Characteristics of algae
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Algae are simple aquatic plants that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are classified in the kingdom Protista and are divided into five main groups. Algae can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. They use photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. Some key points about algae include: - They come in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular bodies - Reproduction can occur sexually through gametes or asexually through fragmentation, spores, or binary fission - Algae range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and serve important ecological roles as primary producers - Some species of algae have economic uses including
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Reproduction in algae........
There are three main types of reproduction in algae: vegetative, asexual and sexual. Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation, cell division or the formation of specialized structures like hormogones, tubers or adventitious branches. Asexual reproduction happens through the formation of spores like zoospores, aplanospores or autospores which develop into new algae. Sexual reproduction includes isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy where gametes fuse to form zygotes or oospores that develop into new organisms. Sexual reproduction provides benefits like increasing genetic diversity and adaptation to changing environments.
Algae
This document discusses the role of algae in plants. It defines algae as primitive, non-vascular plants that reproduce through spores and have pigments like chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Algae are classified into different groups and can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. They live in various habitats from marine to freshwater to terrestrial environments. Algae are important primary producers that produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food web. Some examples of their ecological roles include causing red tides and providing habitat in kelp forests. Seaweeds also have economic uses as food and in producing hydrocolloids.
General charactersistics of fungi
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Algae classification and structure
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Classification of Algae
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
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Reproduction in algae........
There are three main types of reproduction in algae: vegetative, asexual and sexual. Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation, cell division or the formation of specialized structures like hormogones, tubers or adventitious branches. Asexual reproduction happens through the formation of spores like zoospores, aplanospores or autospores which develop into new algae. Sexual reproduction includes isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy where gametes fuse to form zygotes or oospores that develop into new organisms. Sexual reproduction provides benefits like increasing genetic diversity and adaptation to changing environments.
Algae
This document discusses the role of algae in plants. It defines algae as primitive, non-vascular plants that reproduce through spores and have pigments like chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Algae are classified into different groups and can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. They live in various habitats from marine to freshwater to terrestrial environments. Algae are important primary producers that produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food web. Some examples of their ecological roles include causing red tides and providing habitat in kelp forests. Seaweeds also have economic uses as food and in producing hydrocolloids.
General charactersistics of fungi
The document provides information about the general characteristics and fascinating aspects of fungi. It defines fungi as eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can exist unicellular as yeasts or multicellular as molds, and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. The document highlights that fungi play important roles in decomposition, relationships with plants, and uses like food and medicine.
Algae classification and structure
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Classification of Algae
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
ALGAE PIGMENTATION RESERVE FOOD.pptx
The pigment is one of the most important criteria used in differentiation of classes in algae, as algae were initially and primarily separated on the basis of colour e.g., green algae, red algae, brown algae or blue-green algae. Also the nature of reserve food can be a criterion for distinction of different groups of algae. Along with this the presence or absence of sexual reproduction, complexity of reproductive organs, method of sexual reproduction i.e., isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy are important criteria of classification in algae.
Pigmentation in-algae-ppt-
Three major classes of photosynthetic pigments occur among the algae: chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins
Structure of algae.pptx
Algal structure, habit, habitat, size,
reproduction of algae, sexual and asexual methods, cellularity
Economic important in fungi
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
General characteristics of algae
This document provides an overview of algae. It describes that algae are thallophytes that contain chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile cell covering around their reproductive cells. It classifies algae based on their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, or of unusual habit. The document further discusses the structure of algal cells, types of algal thallus organization (unicellular, colonial, filamentous, dendroid), pigments, nutrition, reproduction (vegetative and sexual), examples of beneficial and harmful aspects, and references key characteristics of algae.
Economical importance of algae
Beneficial and Harmful use of Algae.
Algae is used as food, fodder, medicines, production of agar agar, antibiotics etc.
Cyanobacteria
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Economic importance of algae 1
This document provides an overview of algae and their various uses. It discusses how algae can be used as food and fodder due to their protein, vitamin, and mineral content. It also explains how algae have many industrial applications as several important products have been derived from them, such as agar, carrageenan, and alginates which are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Finally, the document discusses how certain algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are useful as biofertilizers and for increasing soil fertility.
