Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.
Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals.
In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.
Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals.
In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
This is a three chapter review for the Agriculture Major Admission Test conducted by the College of Agriculture of Cavite State University, the topicsare: Plant Bilogy, Crop and Agriculture and basic Physiological processes of plants. Credits to all my sourceswhich include lecture notes from our faculty, online sources and books published in the Republic of the Philippines.
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
ROOT, STEM, LEAVES, FLOWER, FRUIT, SEED, EMBRYO, FAMILY DISCRIPTION AVAILABLE IN THIS PRESENTATION
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Bryophytes comes from the Greek word “Bryo” meaning “Moss” and “Phyte” meaning “Plant” They are eukaryotic plant-like organism without vascular system. They consist of about 20,000 plant species.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
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Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
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Phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta & Chrysophyta Fasama H. Kollie
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Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Small phylum of the Kingdom protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae. Many of these organisms exhibit characteristics similar to both plants and animals. organisms of this phylum are also called Euglenozoa, euglenoids, euglenophytes among others.
This is a comprehensive presentation. It will guide you in identifying Euglena.
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
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This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Primary Plant Body (Root, Stem and Leaves)
1. BOTANY 103
Chapter 4
Presented by:
Fasama Hilton Kollie
Lecturer, Department of Biology
Mother Patern College of Health Sciences
2. LESSON OUTLINE
1. Overview of Vascular Plants
2. Overview of Plant Growth and Development
3. Plant Embryology
4. Plant Growing Seasons
5. Plant Organs
3. LESSON OBJECTIVES
By the end of this session, learners will be able to;
• Define vascular plant, plant embryology and plant organ
• Identify the basic plant organs
• Describe plant embryonic structures
• Describe root, stem and leaves
• Identify the general functions of roots, stems and leaves
4. Overview of Vascular Plant
Organs
• What are vascular plants?
• Plant organs are made from simple and complex tissues that
adapts as a group to perform particular functions
• Vascular plants have three types of organs:
‒ Root
‒ Stem
‒ Leaves
5. • Root has two main functions:
‒ Anchoring the plant in the soil
‒ Absorption of water and
minerals
• Many roots store food for the
plant. Eg: carrot and sweet
potatoes
Fig03. Plant Root
6. Stem:
• Stems vary greatly in size, such as a
slender stalk supporting a small flower
• All stems display leaves in the best
position for photosynthesis
• Stems provide pathways for the
transport of leaves products to roots
Fig01. Typical plant structure
7. • Leaves serve as the site of
photosynthesis
• They are an extension of the plant’s
vascular tissue system
• Leaves do not only conduct water but
also provide most of the pressure that
actually forces the water through the
plant’s body
Leaves:
8. Plant Growth & Development
• At every structural level – from cells to tissues to organs - a plant is a
complex, dynamic organism
• Plants and other multicellular organisms develop from a single cell
• Initiated through cells division, elongation and specializing for different
functions
• Development in plants can be seen typically in seed plants
‒ Gymnosperms
‒ Angiosperms
9. • The body of a typical
plant can be described as
having two connecting
systems:
1. Root system
2. Shoot system
Fig04. Plant Connective system
10. • The process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilized ovule
by cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells into
tissues and organs
• A seed plant embryo includes the following embryonic organs that
develops into root and shoots:
Cotyledon > Radicle > Plumule > Epicotyl > Hypocotyl
Plant Embryology
11. • “Seed leaves”
• Consist of one or more seed leaves
• Main function: Stores food for the
germinating seed
Plant Embryology
Cotyledon:
Germinating embryo reviewing cotyledon
12.
13. • “Embryonic root”
The part of a plant embryo
that develops into the primary
root
Radicle:
Plumule:
• “Embryonic shoot”
The rudimentary shoot of an
embryo plant
Plant Embryology
14. • “Embryonic stem”
• The tiny shoot, which develops
into stems, leaves and flowers
of the plant future
• The stem of a germinating
seedling, found below the
cotyledons and above the
radicle
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Diagram showing epicotyl and hypocotyl of bean
15.
16. • Plants with secondary growth are known informally as
woody plants
• Herbaceous plants
• Plants have indeterminate growth
• Plant can be categorized into three distinct groups based on
how long they live:
→ Annual, Biennial and Perennial plants
Plant Growing Seasons
17. Annual Plants
• An annual is a plant that completes its life cycle during a
single growing season
• Herbaceous plants
• Eg: Marigolds, beans, corn etc
Beans Marigolds
18. • Requires two growing seasons to complete its life cycle
• Typically herbaceous plants
• Eg: Carrots, beets, cabbage etc
Biennial Plants
Carrots
Cabbage
19. • Grows for more than two years
• Most are woody plants
• Eg: Trees, shrubs
Evergreen Tree Dragon blood tree
Perennial Plants
21. Plant Organs
• Plant body has two connecting
systems;
• The root system consists of all
components below ground
• Shoot system consist of all plants
component above ground
22. • In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically
lies below the surface of the soil
• Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is growing up above the
ground or especially above water.
