Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
The Shoot apex is also known as the terminal bud of plants that grows from 0.1-1.0 mm and consists of the apical meristem, developing leaves and the immediate surrounding leaf primordial. The shoot apex is present in both dicot and monocot plants.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
Presentation on Gymnosperms. Prepared by Rahmat Alam Puniyali, Student of BS IV at Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan. Photos of related plants are taken by the creator at KIU (Karakoram International University) campus.
(Some of the pictures and diagrams are taken from the websites of their resembling organizations (The McGraw-Hill Companies))
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
The Shoot apex is also known as the terminal bud of plants that grows from 0.1-1.0 mm and consists of the apical meristem, developing leaves and the immediate surrounding leaf primordial. The shoot apex is present in both dicot and monocot plants.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
Presentation on Gymnosperms. Prepared by Rahmat Alam Puniyali, Student of BS IV at Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan. Photos of related plants are taken by the creator at KIU (Karakoram International University) campus.
(Some of the pictures and diagrams are taken from the websites of their resembling organizations (The McGraw-Hill Companies))
Introduction to Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Flower, Structure of Flower, Male Reproductive Part of Flower (Stamens), Development of Anther walls, Anther Walls, Microsporangium (Pollen Sac)
All you need to know about angiosperms, the parts of a flower, sexual reproduction in plants and types of fruits.
Follow me on twitter:
GabrielaCarolina
Are your wondering why you urinate above the normal 7-8 times in a 24 hours cycle. Urinary frequency can be defined as needing to urinate more than 7-8 times in a period of 24 hours while drinking about 2 liters of fluid. This can disrupt your normal routine, interrupt your sleep cycle, and it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
Medicine as a career has a variety of specializations; but focusing on the branches with more demand that can help you as a future doctor to define your specialty is cardinal
Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina, which may also be called angina pectoris, is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Some people with angina symptoms describe angina as feeling like a vise is squeezing their chest or feeling like a heavy weight has been placed on their chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs evaluation by a doctor, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment
this presentation provides a genuine knowledge on cholesterol positive and negative impact on the proper functioning of your health. Take a look at it. Please Don't forget to leave your comment at the comment session for improvement.
Bryophytes comes from the Greek word “Bryo” meaning “Moss” and “Phyte” meaning “Plant” They are eukaryotic plant-like organism without vascular system. They consist of about 20,000 plant species.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
Lycophytes are believed to be the oldest living lineage of vascular plants. Lycophytes , also known as ‘ferns allies’, are a clade of vascular plants similar to ferns, but have unique leaves called microphylls. Lycophytes contain three orders; lycopodium (club mosses), selaginella (spike mosses) and isoetales (Quillworts)
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
These are the multicellular algae of the kingdom Protista. Phaeophyta are group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the class phaeophyceae in the division chromophyta.
Phylum Cryptophyta describes tiny, motile, unicellular organisms with two slightly unequal flagella bearing lateral hairs. Prymnesiophyta are group of autotrophic, planktonic, binucleated flagellates characterized by the presence of a haptonema
Phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta & Chrysophyta Fasama H. Kollie
Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae commonly referred to as Diatoms.
Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Small phylum of the Kingdom protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae. Many of these organisms exhibit characteristics similar to both plants and animals. organisms of this phylum are also called Euglenozoa, euglenoids, euglenophytes among others.
This is a comprehensive presentation. It will guide you in identifying Euglena.
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
This presentation provides a clear understanding of the physiology of the circulatory system. It focus lies on the division and component of the circulatory system, the three major function of the circulatory system, blood composition, structure of the heart, blood circulation; pulmonary and systemic circuit, valves of the heart, the pathway of blood flow through the heart, the cardiac cycle, pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; systole and diastole, cardiac output, heart sounds among others.
This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Lesson Outline
• An overview of Angiosperms
Selective advantage of flowering plants which has
led to their success
• General Characteristics of Flowering plants
• Reproduction in Angiosperms
• Classification of Angiosperms
• Ecological and Economic Importance
3. Lesson Objectives
By the end of this presentation, learners will be able to:
1. Define, and discuss the term angiosperm
2. Discuss the form of reproduction in these organisms
3. Classify angiosperms
4. Discuss the impacts of these organisms
• Economically and ecologically
4. Overview of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers, fruits and seed; and have
their ovules enclosed in an ovary
• It comes from two Greek words ‘angion’ (container) and ‘Sperma’ (seed)
• The largest and most diverse group in the kingdom Plantae, with 68
orders, 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and about
400,000 species, and make up about 90% of all plant species on earth
• Considered a group, at the level called Anthophyta. Examples include:
Montsechia Vidalii, sunflower, Wolffia etc.