Phycology- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGAE
Algae are eukaryotic organisms that live in aquatic and moist environments. They can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular algae are most common in water and plankton. Algae have chloroplasts and photosynthesize but some obtain energy chemically. They store food as starch and reproduce through both asexual and sexual methods like fragmentation, spores, and fusion of gametes.
Economical importance of algae
This document discusses the economical importance of algae. It outlines 12 ways that algae are useful, including as primary producers of oxygen, as a food source, and in producing iodine, antibiotics, fertilizer, and other products. Algae play important roles in sewage disposal, land reclamation, and nitrogen fixation. However, the overgrowth of algae can also negatively impact water quality and harm aquatic organisms. Heavy blooms can deplete oxygen from water and release toxins. Some algal species are also parasitic or can contaminate water supplies and cause human diseases.
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This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Reproduction in fungi
Vegetative reproduction in fungi occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding, sclerotia, and rhizomorphs. Asexual reproduction involves endogenous spores (aplanospores and zoospores) produced inside sporangia, and exogenous spores or conidia produced externally on conidiophores. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of nuclei from two gametes (plasmogamy and karyogamy) followed by meiosis, and can occur through planogametic copulation, gametangial contact, gametangial copulation, spermatization, or somatogamy.
Chlorophyceae green Algae
This document discusses green algae. It notes that the group contains over 20,000 species that contain chlorophyll A and B which gives them their green color. About 90% are freshwater while 10% are marine or terrestrial. They exhibit a wide range of thallus forms from unicellular to filamentous or branched. Green algae store starch and sometimes oils as food reserves and reproduce through vegetative, asexual and sexual means. They are an important food source for animals and humans as they provide vitamins, minerals and carotene.
General Characters of Phaeophyceae & Life Cycle of Sargassum SMG
The document describes the general characteristics and life cycle of brown algae (Phaeophyceae), focusing on the genus Sargassum. It notes that Sargassum has a diploid sporophyte stage that produces male and female sex organs (antheridia and oogonia) within conceptacles. Fertilization occurs when antherozoids fuse with eggs to form diploid zygotes. The zygotes develop into new sporophyte plants, completing the diplontic life cycle.
five types of life cycle in algae
There are five types of life cycles in algae:
1. Haplontic - gametophyte is dominant phase, sporophyte is only a zygote.
2. Diplontic - sporophyte is dominant phase, gametophyte is only gametes.
3. Haplodiplontic - both gametophyte and sporophyte phases are prominent.
4. Diplohaplontic - alternation between two vegetative phases differing in chromosome number.
5. Haplo-diplobiontic - two successive haploid generations separated by a diploid zygote stage, making it triphasic.
General Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can exist as unicellular yeasts or multicellular filamentous molds. Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae, which are branching filaments that can form a mycelium. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients by degrading and absorbing organic matter as saprophytes or living as parasites or symbionts of other organisms. They reproduce both sexually through the production and fusion of spores and asexually through spores. The sexual life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals to form a mycelium with haploid nuclei from both that can be either heterokaryotic or d
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Algae (Sargassam , Porphyra , and Diatoms)
Sargassum is a genus of brown macroalgae found in tropical and temperate oceans. It has a main axis with branched laterals bearing air bladders and receptacles with flask-shaped conceptacles containing sex organs. Reproduction is both vegetative through fragmentation and sexually through antheridia and oogonia forming in conceptacles. Porphyra is an edible red algae commonly known as nori. It has a thin blade-like thallus attached by a holdfast. Cells contain stellate chromatophores. Reproduction is sexual through carpogonia and spermatangia or asexually through neutral spores. Diatoms are a large group of algae with beautiful
algae classification
This document classifies and describes different divisions of algae. It discusses five main divisions: Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, and Cyanophyta. For each division, it outlines their characteristic classes, orders, pigments, food reserves, thallus structure, and modes of reproduction. Key examples are provided for representative orders within each division. The classification system serves to organize the wide diversity of algal types based on their shared morphological and physiological traits.
