Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae commonly referred to as Diatoms.
Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
These are the multicellular algae of the kingdom Protista. Phaeophyta are group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the class phaeophyceae in the division chromophyta.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Small phylum of the Kingdom protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae. Many of these organisms exhibit characteristics similar to both plants and animals. organisms of this phylum are also called Euglenozoa, euglenoids, euglenophytes among others.
This is a comprehensive presentation. It will guide you in identifying Euglena.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
These are the multicellular algae of the kingdom Protista. Phaeophyta are group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the class phaeophyceae in the division chromophyta.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Small phylum of the Kingdom protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae. Many of these organisms exhibit characteristics similar to both plants and animals. organisms of this phylum are also called Euglenozoa, euglenoids, euglenophytes among others.
This is a comprehensive presentation. It will guide you in identifying Euglena.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
This ppt describes about the genus Riccia, its distribution, habiata, gametophytis as well as sporophytic phase, etc. Hope it will help the students of Botany in preparing for their examk nations.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
This ppt describes about the genus Riccia, its distribution, habiata, gametophytis as well as sporophytic phase, etc. Hope it will help the students of Botany in preparing for their examk nations.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
Biological Classification
This ppt shows the details of biological classification. it gives a brief idea about the five kingdom classification with a detailed description of kingdoms monera, protista and fungi. a detailed description of viruses, viroids, prions and lichens have also been given....
For more details visit my youtube channel: (VIHIRA ACADEMY)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Phylum Cryptophyta describes tiny, motile, unicellular organisms with two slightly unequal flagella bearing lateral hairs. Prymnesiophyta are group of autotrophic, planktonic, binucleated flagellates characterized by the presence of a haptonema
Are your wondering why you urinate above the normal 7-8 times in a 24 hours cycle. Urinary frequency can be defined as needing to urinate more than 7-8 times in a period of 24 hours while drinking about 2 liters of fluid. This can disrupt your normal routine, interrupt your sleep cycle, and it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
Medicine as a career has a variety of specializations; but focusing on the branches with more demand that can help you as a future doctor to define your specialty is cardinal
Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina, which may also be called angina pectoris, is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Some people with angina symptoms describe angina as feeling like a vise is squeezing their chest or feeling like a heavy weight has been placed on their chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs evaluation by a doctor, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment
this presentation provides a genuine knowledge on cholesterol positive and negative impact on the proper functioning of your health. Take a look at it. Please Don't forget to leave your comment at the comment session for improvement.
Bryophytes comes from the Greek word “Bryo” meaning “Moss” and “Phyte” meaning “Plant” They are eukaryotic plant-like organism without vascular system. They consist of about 20,000 plant species.
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
Lycophytes are believed to be the oldest living lineage of vascular plants. Lycophytes , also known as ‘ferns allies’, are a clade of vascular plants similar to ferns, but have unique leaves called microphylls. Lycophytes contain three orders; lycopodium (club mosses), selaginella (spike mosses) and isoetales (Quillworts)
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
This presentation provides a clear understanding of the physiology of the circulatory system. It focus lies on the division and component of the circulatory system, the three major function of the circulatory system, blood composition, structure of the heart, blood circulation; pulmonary and systemic circuit, valves of the heart, the pathway of blood flow through the heart, the cardiac cycle, pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; systole and diastole, cardiac output, heart sounds among others.
This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.
General Botany Group four presentation.
This presentation focus on so many biological related topics. It primarily focus on conservation of life in any biodiversity.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Lesson Outline
• Overview of the phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta and
Chrysophyta
• General characteristics of diatoms, yellow-green algae and golden
brown algae
3. Lesson Objectives
• Upon completion of this topic, students will be able to;
1. Describe diatoms, xanthophytes and chrysophytes
2. Identify the similarities and difference among chromist
4. Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms
• Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of
mostly unicellular aquatic algae
• Diatoms
• Diatoms are a major group of microalgae, and are among the most
common types of phytoplankton
• About 5,600 extant species
5. General Characteristics
• Diatoms occur in fresh water, salt water
and in moist vegetation on land
• Some species are attached to substracts,
others are free swimming
• Most live pelagically in open water,
although some live as surface films at the
water-sediment interface (benthic)
6. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Diatoms generally are formed in two general shapes
• Centric diatoms
• Pennate diatoms
Pennate Centric
7. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Cells are surrounded by a rigid two part
box like cell wall composed of silica,
called frustule
• It’s elaborate, with ornamental patterns
and numerous tiny pores, Composed of
silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)
• Reproduce asexually
9. Phylum Xanthophyta: Yellow-Green Algae
• Division of algae commonly known
as yellow-green algae
• Consist of appx. 600 species of algae
most of which inhabit fresh water
• They vary in form and size from single-
celled organisms to small filamentous
forms or simple colonies
Colonia form
Filamentous form
10. General Characteristics
• Mostly found in fresh water some in marine environment or damp soil
• They consist of both free living and solitary organisms
11. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Chlorophyll a and c
• Xanthophyll (dominant pigments)
• Unicellular
• Some species also exist as colonies or
as long filaments of cells
• Other are Coenocytic
• Consisting of a single cytoplasmic mass
that contains many nucleiColonia form
Filamentous form
14. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Most have two flagella arising from
opposite ends of the cell
• Motile cells with a forwardly directed
tinsel flagellum and a posteriorly
directed whiplash flagellum
• Some species of xanthophytes serve
as a model system for investigating
chloroplast movement
15. Reproduction In Yellow-Green Algae
• Reproduction is predominantly
asexual which involves
fragmentation of filaments or spore
formation
• Spores may be flagellated and free-
swimming (zoospores), or they may
be non-flagellated
16. Reproduction Cont’d…
• Sexual reproduction is known only in two genera:
• Botrydium, in which the sex cells are isogamous, and Vaucheria, in which the
cells are oogamous
Botrydium granulatum
Vaucheria
18. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden-Brown Algae
• Unicellular organisms assigned to the
class Chrysophyceae
• Many have characteristics gold color
(Greek chrysos, “gold” and phyto,
“plant)
• Appx. 1,000 species
• Mostly freshwater and marine
planktonic algae
• Free swimming and colonial organisms
Synura
Fig. 1.0 Dinobryon
19. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin
• There is no common cell structure
• Autotrophs
• Characterized by the use of oil
droplets as a food reserve or
Polysaccharide laminarin
Synura
20. General Characteristics Cont’d…
• The formation of a dormant spores in
golden-brown algae serve as their hallmark
feature
• Statospores (statocyst)
• These spores are encased in a wall made of
silica
• It contains Nucleus, Chloroplast, Basal
bodies, Golgi apparatus, many Mitochondria
and Ribosomes
21. Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction is rare
• Asexual reproduction is common
• This is by the formation of motile and nonmotile spores and by cell division
22. Reference
• Nabors, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111. www.aw-bc.com
• Chrysophyta. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. Copyright 2004
Columbia University Press.
