This document discusses plant tissues and tissue systems. It defines tissue as a group of cells that perform a common function. It describes 3 types of meristematic tissues - apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems - which are responsible for growth. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals, containing tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem conducts food, containing sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma.
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE, ANATOMY OF ROOT, STEM AND KEAVES OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS PLANTS, SECONDARY GROWTH, CAMBIUM
This document provides an overview of the course "Plant Anatomy and Physiology". It discusses the study of plant anatomy and physiology, the general structure and types of plant cells, plant tissues including meristematic, epidermal, ground and vascular tissues, and the anatomy of roots and stems in gymnosperms. The key systems in plants including epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems are also summarized.
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
The document provides information on the anatomy and tissues of flowering plants. It discusses the basic plant tissues like meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, simple tissues and complex tissues. It describes the primary tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also elaborates on the complex vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. Furthermore, it discusses the three tissue systems - epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Lastly, it compares the anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants in roots, stems and leaves.
The outermost layer is termed as epiblema.
Cuticle and stomata are absent. Cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells.
Endodermis is well developed.
Pericycle is distinct. Vascular bundles are radial. Xylem is exarch.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. (In monocots however, the phloem parenchyma is absent).
The document summarizes the structure of a dicot stem. It has three main parts - the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is a single layer of cells coated with a waxy cuticle. The cortex is made of parenchyma cells and can include collenchyma. The stele contains the vascular bundles in a ring, which include xylem and phloem. Between the bundles are medullary rays and a pith center. Cambium allows for the stem to secondarily thicken over time.
This document discusses plant tissues and tissue systems. It defines tissue as a group of cells that perform a common function. It describes 3 types of meristematic tissues - apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems - which are responsible for growth. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals, containing tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem conducts food, containing sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma.
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE, ANATOMY OF ROOT, STEM AND KEAVES OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS PLANTS, SECONDARY GROWTH, CAMBIUM
This document provides an overview of the course "Plant Anatomy and Physiology". It discusses the study of plant anatomy and physiology, the general structure and types of plant cells, plant tissues including meristematic, epidermal, ground and vascular tissues, and the anatomy of roots and stems in gymnosperms. The key systems in plants including epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems are also summarized.
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
The document provides information on the anatomy and tissues of flowering plants. It discusses the basic plant tissues like meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, simple tissues and complex tissues. It describes the primary tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also elaborates on the complex vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. Furthermore, it discusses the three tissue systems - epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Lastly, it compares the anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants in roots, stems and leaves.
The outermost layer is termed as epiblema.
Cuticle and stomata are absent. Cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells.
Endodermis is well developed.
Pericycle is distinct. Vascular bundles are radial. Xylem is exarch.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. (In monocots however, the phloem parenchyma is absent).
The document summarizes the structure of a dicot stem. It has three main parts - the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is a single layer of cells coated with a waxy cuticle. The cortex is made of parenchyma cells and can include collenchyma. The stele contains the vascular bundles in a ring, which include xylem and phloem. Between the bundles are medullary rays and a pith center. Cambium allows for the stem to secondarily thicken over time.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue consists of undifferentiated cells that can divide repeatedly, while permanent tissue is made up of differentiated cells that carry out specific functions and do not divide. Permanent tissue includes three main types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. Parenchyma tissue is the most common permanent tissue and can be found in many plant organs. It functions to store nutrients, carry out metabolic processes, and provide structure and turgor pressure to support the plant.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
This document discusses the three main types of simple permanent plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma tissue is made of living cells found in many plant parts that perform functions like photosynthesis, storage, and structural support. Collenchyma cells provide mechanical support to stems and leaves and have thickened but non-lignified cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified secondary walls and occur as fibers or sclereids; they provide structure and protection but are dead at maturity.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
The document summarizes the three main tissue types in plants: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue covers the outer surface and is composed of epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues which are undifferentiated and can divide, as well as permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue includes apical and lateral meristem while permanent tissues include various ground tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma as well as vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals upward while phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells that
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
This document provides an outline and overview of plant tissues. It begins with an introduction to plant meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated tissues responsible for growth. There are three types of meristematic tissue: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. The document then discusses the four main types of permanent plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues - detailing their characteristics and functions. It concludes with an overview of the three main tissue systems in plants - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues - and their roles in structure, protection, and conduction within plants.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
In Class 9 Biology, tissues are an essential topic. Let's go through some key points about tissues:
Definition:
A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar structure and work together to perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues:
1. Epithelial Tissue:
Location: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs.
Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation.
Types: Simple epithelium (single layer), stratified epithelium (multiple layers), and pseudostratified epithelium.
2. Connective Tissue:
Location: Found throughout the body.
Functions: Support, bind together, and protect tissues and organs.
Types: Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
3. Muscular Tissue:
Location: Attached to bones (skeletal), walls of internal organs (smooth), and heart (cardiac).
Functions: Movement and locomotion (skeletal), involuntary movements of organs (smooth), and pumping of blood (cardiac).
4. Nervous Tissue:
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Functions: Transmit and receive impulses, coordinate and regulate body activities.
Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells.
Plant Tissues:
1. Meristematic Tissue:
Location: Found at the growing tips of roots and stems.
Functions: Responsible for plant growth and development.
2. Permanent Tissue:
Simple Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma (storage), Collenchyma (support), and Sclerenchyma (mechanical support).
Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (food transport).
Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues:
Plant tissues have cell walls, while animal tissues do not.
Plant tissues have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which animal tissues lack.
Plant tissues often have intercellular spaces, allowing gas exchange, while animal tissues generally do not.
Cell Organelles in Tissues:
Cells in tissues contain various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, each contributing to specific cellular functions.
For more detail, visit. www.vavaclasses.com
This document provides information on cells at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels. It discusses cell theory and key aspects of prokaryotic cells including their shape, structures like plasmids and mesosomes, and cell envelopes. For eukaryotic cells, it describes the membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and vacuoles. It also discusses cytoskeletal elements and membrane properties.
Plant tissue system -Basis for plant anatomyPavan Rathod
i have explained about "plant tissue" in previous slideshare (hope you visited).in this presentation i have explained about "plant tissue system" ,it made easy to learn and classified to get better knowledge on concept.
it includes,epidermal tissue,trichomes ,stomata ,Development of stomata, Classification of stomata: based on development ,Classification of stomata: based on structure, shape and arrangements of subsidiary cell ,Agenous stomata, mesogenous stomata, Perigenous stomata ,Anomocytic stomata ,Anisocytic stomata,Diacytic stomata ,Paracytic stomata, Actinocytic stomata ,Gramineous stomata, root hairs, vasuclar tissue,xylem, Xylem vessel ,Tracheids, xylem Parenchyma,xylem fiber,phloem,Sieve tube, Companion cells ,phloem Parenchyma ,phloem Fibres,ground tissue, Cortex, Pericycle, Pericycle ,Pith..etc.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses meristem tissue in plants, which are young, dividing cells capable of growth. There are four types of meristem tissue classified by plane of cell division, development, function, or position. The document also summarizes the three main types of permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma - including their characteristics, distribution in plants, and functions in providing structure and support.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and vascular cambium, which are responsible for growth. Apical meristem promotes primary growth at tips while vascular cambium promotes secondary growth by increasing diameter. Permanent tissues derive from meristematic tissues and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards while phloem transports food materials horizontally. Transpiration creates a pull that drives the movement of water through xylem vessels via capillary action from roots to shoots.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It discusses meristematic tissue, which are cells that can divide and include primary and secondary meristems. It also describes three permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma provides structure and carries out metabolic functions. Collenchyma provides mechanical support to growing plant parts. Sclerenchyma provides structural support to dead parts and includes fibers and sclereids.
vascular tissue and its relation between primary and secondary tissueFARWATARIQMPhilBotan
This document discusses vascular tissue in plants, including xylem and phloem. It describes the structure and function of xylem, which transports water and minerals, and phloem, which transports sugars and nutrients. The document distinguishes between primary and secondary vascular tissue, where primary develops first from meristems and secondary develops later from vascular cambium. Primary xylem and phloem are eventually replaced by secondary tissues in plants that develop cambium.