Algae
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They exist as both unicellular and multicellular forms and can range in size from microscopic to several feet in length. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems and also have significant commercial uses. Some key economic products derived from algae include agar, alginates, carrageenan, and diatomaceous earth. Algae are also used as food sources in some parts of the world and can potentially be grown on waste materials as a sustainable food source. Taxonomically, algae are divided into groups based on their pigments, food reserves, life cycles, and other characteristics
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ALGAE PIGMENTATION RESERVE FOOD.pptx
The pigment is one of the most important criteria used in differentiation of classes in algae, as algae were initially and primarily separated on the basis of colour e.g., green algae, red algae, brown algae or blue-green algae. Also the nature of reserve food can be a criterion for distinction of different groups of algae. Along with this the presence or absence of sexual reproduction, complexity of reproductive organs, method of sexual reproduction i.e., isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy are important criteria of classification in algae.
Pigmentation in-algae-ppt-
Three major classes of photosynthetic pigments occur among the algae: chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins
Structure of algae.pptx
Algal structure, habit, habitat, size,
reproduction of algae, sexual and asexual methods, cellularity
Economic important in fungi
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
General characteristics of algae
This document provides an overview of algae. It describes that algae are thallophytes that contain chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile cell covering around their reproductive cells. It classifies algae based on their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, or of unusual habit. The document further discusses the structure of algal cells, types of algal thallus organization (unicellular, colonial, filamentous, dendroid), pigments, nutrition, reproduction (vegetative and sexual), examples of beneficial and harmful aspects, and references key characteristics of algae.
Economical importance of algae
Beneficial and Harmful use of Algae.
Algae is used as food, fodder, medicines, production of agar agar, antibiotics etc.
Cyanobacteria
This document discusses cyanobacteria, which were formerly known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They play an important ecological role by fixing nitrogen and influencing carbon and oxygen dynamics. Cyanobacteria exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, and some can form specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have colonized diverse habitats over billions of years, contributing significantly to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Economic importance of algae 1
This document provides an overview of algae and their various uses. It discusses how algae can be used as food and fodder due to their protein, vitamin, and mineral content. It also explains how algae have many industrial applications as several important products have been derived from them, such as agar, carrageenan, and alginates which are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Finally, the document discusses how certain algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are useful as biofertilizers and for increasing soil fertility.
Phycology- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGAE
Algae are eukaryotic organisms that live in aquatic and moist environments. They can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular algae are most common in water and plankton. Algae have chloroplasts and photosynthesize but some obtain energy chemically. They store food as starch and reproduce through both asexual and sexual methods like fragmentation, spores, and fusion of gametes.
Economical importance of algae
This document discusses the economical importance of algae. It outlines 12 ways that algae are useful, including as primary producers of oxygen, as a food source, and in producing iodine, antibiotics, fertilizer, and other products. Algae play important roles in sewage disposal, land reclamation, and nitrogen fixation. However, the overgrowth of algae can also negatively impact water quality and harm aquatic organisms. Heavy blooms can deplete oxygen from water and release toxins. Some algal species are also parasitic or can contaminate water supplies and cause human diseases.
Algae
This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Reproduction in fungi
Vegetative reproduction in fungi occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding, sclerotia, and rhizomorphs. Asexual reproduction involves endogenous spores (aplanospores and zoospores) produced inside sporangia, and exogenous spores or conidia produced externally on conidiophores. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of nuclei from two gametes (plasmogamy and karyogamy) followed by meiosis, and can occur through planogametic copulation, gametangial contact, gametangial copulation, spermatization, or somatogamy.
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This document discusses green algae. It notes that the group contains over 20,000 species that contain chlorophyll A and B which gives them their green color. About 90% are freshwater while 10% are marine or terrestrial. They exhibit a wide range of thallus forms from unicellular to filamentous or branched. Green algae store starch and sometimes oils as food reserves and reproduce through vegetative, asexual and sexual means. They are an important food source for animals and humans as they provide vitamins, minerals and carotene.
