The document provides details on the syllabus for a Botany course covering Angiosperm Systematics, Anatomy, and Embryology. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that will examine topics such as the classification and evolution of angiosperms, important plant families, plant tissue structure, anatomy of roots, stems, and leaves, and plant reproduction through embryology. Key concepts that will be discussed include plant tissue types, vascular bundle structure, leaf anatomy related to photosynthesis, and plant development from megasporogenesis through embryogenesis.

1. DR. DILIP V. HANDE
A S S O C IA T E P R O FE S S OR
D E P T OF B OT A N Y
S H R I SH I V AJ I SC I E NC E CO L L E G E
A M R A V AT I
SEM- III
2020-2021

2. BOTANY
3S- BOTANY
ANGIOSPERM SYSTEMATICS, ANATOMY & EMBRYOLOGY
UNIT I : Angiosperm Systematics and Biodiversity.
1.1Angiosperms: Origin and Evolution (Pteridospermean and
Bennititalean Theory)
1.2 Botanical Nomenclature: Principles of rules, Taxonomic Ranks, Type
concept, Valid publication.
1.3 Herbarium – Concept & significance, Royal Botanical Garden, Kolkata.
1.4 Concept of biodiversity, Ex situ and In situ conservation
1.5 Concept & importance of Biodiversity.
UNIT II: Angiosperm Systematics
2.1 Systems of Classification: Bentham and Hooker’s System, Engler and
Prantle’s system.
2.2 Systematic studies & economic importance of following Families
Dicotyledons (Polypetalae) : Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Leguminosae,
Apiaceae,

3. UNIT III: Angiosperm Systematics
3.1 Systematic studies & economic importance of following
Families
Dicotyledons (Gamopetalae): Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae.
3.2 Dicotyledons ( Monoclamydeae): Euphorbiaceae.
3.3 Monocotyledons: Liliaceae, Poaceae.
UNIT IV: Anatomy
4.1 Types of Tissues:
Meristematic – Types of meristems
Permanent – Simple and complex.
4.2 Characteristics of growth rings, Sapwood and heartwood.
4.3 Anatomy of root: Primary structure in dicot and
monocot root, normal secondary growth in dicot root.

4. 5.3 Leaf Anatomy: Internal structure in Nerium and Maize
leaf.
UNIT VI : Embryology
5.1Microsporangium, microsporogenesis, development of
male gametophyte.
5.2Megasporangium, types of ovules, megasporogenesis,
development of female gametophyte (monosporic, Bisporic
& tetrasporic).
5.3 Double fertilization and triple fusion.
5.4 Embryo – Classification of embryo.
5.5 Endosperm types & significance, Suspended animation
UNIT V: Anatomy
5.1 Anatomy of stem: Primary structure in monocot and
dicot stem, normal secondary growth in dicot stem.
5.2 Anomalies in primary structure in Boerhhavia stem,
secondary structure in Bignonia and Dracaena

16. MERISTEM

17. STEM ANATOMY

18. STEM ANATOMY

19. STEM ANATOMY

20. ROOT ANATOMY

21. Types of Tissue

22. VASCULAR BUNDLE

23. ROOT ANATOMY

26. LEAF ANATOMY

27. LEAF ANATOMY

28. LEAF ANATOMY

29. LEAF ANATOMY

31. LEAF ANATOMY

33. ROOT ANATOMY

34. .
 Plant Anatomy
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs

35. From smallest to largest
plants

36. What is plant anatomy?
 ANATOMY: study of the structure of
organisms… looking at cells, tissues
 (Morphology: Study of form)
TISSUE:
MERISTIMATIC
PERMANENT
SECRETARY

37.  How can water
move from
the ground
all the way
to the top
of a 100 m
tall redwood
tree?

38. Plant Anatomy: Cells
 Plant cells are basic building blocks
 Can specialize in form and function
 By working together, forming tissues, they can
support each other and survive
 Levels of organization
atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > whole plant > pop.

39. Plant Tissues Types
All plant organs (roots, stems, leaves) are composed
of the same tissue types.
There are three types of tissue:
 1. Dermal – outermost layer
 2. Vascular – conducting tissue, transport
 3. Ground – bulk of inner layers

40. 1. Dermal tissue
 Epidermis is the outermost layer of cells
 Like the “skin” of animals
 In stems and leaves,
epidermis has cuticle,
a waxy layer that prevents
water loss.
 Some have trichomes, hairs.
 Root epidermis has root hairs, for
water and nutrient absorption

41. 2. Vascular tissue
 Transports water and organic materials (sugars)
throughout the plant
 Xylem – transports water and
dissolved ions from the root
to the stem and leaves.
• Phloem – carries dissolved
sugars
from leaves to rest of the plant

42. Xylem
 Transports water and dissolved minerals
 Tracheids: long, thin tube like structures without
perforations at the ends
 Vessel elements: short, wide tubes perforated at
the ends (together form a pipe, called vessel).
 Both cells have pits (thin sections) on the walls
Tracheids Vessel elements

43. Xylem cells
 Xylem cells are dead!
 They are hollow cells
and consist
only of
cell wall

44. Phloem
 Cells that transport organic materials (sugars)
 Phloem cells are ALIVE! (unlike xylem)
 However, they lack
nucleus and
organelles