This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes in detail the various types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues, permanent tissues (simple and complex), and their functions. The simple permanent tissues discussed are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. The complex permanent tissues discussed are xylem and phloem. It also describes the various types of animal tissues like epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is described in more detail covering the different types like squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue consists of undifferentiated cells that can divide repeatedly, while permanent tissue is made up of differentiated cells that carry out specific functions and do not divide. Permanent tissue includes three main types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues. Parenchyma tissue is the most common permanent tissue and can be found in many plant organs. It functions to store nutrients, carry out metabolic processes, and provide structure and turgor pressure to support the plant.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
This document discusses the three main types of simple permanent plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma tissue is made of living cells found in many plant parts that perform functions like photosynthesis, storage, and structural support. Collenchyma cells provide mechanical support to stems and leaves and have thickened but non-lignified cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified secondary walls and occur as fibers or sclereids; they provide structure and protection but are dead at maturity.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
The document summarizes the three main tissue types in plants: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue covers the outer surface and is composed of epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues which are undifferentiated and can divide, as well as permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue includes apical and lateral meristem while permanent tissues include various ground tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma as well as vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals upward while phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells that
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
This document provides an outline and overview of plant tissues. It begins with an introduction to plant meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated tissues responsible for growth. There are three types of meristematic tissue: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. The document then discusses the four main types of permanent plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues - detailing their characteristics and functions. It concludes with an overview of the three main tissue systems in plants - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues - and their roles in structure, protection, and conduction within plants.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
In Class 9 Biology, tissues are an essential topic. Let's go through some key points about tissues:
Definition:
A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar structure and work together to perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues:
1. Epithelial Tissue:
Location: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs.
Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation.
Types: Simple epithelium (single layer), stratified epithelium (multiple layers), and pseudostratified epithelium.
2. Connective Tissue:
Location: Found throughout the body.
Functions: Support, bind together, and protect tissues and organs.
Types: Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
3. Muscular Tissue:
Location: Attached to bones (skeletal), walls of internal organs (smooth), and heart (cardiac).
Functions: Movement and locomotion (skeletal), involuntary movements of organs (smooth), and pumping of blood (cardiac).
4. Nervous Tissue:
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Functions: Transmit and receive impulses, coordinate and regulate body activities.
Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells.
Plant Tissues:
1. Meristematic Tissue:
Location: Found at the growing tips of roots and stems.
Functions: Responsible for plant growth and development.
2. Permanent Tissue:
Simple Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma (storage), Collenchyma (support), and Sclerenchyma (mechanical support).
Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (food transport).
Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues:
Plant tissues have cell walls, while animal tissues do not.
Plant tissues have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which animal tissues lack.
Plant tissues often have intercellular spaces, allowing gas exchange, while animal tissues generally do not.
Cell Organelles in Tissues:
Cells in tissues contain various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, each contributing to specific cellular functions.
For more detail, visit. www.vavaclasses.com
This document provides information on cells at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels. It discusses cell theory and key aspects of prokaryotic cells including their shape, structures like plasmids and mesosomes, and cell envelopes. For eukaryotic cells, it describes the membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and vacuoles. It also discusses cytoskeletal elements and membrane properties.
Plant tissue system -Basis for plant anatomyPavan Rathod
i have explained about "plant tissue" in previous slideshare (hope you visited).in this presentation i have explained about "plant tissue system" ,it made easy to learn and classified to get better knowledge on concept.
