA)
• Dead elements, Provide mechanical support
• Xylem formed in primary plant body by procambium is
called primary xylem
• 1st formed primary xylem is called protoxylem
• Later formed is called metaxylem
• In stems, protoxylem lies towards pith & metaxylem
towards periphery ; such an arrangement is called endarch
• In roots, protoxylem lies towards periphery & metaxylem
towards pith ; such an arrangement is called exarch
• Xylem constituents formed by fascicular cambium
constitute secondary xylem

34. (ii) PHLOEM
 Concerned with transport of
organic substances
 Composed of sieve elements,
companion cells, phloem
parenchyma & phloem fibres

36. (a) SIEVE TUBES:
Formed by elongated sieve tube members
Cross walls have number of perforations
Mature sieve tube has peripheral cytoplasm
Functions are controlled by nucleus of
companion cells
Members are characteristically present in
angiosperms

38. (a) SIEVE CELLS :
Sieve areas are found to occur
throughout the end walls &
lateral walls
Cells are living, but lack nucleus
Found in lower vascular plants

40. (c) COMPANION CELLS:
Found in association with
sieve tube members
Sieve tube elements &
companion cells are
connected by pit fields
Help in maintaining the
pressure gradient

42. (d) PHLOEM PARENCHYMA :
Cells are elongated & cylindrical
Have dense cytoplasm &
prominent nucleus
Stores food materials & other s
substances
Absent in monocot plants

44. (e) PHLOEM FIBRES (BAST FIBRES) :
Found along with other elements of phloem
Elongated & thick walled cells
Dead at maturity
Absent in primary phloem
1st formed primary phloem is known as protophloem
Later formed is known as metaphloem
Elements formed by fascicular cambium constitute
secondary phloem

46. THANKS