• Radicle is a plant first root
Plant Organs: ROOT
23. • FUNCTIONS OF ROOT
• Anchoring of plant firmly in the soil
• Absorption and conduction of water and inorganic nutrients
• Storage
• Vegetative reproduction
• Production of Hormones
Plant Organs: ROOT
24. Plant Organs: ROOT
• TYPES OF ROOTS
• On the basis of their origin there are two main patterns
of root growth:
→ Taproots System
→ Adventitious Root Systems
25. • The largest, most central, and most
dominant root from which other roots
sprout laterally
• It develops directly from the radicle
• Taproot produces branch roots called
lateral roots
ROOT : Taproot System
27. • Roots that develop from any other part
of a plant body either than the radicle
• Fibrous roots grow fairly close to the
surface of the ground
• few plants with fibrous root systems:
Coconut palm, Grass, Onion
ROOT : Adventitious Root System
Grasses
29. Root cap:
• Apical meristem of root consist of a root cap with
several layers of cells
• Root cap produce slimy polysaccharide know as
mucigel
• This lubricate the passage of the root through the soil
ROOT : Root Structure
30.
31. • Root development occurs near the root tip, in the apical
meristem
• Development is initiated by Initials
• Initials are located within small spherical center of the meristem
called Quiescent center
• Initials and derivative cells can rebuild damaged or destroyed
apical meristem
ROOT : Root Development
32. • Cell division in a root or shoot apical meristem produces the
derivative that becomes the primary meristems: Protoderm,
Ground Meristem and Procambium
• In a root, division, growth, and differentiation of cells can be
traced linearly through three overlapping regions;
• Zone of Cell Division
• Zone of Elongation
• Zone of Maturation
ROOT : Root Development
33. Zone of Cell Division, Elongation and Maturation
34. • In a cross section or transverse section, the root presents the
following structures:
̶ Stele
̶ Epidermis
̶ Cortex
Stele:
• The central part of a root or stem
− Endodermis
− Pericycle
− Vascular tissues
ROOT : Anatomy of Root
35. CROSS SECTION- Internal Stuctures of a Root
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Xylem
Phloem
Stele
Root
hair
36. • Protostele: is the most simplest type of stele and the earliest to
evolve
• In the root of most seed plants, two important cell layers called the
pericycle and the endodermis surround the stele
• Pericycle: a cell layer immediately encircling the stele that gives
rise to lateral roots
• Endodermis: the layer of cells around the stele that regulates the
flow of substances between cortex and vascular tissue
38. Aerial Root:
• A modified adventitious root that arise from
stem tissue
• Found in plants that grow on other plants
for support and nourishment (Epiphyte)
• Provides additional support for a plant such
as water retention, photosynthesis, and
support.
• Eg: Corn
ROOT : Modified Roots
Corn
39. • Flared roots that extend from tree trunks
• Provide stability to plants in thin soils
• Eg: Fig tree
Buttress Roots
Fig tree
40. • A thickened specialized root at the
base of a corm, bulb, rosette or
other organ
• Usually broad, fleshy, vertical,
tapering, wrinkled looking
• Found in lilies
Contractile Roots:
Water lilies
41. • Also known as air roots
• Eg: Mangrove
Pneumatophores:
43. • Roots often form mutualistic or beneficial associations with
other organisms
• Mycorrhizae
• The two main types of these associations are;
• Endomycorrhizae
• Ectomycorrhizae
Root Relationship With Other
Organisms
45. • A part of a plant that supports leaves or
reproductive structures
• They may vary in size, such as from a
slender stalk to a big tree trunk
• First stem of a plant develops from part of
a seed embryo called Epicotyl
PLANT ORGANS: STEM
46. • Transport water and solutes between
roots and leaves
• Produces & support appendages of
plant (leaves, flowers, fruits)
• Stems in some plants are photosynthetic
• In some plants, stems have become
adapted for specialized functions such as;
Storage etc Cauti
Stem Function
47. • Node: A node is a point on the stem from which
leaves or buds arise
• Internode: The portion between two successive
nodes
• Buds: A bud is an undeveloped or embryonic
shoot
– Three types of buds based on location, namely: Terminal
buds, Axillary buds and Adventitious buds
External Structure of Stem
48. • Internal structure of a dicot
stem reveals the following
features:
• Epidermis, Cortex, Pericyclic
• Vascular Bundles and Pith
Internal Structure of Stem
49. • Alternate arrangement: one leaf per
node, it may form a spherical or helical
pattern
• Opposite arrangement: two leaves per
node. Each pair of leaves is oriented like
the previous pair
• Whorled arrangement: three or more
leaves per nodes.