it includes,epidermal tissue,trichomes ,stomata ,Development of stomata, Classification of stomata: based on development ,Classification of stomata: based on structure, shape and arrangements of subsidiary cell ,Agenous stomata, mesogenous stomata, Perigenous stomata ,Anomocytic stomata ,Anisocytic stomata,Diacytic stomata ,Paracytic stomata, Actinocytic stomata ,Gramineous stomata, root hairs, vasuclar tissue,xylem, Xylem vessel ,Tracheids, xylem Parenchyma,xylem fiber,phloem,Sieve tube, Companion cells ,phloem Parenchyma ,phloem Fibres,ground tissue, Cortex, Pericycle, Pericycle ,Pith..etc.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses meristem tissue in plants, which are young, dividing cells capable of growth. There are four types of meristem tissue classified by plane of cell division, development, function, or position. The document also summarizes the three main types of permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma - including their characteristics, distribution in plants, and functions in providing structure and support.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and vascular cambium, which are responsible for growth. Apical meristem promotes primary growth at tips while vascular cambium promotes secondary growth by increasing diameter. Permanent tissues derive from meristematic tissues and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards while phloem transports food materials horizontally. Transpiration creates a pull that drives the movement of water through xylem vessels via capillary action from roots to shoots.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It discusses meristematic tissue, which are cells that can divide and include primary and secondary meristems. It also describes three permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma provides structure and carries out metabolic functions. Collenchyma provides mechanical support to growing plant parts. Sclerenchyma provides structural support to dead parts and includes fibers and sclereids.
vascular tissue and its relation between primary and secondary tissueFARWATARIQMPhilBotan
This document discusses vascular tissue in plants, including xylem and phloem. It describes the structure and function of xylem, which transports water and minerals, and phloem, which transports sugars and nutrients. The document distinguishes between primary and secondary vascular tissue, where primary develops first from meristems and secondary develops later from vascular cambium. Primary xylem and phloem are eventually replaced by secondary tissues in plants that develop cambium.
This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes in detail the various types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues, permanent tissues (simple and complex), and their functions. The simple permanent tissues discussed are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. The complex permanent tissues discussed are xylem and phloem. It also describes the various types of animal tissues like epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is described in more detail covering the different types like squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. PLANT ANATOMY
• Internal structure and functional organization of higher
plants
• Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organized
into tissues and in turn, the tissues are organized into
organs.
• Different organs in a plant show differences in their
internal structure.
• Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also
seen to be anatomically different.
• Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse
environments.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 2
3. TISSUE
• A tissue is a group of cells having a
common origin and usually performing a
common function.
• A plant is made up of different kinds of
tissues.
• Tissues are classified into two main
groups, namely, meristematic and
permanent tissues based on whether the
cells being formed are capable of dividing
or not.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 3
4. 1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
• Growth in plants is largely restricted to
specialized regions of active cell division called
meristems (Gk. meristos: divided).
• Plants have different kinds of meristems.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 4
5. a) APICAL MERISTEMS
• The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and
produce primary tissues are called apical meristems
• Root apical meristem occupies the tip of a root while the shoot
apical meristem occupies the distant region of the stem axis.
• During the formation of leaves and elongation of the stem, some
cells ‘left behind’ from the shoot apical meristem, constitute the
axillary bud.
• Such buds are present in the axils of leaves and are capable of
forming a branch or a flower.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 5
7. b) INTERCALARY MERISTEM
• The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is
known as intercalary meristem.
• They occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by
grazing herbivores.
• Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are
primary meristems because they appear early in the life of
a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary
plant body.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 7
8. c) LATERAL MERISTEMS
• The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots
and shoots of many plants
• Produce woody axis
• Appear later than primary meristem
• secondary meristem.
• They are cylindrical meristems.
• Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium
and cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems.
• These are responsible for producing secondary tissues.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 8
10. PERMANENT TISSUES
• Following divisions of cells in both primary and as well as secondary meristems, the newly formed
cells become structurally and functionally specialised and lose the ability to divide.
• Such cells are termed permanent or mature cells and constitute permanent tissues.
• During the formation of the primary plant body, specific regions of the apical meristem produce
dermal tissues, ground tissues, and vascular tissues.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 10
11. PERMANENT TISSUES
• The cells of the permanent tissues do not generally divide
further.
• Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and
function are called simple tissues.
• Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are
called complex tissues.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 11
12. a) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
• Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and function
are called simple tissues.
• 3 Types:
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 12
13. i) PARENCHYMA
• Forms the major component within organs.
• cells are generally isodiametric.
• They may be spherical, oval, round, polygonal, or elongated in
shape.
• Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose.
• They may either be closely packed or have small intercellular
spaces.
• The parenchyma performs various functions like photosynthesis,
storage, and secretion.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 13
14. ii) COLLENCHYMA
• The collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in most of dicotyledonous
plants.