45. Phloem: transports sugars
 Phloem composed of cells called sieve tube
members (STM)
 Companion cells join sieve tube members, are
related, and help to load materials into STM
 End walls of STM have large pores called
sieve plates
Sieve tube member
Companion cells
Sieve plates

46. 3. Ground tissue
 Makes up the bulk of plant organs.
 Functions: Metabolism, storage and support.
Root Stem Leaf

47. Plant Organs
Organs: tissues that act together to serve a specific function
 Roots
 Stems
 Leaves
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Dermal
Vascular
Ground

48. Functions of plant organs:
 ROOTS: Anchorage, water/nutrient absorption from
soil, storage, water/nutrient transport
 STEMS: Support, water/nutrient transport
 LEAVES: Photosynthesis (food production)

49. ROOTS
 ROOTS “the hidden half”
 Functions of roots:
 Ancorage
 Absorption of water & dissolved minerals
 Storage (surplus sugars, starch)
 Conduction water/nutrients

50. Anatomy of a root
epidermis
cortex
vascular

51. Root Epidermis
 Outermost, single layer of cells that:
 Protects (from diseases)
 Absorbs water and nutrients
 ROOT HAIRS: tubular extensions
of epidermal cells.
 Increase surface area of root,
for better water/nutrient
absorption

52. Root Hairs: water and mineral absorption
Root hairs
increase surface
area for better
absorption

53. Root Cortex
 Stores starch, sugars and other substances

54. Root Ground tissue
 In roots, ground tissue (a.k.a. cortex) provides
support, and
often stores sugars and starch
(for example: yams, sweet potato, etc.)
Hey!
I yam
what I
yam,
man!
You’re not a yam,
you’re a
sweetpotato!
cortex

55. Root Cortex: Endodermis
 Endodermis: the innermost layer of the cortex

56. Root cortex: Casparian strip
 The Casparian strip is a water-impermeable
strip of waxy material found in the endodermis
(innermost layer of the cortex).
 The Casparian strip helps to control the uptake
of minerals into the xylem: they have to go
through the cytoplasm of the cell!

57. STEMS
 Above-ground organs (usually)
 Support leaves and fruits
 Conduct water and sugars
throughout plant (xylem and phloem)

58. Stem anatomy
 Dermal, ground and vascular tissues…
pith
cortex
epidermis
Vascular
bundles

59. Types of Stems
Monocot stem Dicot stem Root

60. Types of stems
Herbaceous vs. Woody
stems

61. Tissues of stems
 Epidermis (Dermal tissue type)
 Provides protection
 Has cuticle (wax) prevents water loss
 Trichomes (hairs) for protection, to release
scents, oils, etc.

62. Stem Vascular tissue
 Vascular bundles – composed of both xylem
and phloem
 Xylem
 Conducts water
 Support
 Phloem
 Conducts food
 Support
Vascular
cambium

63. Vascular cambium
 Occurs in woody stems
 Vascular cambium located in the middle of
the vascular bundle, between xylem and phloem

64. Vascular tissue: Trees
 Vascular tissue is located on the outer layers of
the tree.
wood
phloem
xylem
bark
Vascular
cambium

65. Girdling: cutting around a tree
 Damages the phloem and xylem, eventually
killing the tree!

66. Vascular tissue forms rings in trees
 Annual rings: xylem formed by the vascular
cambium during one growing season
 One ring = one year

67. History of the tree: annual rings
1489: Tree is planted
by Native American
1492: Columbus lands in
the Americas
1620: Pilgrims land
in Plymouth, Mass.
1776: Declaration
of US independence
1861: Start of
Civil War
1969: Man
lands on Moon
1917 & 1945: Tree
Survives two World
Wars
1971: Birth Year
of the IDIOT
who cut down
this tree!!!
Dendrochronology : tree time-keeping

68. Ground tissue: Cortex & pith
 Stores food (e.g. potato)
 Site of Photosynthesis (when green)
 Support cells
pith
cortex

69. LEAVES:
 ‘Photosynthetic factories’ of the plant…
 Function: Photosynthesis – food
production for the whole plant
 Blade: Flat expanded area
 Petiole: stalk that connects
leaf blade to stem, and
transports materials
BLADE

70. Leaf Anatomy
 Leaf anatomy is correlated to photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide + Water  sugars + oxygen
dermal
ground
vascular
dermal

71. Leaf epidermis
 Is transparent – so that sun light can go through.
 Waxy cuticle protects against drying out
 Lower epidermis: stomata with guard cells – for
gas exchange (CO2, H2O in; O2 out)

72. Leaf epidermis
 Trichomes (give fuzzy texture)
(“Panda plant”)

73. Leaf vascular tissue
 VEINS  vascular tissue of leaves.
 Veins are composed of xylem (water transport)
phloem (food transport)
and bundle
sheaths,
cells surrounding the
xylem/phloem for
strength & support

74. Leaf Mesophyll
 Middle of the leaf (meso-phyll)
 Composed of photosynthetic ground cells:
 Palisade parenchyma
(long columns below epidermis;
have lots chloroplasts for
photosynthesis)
Spongy parenchyma
(spherical cells)
with air spaces around,
(for gas exchange)

75. ASSIGNMENT : 1
WRITE COMMENTS ON PLANT ANATOMY
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