Arrangement of Leaves on a Stem
50. • Specialized stems are: Stolon, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corms etc
STOLON
• Horizontal stem aboveground
• Stolon often originate as axillary buds
• They help a plant reproduce asexually
• Eg: Bermuda grass, spider plant, ferns
RHIZOMES
• Underground horizontal stems with
adventitious roots
• Rhizomes are used to store starches
and proteins
• Eg: Irises, grasses, ginger
Modified Stems
51. TUBERS
• Underground stems that store
food
• Usually swollen
• The “eyes” of a potato (Irish
potatoes, Solanum tuberosu)
are the nodes of a starch-
ladened stem
BULBS
• Large buds with a small stem
at the lower end surrounded
by numerous fleshy leaves
• Leaves stores nutrients
• Adventitious roots at the
base
• Eg: Onion, tulip, daffodil and
Lily
CORMS
• Composed entirely of stem
tissue surrounded by a few
papery scale like leaves
• Adventitious roots at the
base
• Eg: Crocus and gladiolus
Modified Stems
52. • A leaf is a thin, flattened organ,
above ground and specialized
for photosynthesis
• Originates from a precursor named
leaf primordia
• This develops into a leaf through cell
division, growth, and differentiation
PLANT ORGANS: LEAVES
53. • Photosynthesis is the primary function of
the leaves
• It function in water retention in desert
plants. Eg: Cactus
• Function during transpiration
• Function in translocation via the leaf veins
Function of Leaves
Cactus Plant
54. • A leaf can be either;
Simple Leaf or Compound Leaf
• A simple leaf is a single leaf that
attaches to the stem
• A compound leaf is a leaf that is
composed of two or more leaflets
on a common stalk
Types of Leaves
56. • Leaves can be found in a variety
of shapes and sizes
• The Basic leaf features of plants
include:
• Leaf blade
• Petiole
• Stipules
Tip
Midrib
Margin
VeinPetiole
Blade (Lamina)
Parts of a Leave
57. BLADE:
• The broad portion of a leaf.
– Apex - leaf tip.
– Margin - leaf edge boundary area.
Margins can be smooth, jagged
(toothed), lobed, or parted.
– Veins - vascular tissue bundles that
support the leaf and transport
nutrients.
– Midrib - central main vein arising
from secondary veins.
– Base - area of the leaf that connects
the blade to the petiole.
58. • PETIOLE - thin stalk that
attaches the leaf to a stem
• STIPULES - leaf-like
structures at the leaf base.
59. • Leaf tissues are composed of layers of plant cells
• Different plant cell types form three main tissues found in leaves
• A typical leaf has three regions, namely: Upper epidermis,
Mesophyll tissue layer and Lower epidermis
Leaf Tissues In Cross Section
60. • It is the outer layer of a leaf
• Epidermis protects the leafs from water loss, abrasions
• It secretes a waxy coating called cuticle that helps the plant
retain
• It has tiny pores called stomata
• Guard cells regulates the opening and closing of the stomata
Epidermis
62. • The middle mesophyll leaf layer is composed of;
• Palisade mesophyll and a Spongy mesophyll
• Palisade mesophyll contains columnar cells with spaces between
the cells
• Spongy mesophyll is located below the palisade mesophyll
• It is composed of irregular shaped cells
Mesophyll
63. • Like other organs, leaves are often modified for functions other
than photosynthesis. Below are a few examples:
• Insect-trapping leaves
• Leaves modified for
reproduction
• Prophylls
• Cotyledons
• Tendrils
• Stipule
• Spines
• Storage leaves
Specialized Leaves
64. • A tendril is a specialized leave or
petiole with a threadlike shape
• Used by climbing plants for
support or attachment
Tendril Stipule
• An outgrowths borne on either
side of the base of a leafstalk
• Used like leaves to make
energy for the plants
65. Insect-trapping Leaves
• Insect-trapping leaves are leaves
that are specialized to trap insects
Spines
• Spines are hard, sharp leaves that
are specialized to defend the plant
from being eaten by animals
66. REFERENCE
• Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., Publilshing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111.
www.aw-bc.com
Editor's Notes
Bryophytes and some seedless vascular plants have structures that can be called stem-like, leaf-like and root-like but are not consider true root stems and leaf.