• It is found either as a homogeneous layer or in patches.
• It consists of cells that are much thickened at the corners due to the deposition
of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
• Collenchymatous cells may be oval, spherical, or polygonal and often contain
chloroplasts.
• These cells assimilate food when they contain chloroplasts.
• Intercellular spaces are absent.
• They provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as the
young stem and petiole of a leaf.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 14
15. iii)Sclerenchyma
• Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell
walls having a few or numerous pits.
• They are usually dead and without protoplasts.
• On the basis of variation in form, structure, origin and development,
sclerenchyma may be either fibers or sclereids.
• The fibers are thick-walled, elongated, and pointed cells, generally
occuring in groups, in various parts of the plant.
• The sclereids are spherical, oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead
cells with very narrow cavities (lumen).
• These are commonly found in the fruit walls of nuts; pulp of fruits like
guava, pear and sapota; seed coats of legumes and leaves of tea.
• Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to organs.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 15
16. b) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES
• The complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells and
these work together as a unit.
• Xylem and phloem constitute the complex tissues in plants
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 16
17. i) XYLEM
• Xylem functions as a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the
stem and leaves.
• It also provides mechanical strength to the plant parts.
• It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely,
a) Tracheids
b) Vessels
c) xylem fibres
d) xylem parenchyma.
• Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 17
18. XYLARY ELEMENTS
a) Tracheids:
• Elongated or tube-like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends.
• Dead- without protoplasm.
• The inner layers of the cell walls have thickenings that vary in form.
• In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water-transporting
elements..
b) Vessel:
• Long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called vessel
members
• lignified walls and a large central cavity.
• The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm
• Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls.
• The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 18
19. XYLARY ELEMENTS
c) Xylem fibers:
• highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens.
• These may either be septate or aseptate.
d) Xylem parenchyma cells :
• living and thin-walled,
• cell walls made up of cellulose.
• store food materials in the form of starch or fat, and other substances like tannins.
• The radial conduction of water takes place by the ray parenchymatous cells.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 19
20. PROTOXYLEM AND METAXYLEM
• Primary xylem is of two types – protoxylem and metaxylem.
• The first formed primary xylem elements are called
protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is called
metaxylem.
• In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and
the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ. This
type of primary xylem is called endarch.
• In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and
metaxylem lies towards the centre. Such arrangement of
primary xylem is called exarch.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 20
22. PHLOEM
• Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves to
other parts of the plant.
• Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube
elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and
phloem fibers.
• Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells.
• They lack sieve tubes and companion cells.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 22
23. PHLOEM ELEMENTS
a) Sieve Tube Elements:
• long, tube-like structures, arranged longitudinally and are associated
with the companion cells.
• end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form the sieve
plates.
• peripheral cytoplasm and a large vacuole but lacks a nucleus.
• The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus of
companion cells.
b) The companion cells
• specialized parenchymatous cells, which are closely associated
with sieve tube elements.
• The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by pit
fields present between their common longitudinal walls.
• The companion cells help in maintaining the pressure gradient in
the sieve tubes.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 23
24. PHLOEM ELEMENTS
c) Phloem Parenchyma:
• made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which have dense cytoplasm and nucleus.
• The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits through which plasmodesmatal
connections exist between the cells.
• stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and mucilage.
• Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the monocotyledons.
d) Phloem fibres (bast fibres)
• made up of sclerenchymatous cells.
• generally absent in the primary phloem but are found in the secondary phloem.
• These are much elongated, unbranched and have pointed, needle like apices.
• The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite thick.
• At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead.
• Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 24
25. PROTOPHLOEM AND METAPHLOEM
• The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as
protophloem
• The later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as a metaphloem.
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 25
26. WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED
• What are plant tissues?
• Classification of Plant Tissue: Meristematic and Permanent
• Types of Meristematic Tissues: Apical, Intercalary, Lateral
• Types of Permanent Tissues: Simple and Complex
• Types of Simple Tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma
• Types of Complex Tissues: Xylem and Phloem
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 26
27. Types of Plant Tissue
PREM SIDHARTH R premsidharth070501@gmail.com 27