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The document describes the general characteristics and life cycle of brown algae (Phaeophyceae), focusing on the genus Sargassum. It notes that Sargassum has a diploid sporophyte stage that produces male and female sex organs (antheridia and oogonia) within conceptacles. Fertilization occurs when antherozoids fuse with eggs to form diploid zygotes. The zygotes develop into new sporophyte plants, completing the diplontic life cycle.
five types of life cycle in algae
There are five types of life cycles in algae:
1. Haplontic - gametophyte is dominant phase, sporophyte is only a zygote.
2. Diplontic - sporophyte is dominant phase, gametophyte is only gametes.
3. Haplodiplontic - both gametophyte and sporophyte phases are prominent.
4. Diplohaplontic - alternation between two vegetative phases differing in chromosome number.
5. Haplo-diplobiontic - two successive haploid generations separated by a diploid zygote stage, making it triphasic.
General Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can exist as unicellular yeasts or multicellular filamentous molds. Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae, which are branching filaments that can form a mycelium. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients by degrading and absorbing organic matter as saprophytes or living as parasites or symbionts of other organisms. They reproduce both sexually through the production and fusion of spores and asexually through spores. The sexual life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals to form a mycelium with haploid nuclei from both that can be either heterokaryotic or d
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Algae (Sargassam , Porphyra , and Diatoms)
Sargassum is a genus of brown macroalgae found in tropical and temperate oceans. It has a main axis with branched laterals bearing air bladders and receptacles with flask-shaped conceptacles containing sex organs. Reproduction is both vegetative through fragmentation and sexually through antheridia and oogonia forming in conceptacles. Porphyra is an edible red algae commonly known as nori. It has a thin blade-like thallus attached by a holdfast. Cells contain stellate chromatophores. Reproduction is sexual through carpogonia and spermatangia or asexually through neutral spores. Diatoms are a large group of algae with beautiful
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Algae
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
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This document describes the key characteristics of the major plant kingdoms - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It covers their structures, life cycles, reproduction methods, and important examples. The major differences between plant kingdoms are summarized in tables, such as chlorophyll types, reserve foods, cell wall components, habitat, and economic uses. Classification systems from artificial to phylogenetic are also outlined.
Algas usos
Algae come in many different forms ranging from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are classified into seven phyla based on characteristics like color, chloroplast structure, and cell wall composition. Common types of algae include green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algae have a variety of uses including food products like agar and carrageenan, nutraceuticals rich in proteins and vitamins, animal feeds, fertilizers, and potential biofuels. Algae are also a promising sustainable source of high-value chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and omega-3 fatty acids to meet growing global demands.
Chapter 7 multicellular plants
Seaweeds come in many shapes, sizes, colors and have unique structures depending on their phylum. The three main phyla of seaweeds are green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae (Phaeophyta). Salt marsh plants, sea grasses, and mangroves are flowering plants found in estuaries and coastal areas that play important ecological roles through primary production, habitat provision, and sediment stabilization.
Algae aka Kingdom Thallophyta!
Structure, Types and its Applications of Algae.
Plant Biotechnology.
Overview on Algae.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology,
Fergusson College,
Pune.
Characteristics of algea and lichens and their ecological importance
Importance of lichens and algea and their important characteristics. As well as ecological importance. Caragenan
Algae
Algae are a diverse group of organisms that range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are typically photosynthetic and aquatic, with some containing flagella or pyrenoids for storing starch. Algae exist as unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular forms. They are classified into seven phyla based on attributes like pigmentation and cell structure. Algae reproduce both sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion or asexually through mitosis, and may alternate between haploid and diploid generations in their life cycles. Major phyla include the green, brown, and red algae, along with euglenoids and other representatives.