through trichomes called root hairs
Regardless of size, all stems display leaves in the best position for photosynthesis
Stems vary greatly in size, such as a slender stalk supporting a small flower
Leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of modern plants
They are an extension of the plant’s vascular tissue system
The leaves contains veins which serve as a conductive and connective system, thus, connecting the leave to the rest of the plant body
At every structural level- from cells to tissue to organs- a plant is a complex organism
Through cell division, elongation, and specialization plants and other mucticellular organism develop
Seed plants are either GYMNOSPERMS or ANGIOSPERMS
A seed plant embryo includes the following embryonic organs that develops into root and shoots system
It is usually the largest and most visible parts of an embryo
Draw line indicating the cotyledon
What Is Plant Growing Season?
Plants that have significant secondary growth are know informally as Woody plants
What is Indeterminate growth
Research for examples of common Annual plants
WHAT IS A PLANT ORGAN?
The body of a typical plant can be described as having two connecting system: a root system and a shoot system
The root system consists of all the roots, which are usually below the ground
The shoot system consists of all the stems, leaves, and reproductive structures, which are usually aboveground
Taproot system (Lateral root)
Adventitious Root (
A taproot is somewhat straight and very thick
Taproot system are typically of most dicots and gymnosperms
Eg: Dandelion, Beans, Cycads, Conifers
This is common in seedless vascular plants and grasses
These roots can be present underground or above the ground.
A root apical meristem produces a root cap which consist of several layers of cells
The root caps serves as a protection for the root cells as it pushes between the soil particles
Apical meristem has cells called Initials
The zone internal to the endodermis which contains specialized tissue responsible for the transport of water and minerals to the shoot
Roots carry out the following functions in addition to their primary functions:
Eg: CORN
It is designed to shrink vertically under conditions of seasonal drought that helps position this plant part at an appropriate level in the ground.
They provide oxygen for plants in swampy areas where high rate of aerobic decay reduces the oxygen supply in the water
HOW DO THEY WORK BY PROVIDING OXYGEN TO PLANTS?
They penetrates the stems and roots of other plants to obtain water, mineral and organic molecules
Eg: Mistletoe (Viscum album)
HOW DO THEY OPERATE?
Mycorrhizae
This is a form of mutualistic relationship between vascular plant roots and soil fungi
This occur in more that 90% of plant species
They grow above the ground and together with the leaves they constitute the shoot system
TYPES OF AERIAL STEMS
Herbaceous Stems
Soft & green
Little growth in diameter
Tissues chiefly primary
Chiefly annual
Covered by epidermis
Woody Stems
Tough & not green
Considerable growth in diameter
Tissues chiefly secondary
Chiefly perennial
Covered by corky bark
All stems are recognizable from other plant organs by the presence of nodes, internodes, buds and leaves
Node: A node is a point on the stem from which leaves or buds arise
Internode: The portion between two successive nodes
3. Buds: A bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot which has the potential for further plant growth.
It may develop into a leaf, flower, or both.
Plants have three types of buds on the basis of location, namely: Terminal buds, Axillary buds and Adventitious buds
Leaves on the side of the shoot meristem comes in three basic patterns; (alternate, opposite and whorled)
Alternate arrangement has one leaf per node, it may form a spherical or helical pattern
Opposite arrangement consists of two leaves per node. Each pair of leaves is oriented like the previous pair
Whorled arrangement includes three or more leaves per nodes.
A corm is a vertically, swollen underground stem that function as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat
It originates from the shoot apical meristem as a bump of tissue know as the leaf primordia
Leaf primordium develops into a leaf through cell division, growth, and differentiation
This concept is determined by determining the position of the bud
Simple leaf contains one blade.
Blade is divided into two or more distinct leaflets.
Most leaves are broad, flat and typically green in color
Leaf shape is adapted to best suit the plant's habitat and maximize photosynthesis
Leaf shape, Margin, and Venation (vein formation) are the main features used in plant identification
Mesophyll tissue layer is sandwiched between the two layers of epidermis
The vascular tissues of a leaf is located within the mesophyll layer as well as ground tissues
The dermal tissues are found in the epidermal region of a leaf
It is a single layer of cells derived from the Protoderm
It also regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor from the plant via the leaves
It is usually non-photosynthetic
PALISADE MESOPHYLL
Most plants chloroplast are found in this region
SPONGY MESOPHYLL
Leaf vascular tissue is found in spongy mesophyll
STIPULE
Sometimes stipules protect the next leaf or bud as it grows in, then falls off after the leaf unfolds
INSERCT-TRAPPING LEAVES
They may be sticky to trap the insect, may form containers or they may snap shut when the insect lands on the leaves.
SPINES