• Introduction to the Chrysophyta. UCMP-Berkeley
23. “ The most valuable thing a teacher can impart to student is not
knowledge and understanding but a longing for knowledge and
understanding, and an appreciation for intellectual values,
whether they be artistic, scientific, or moral. ”
→ Albert Einstein
Editor's Notes
Unicellular eukaryotic algae
Single cell algae which has a cell wall of silica
Diatoms; due to their glass-like appearance [Silicon dioxide]
More than 200 genera of living diatoms are known
5,600 species
The most abundant single-cell algae
Second larges of both multicellular and unicellular algae
Chlorophyll a, c and carotenoid
Substrate: an underlying substance or layer to which a body is attached
Diatoms and dinoflagellates are the major constituent of Phytoplankton
Diatoms are distinguished by the shape of their frustules into two:
Centric diatoms
Pennate diatoms
Frustules [distinctive cell wall]
Few (centric diatoms) are radially symmetric,
Whereas most (pennate diatoms) are broadly bilaterally symmetric
A unique feature of diatom anatomy is that they are surrounded by a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide), called a frustule
Each frustule is made up of two valves called thecae, that typically overlap one another
Both fit together like the top and bottom of a petridish
Lacks flagella generally
Only male gametes of centric diatoms are capable of movement by means of flagella
Some diatoms secrete a gelatinous substance called mucilage
It facilitate movement by gliding
Movement in diatoms primarily occurs passively as a result of water currents;
however, male gametes of centric diatoms have flagella, permitting active movement for seeking female gametes.
Similar to plants, diatoms convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll a, c and carotenoid
As chromist, they lack chlorophylly b and fucoxanthan, thus having a characteristics color of yellow-green
CHROMIST: All algae with chlorophyll a and c
Dinoflagellates, xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, chrysophyta, cryptophyta, prymnesiophyta and chlorophyta
600 species
5th largest single cell algae
Next to Euglenophytes with 800 species
The xanthophyceae are distinguished by;
Their food reserve (oil),
The quantity of β-carotene in their plastids, and
Motile cells with unequal flagella
Xanthophylls
yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes
COENOCYTIC
Forms single mass of cell
This functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally
Cellulose and hemicellulose are two types of polymers that serve as structural components of the plant cell wall. ... In contrast, hemicellulose is made up of several monomers: xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Cellulose is a long polymer while hemicellulose is comparatively short
Two flagella [Biflagellated]
Both flagella arise from the lateral surface of their body, not anterior
Tinsel flagellum (contain hair-like projection, mastigonemes)
Forward direction
Whiplash flagellum
Backward movement
In vaucheria, the chloroplast move to the center of the cell in dim lights and to the edges of the cell in bright light.
In darknessness, the chloroplasts are uniformly distributed
To prevent light-induced damage to cells
Food reserve: chrysolaminarin in vesicle
Spores are formed inside the cell wall and are released when it ruptures
Only two general reproduce sexually
Isogamous
Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in general only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as "male" or "female“s
Oogamous
relating to or denoting reproduction by the union of mobile male and immobile female gametes.
Microscopic chromists in fresh water
33 genera and 1,000 species
Eg: Dinobryon: a colony f single cells living in tubes. Each cell can consume 36 bacteria/hour
Some species are colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic.
As such, they are particularly important in lakes, where they may be the primary source of food for zooplankton.
Major consumer of bacteria in cooler lakes
They possess two unequal length of flagella that emerge perpendicular to each other (biflagellate)
Cells usually have one large chloroplast
Biflagellate
The molecule laminarin is a storage glucan found in brown algae.
It is used as a carbohydrate food reserve in the same way that chrysolaminarin is used by phytoplankton, especially in diatoms.
Reserve food: Polysaccharide laminarin
Statospores (statocyst)
resting spore especially : a thick-walled resistant spore formed within the cell wall of chrysophytes