Kingdom Plantae || Division Algae or Thallophyta || Botany Ppt
This document provides an overview of algae. It discusses that algae are mostly aquatic plants found in marine or freshwater, and can be unicellular or multicellular. They use photosynthesis and are important producers in oceans. The four main phyla of algae are discussed. Methods of sexual and asexual reproduction in algae are covered. The use of algae for biofuel production and its economic importance are summarized. Some algae have medicinal properties or are used in products like agar. Blooms of algae can be harmful to other organisms and humans.
Lecture 6.pptx
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The document discusses the key characteristics and features of several types of algae including cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red algae. It covers their cellular structure, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction as well as noting their ecological and economic importance.
Plant cell inclusion and constituents
In this ppt the students will be able to know about different inclusions of plant cells and correlate their constituents. There are different types of metabolites produce in the plant which are not useful for them but are having great medicinal property for human being.
Portion covered:
1. Cell Inclusions
2. Reserve food of plants
3. Inorganic Materials
4. Secretory Products
5. Excretory Products.
General Biology biology biologybiology .pdf
This document provides information about the General Biology course BIOL-103, which is worth 3 credits. It discusses the evaluation system and topics covered in the course like biology, botany, zoology, taxonomy, and the five kingdom system of classification. It also summarizes the key characteristics of the kingdoms Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Protista, and Animalia. The document then focuses on algae, describing the major divisions (Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae), their characteristics, and economic importance.
isolation of micro algae from fresh water
Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Brown, Golden‐brown, and Yellow‐brown Algae
Glaucophytes
Red Algae
Green Algae
Algal Culturing
use of algae
Fungi & Yeast
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that range from unicellular to multicellular, lack chlorophyll, and reproduce via spores. They play important roles in decomposition as saprophytes and have both beneficial and harmful effects. Beneficially, they are used in food production and to produce antibiotics, while some are plant and human pathogens. Fungi exhibit a variety of structures, including hyphae that make up the vegetative mycelium, and reproduce both sexually, forming spores, and asexually through processes like budding or fission.
Kingdom protista
This document summarizes the characteristics of protists and describes the three major groups of protists - animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Protists are eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Animal-like protists include protozoans that move on their own and are classified by their type of movement. Plant-like protists include algae that can photosynthesize and produce oxygen. Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that reproduce via spores and include water molds and slime molds.
PLANT KINGDOM PPT.pdf
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
Algae ii
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Algae ii
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the largest being the Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Chapter 7 multicellular plants
Seaweeds are multicellular primary producers that inhabit marine environments. They come in three main types - green (Chlorophyta), red (Rhodophyta), and brown (Phaeophyta) algae. Seaweeds play important ecological roles as food sources and habitats. Seagrasses and salt marsh plants also serve as primary producers in coastal ecosystems. Mangroves have adapted root systems that allow them to thrive in intertidal zones.
Fungi
Fungi is a group of eukaryotic non-phototropic organisms with rigid cell walls, that includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds. These slides will provide you the basics of fungi, general properties , reproduction and types of fungi.
PHYCOLOGY - REFERENCE TEXT BOTANY MASTERS ALGAE
1. Algae play important roles in agriculture as biofertilizers and soil stabilizers. Certain algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility, while their mucilaginous coatings prevent soil erosion. Blue-green algae are commonly used as biofertilizers for rice fields.
2. Algae have various economic uses including as food sources for humans and livestock, and in industrial applications. Seaweeds are used as food in many countries and provide proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Agar, carrageenan, and alginates extracted from algae are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.
