Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
AU
Uploaded byAshish Umale
1,855 views

Blood, Blood Composition, Blood Groups, Disorders of Blood.pptx

Information regarding blood and it's composition along blood related Disorders. Study of anemia. Study of haemoglobin. Study of functions of blood

Education◦
Related topics:
B-Pharmacy• D-Pharmacy•
PREPARED BY Prof. ASHISH N. UMALE M. PHARM IN PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SHRADDHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, WASHIM-444505 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I
Introduction to Body Fluids Total Body Water: Approximately 60% of body weight. Fluid Compartments: Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid inside cells (approx. 2/3). Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells (approx. 1/3). Interstitial Fluid: Surrounds cells. Plasma: Liquid portion of blood. Transcellular Fluid: CSF, synovial fluid, etc. Function: Maintenance of homeostasis, nutrient transport, and waste removal.
Blood: Composition Definition: A fluid connective tissue. Physical Characteristics: pH 7.35–7.45; temperature ~38°C; volume 5–6L (males), 4–5L (females). Components: Plasma (55%): Water (90%), Proteins (Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen), electrolytes, and nutrients. Formed Elements (45%): * Erythrocytes (RBCs) : Oxygen transport. Leukocytes (WBCs) :Immune defense (Granulocytes & Agranulocytes). Thrombocytes (Platelets) : Blood clotting.
Functions of Blood Transportation: Oxygen (from lungs), nutrients (from GI tract), hormones, and CO-2 Regulation: Body temperature, pH levels, and fluid volume. Protection: Hemostasis: Preventing blood loss via clotting. Immunity: Phagocytosis by WBCs and antibody production.
Hemopoeisis (Hematopoiesis) Definition: The process by which all blood cells are formed. Site: Fetus: Yolk sac, liver, spleen. Adults: Red Bone Marrow (sternum, ribs, pelvis, proximal epiphyses of femur/humerus). Process: Starts with a Pluripotent Stem Cell (HSC). Myeloid Stem Cells: Give rise to RBCs, Platelets, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils. Lymphoid Stem Cells: Give rise to Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells).
Formation of Hemoglobin (Hb) Structure: A quaternary protein made of 4 Globin chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) and 4 Heme grp. Synthesis: Occurs in the mitochondria and cytosol of developing RBCs. Requires Iron (Fe-2+), Vitamin B-12, and Folic acid. Function: Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds one
Anemia Definition: A condition where the O2​carrying capacity of blood is reduced (low RBCs or low Hb). Common Types: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Most common; lack of iron for Hb synthesis. Pernicious Anemia: Vitamin B-12 deficiency. Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow failure. Hemolytic Anemia: Premature destruction of RBCs. Sickle Cell Anemia: Genetic mutation causing crescent-shaped RBCs.
Mechanisms of Coagulation (Hemostasis) Step 1: Vascular Spasm: Immediate vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow. Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to exposed collagen and aggregate. Step 3: Coagulation (Clotting): Extrinsic Pathway: Triggered by tissue factor (fast). Intrinsic Pathway: Triggered by internal vessel damage (slower). Common Pathway: Prothrombin → Thrombin; Fibrinogen → Fibrin
Blood Grouping & Rh Factor ABO System: Based on Antigens (A, B) on RBCs and Antibodies (Anti-A, Anti-B) in plasma. Type A: A antigens, Anti-B antibodies. Type AB: Both antigens, no antibodies (Universal Recipient). Type O: No antigens, both antibodies (Universal Donor). Rh Factor: Presence (+) or absence (-) of the D-antigen. Clinical Note: Rh incompatibility in pregnancy can lead to Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
Blood Transfusion & Significance Purpose: To replace lost blood, treat severe anemia, or provide clotting factors. Significance of Cross-matching: Ensures recipient antibodies won't attack donor RBCs. Transfusion Reactions: Fever, chills, or life-threatening Hemolysis if incompatible blood is given.
Disorders of Blood WBC Disorders: Leukemia: Cancer of the bone marrow producing abnormal WBCs. Leukopenia: Abnormally low WBC count. Platelet Disorders: Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count leading to easy bruising/bleeding. Clotting Disorders: Hemophilia: Genetic lack of clotting factors (e.g., Factor VIII). Polycythemia: Abnormal increase in RBC count, making blood too viscous.