3. Algae play roles in medicine through their anti-oxid
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Characteristics of algea and lichens and their ecological importance
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Masking agent, Demasking agents
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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Characteristics of algae
- 1. Characteristics of Algae Presentation by Ali Akbar,Hassan Adrees,Rida Ayoub,Tanzila Ashraf Maria Nasrullah GC University Faisalabad Punjab,Pakistan
- 2. Algae Introduction: The study of algae known as Phycology. Algae are simple,Unicellular,non-jacked sex organ And have no embryo development. Algae are aquatic plants they can be present in marine or fresh water All algae are present in Kingdom protista
- 3. Algae… • Most live in water attached to rocks for free floating • Use sunlight for photosynthesis • Main food producers in the oceans • Important suppliers of oxygen Diatoms – used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste Golden algae
- 4. 5 Types of Algae • The five algal phyla are: Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Cyanopyta (Blue-Green Algae) Chrysophyta (Yellow-Green Algae) Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
- 5. GENERAL STRUCTURE • Thallic (haploid) • Four types of algae • Unicellular • Colonial • Filamentous • multicellular
- 7. 1. Unicells: single cells, motile with flagellate (like Chlamydomonas and Euglena) or nonmotile (like Diatoms). 2. Colonies: Assemblage of individual cells with variable or constant number of cells that remain constant throughout the colony life in mucilaginous matrix (containing an extracellular matrix made of a gelatinous glycoprotein), these colonies may be motile (like Volvox and Pandorina) or nonmotile (like Scendesmus and Pediastrum).
- 8. 3. Filaments: Daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain; adjacent cells share cell wall maybe unbranched such as Zygnema and Ulthrix) or branched such as Cladophora Cladophora
- 9. Body plan of Algae... Laminaria (kelp) Blade (fronds ) Stipe Holdfast The plant body of an alga is called the thallus (pl. thalli)
- 10. Classification of algae... • Color • Type of storage product (food) • Thallus (size & structure) • Reproduction
- 11. Reproduction of Algae • Sexual • gametes unite to form a zygote (sperm/egg) Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress. Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Zoospores Plus and minus gametes Zygospore • Asexual • No gametes (no union of cells) • Mitosis (unicellular cell may divide into two new cells) Asexual Reproduction i. Fragmentation ii. Spores iii. Binary fission
- 13. Spirogyra reproduce sexually by conjugation
- 14. Range in size from microscopic to single celled organisms to large seaweed Autotrophic Form the reproductive structures – gametangia or gamete chambers Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that synthesis and store starch General Characteristics
- 15. Some algal divisions can also be classified as bacteria, protozoa, but most are classified as protista. Only green algae are true plants in the evolutionary sense. Primitive plants No true roots, only attachment structures (Holdfasts) Produce spores (not seeds)– motile or non-motile Most have sexual and asexual reproduction Non-vascular, do not possess an internal transport system.
- 18. WHAT TYPE OF ALGAE
- 19. • “Green” Buildings • Biofuel Vehicles Future Aspects More Research & Development Further Private & Government Investment Clearer Regulatory & Statutory Guidelines for Algae Businesses
- 21. Agar-Agar • It is dried, jelly like, non-nitrogenious • It is use as a base of different base of culture media in laboratory for culturing microorganisms • Its food value and ability to afford good range of temperature for culturing • Alginates: • The alginates are used in Rubber-tyre industry, Paints, ice-creams, and in presentation of flame-proof fabrics and plastic particles
- 22. Carrageenin • It is a carbohydrate mucilage algae extracted from Red algae used as clearing agent in beer preparation, in preparation of thooth-pastes, cosmetics ,paints , and in pharamaceutical industries Iodine • The member of brown algae such as luminaria and focus yield iodine
- 23. Diatomite • It is cell wall material of diatoms. • It is variously such as food for many aquatic animals • Used in filtration process in sugar refining and brewing industry Source of food • More than 100 species belonging to green-,brown-,red- algae are used as food for humans because presence of proteins,carbohydrates,minerals and vitamins.
- 24. Antibiotics and Medicines • Some algae yield antibiotics e-g, Chlorellin Is obtained from green alga Chlorella, that inhibits the growth of certain bacteria. • Brown algae is used in manufacture of various goiter madicines
- 25. • Treat the illness: • with a multi-drug called Coartem. • It contains sweet wormwood which is an important natural herb. • It is unfortunately quite expensive. • It is a 3 day course. • Kill the mosquitoes: • insecticide-treated mosquito nets act as a physical barrier and actively kill the mosquitoes. • Spraying with DDT, a repellent. This is, however, harmful to the environment.
- 26. Harmful Aspects of algae • Water blooms • Death of living organisms • Diseases in human beings Parasitic Activities
- 27. Thank you…