6. Overview Cont’d
Selective advantages of flowering plants which
have led to their success
• Angiosperms’ use of flowers to reproduce
made them more reproductively successful
• The pollination of flowers by animals or bees
in exchange for nectar made angiosperms
more reproductively successful.
• Angiosperms also began to encase their
seeds in fruits, which provide both extra
nourishment and protection for their
offspring
7. Overview cont’d
• Produce flowers and fruits to aid
in seed dispersal
• Can produce spores which are
more stable than seeds from
gymnosperms
• Most importantly, they have
vessels that can escalate their
growth
8. Overview Cont’d
• Some differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms
Characteristics Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Definition Seed-producing flowering
plants whose seeds are
enclosed with an ovary
Seed-producing nonflowering
plants whose seeds are naked
Seeds Enclosed inside an ovary,
usually in a fruit
Bare, not enclosed; found on
scales, leaves, or as cones
Life cycle Seasonal(die during autumn or
fall)
Ever green
Leaves flat Scale-like; needle-like
Reproduction Mostly rely on animals Mostly rely on wind
Uses Medication, food, clothing,
etc.
Paper, timber, etc.
9. Overview Cont’d
• Some similarities between angiosperms and gymnosperms
Both are capable of producing pollen for fertilization, which is
siphonogamous, i.e., through a pollen tube
The sporophyte of both of these varieties is differentiated into
root, stem and leaf
The ovules of both angiosperms and gymnosperms develop
into seeds
The most distinct similarity is the reduced gametophyte phase
of both plants
10. Evolution of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms appeared on earth during
the Cretaceous period.
• Their common ancestor is the
gymnosperms
• The origin and spread of angiosperms
was described as “abominable
mystery” by Charles Darwin
• Gnetophytes and Bennettitales are the
groups of gymnosperms most similar to
angiosperms
11. General Characteristics - Habitat
• Angiosperms are mostly terrestrial
• A few species are aquatic
Thalassia
Zostera
12. General Characteristic Cont’d
Other forms of habitat include:
• Freshwater e.g. Wolffia, Lemna, etc.
• Mesophytes e.g. Sunflower;
mulberry
• Xerophytes e.g. Alhagi, Capparis, etc.
• Succulents e.g. Euphorbia, Opuntia,
etc..
13. General Characteristics Cont’d
• Lithophytes
• Halophytes e.g. Suaeda
• Psammophytes e.g.
Yellow brown Rape
• Some may be found in
marshy habitats e.g.
Rhizophora
14. General Characteristics - Habits
• The habits of a flowering plant can be determined by its height, duration
and nature of stems
• They are of three main types: Wheat
1. Herbs e.g. wheat
2. Shrubs e.g. Jasmine
3. Trees e.g. Dalbergia
Dalbergia
Jasmine
15. General Characteristics Cont’d
• Habits
• Other forms include:
Trailers e.g. Tribulus
Creepers e.g. Grass
Twiners e.g. Ipomoea
Climbers e.g. grape vine
Lianas e.g. hiptage
Epiphytes e.g. Vanda
16. General Characteristics - Morphology
• The branch of biology that deals with the study of the form,
size, and structure of an organism
• Morphologically, angiosperms’ bodies are divided into two
main systems:
1. Root System
2. Shoot System
18. General characteristics cont’d
Types of roots
• In flowering plants, there are three main types of roots, which include:
1. Tap roots
2. Fibrous roots
3. Adventitious roots
Adventitious roots
19. General Characteristics Cont’d
Venation in flowering plants
• The pattern of veins on a leaf
• There are two main types:
1. Parallel venation
2. Reticulate venation Parallel venation
Reticulate venation
20. General Characteristics - Nutrition
• Angiosperms are mostly autotrophic plants, though a few are
heterotrophic
• The heterotrophic angiosperms are of three types:
1. Saprophytes
2. Parasites
3. Insectivores
Arceuthobium americanum
22. General Characteristics Cont’d
Bacterial leaf symbiosis
• a unique and intimate interaction between bacteria and
flowering plants, in which endosymbionts are organized in
specialized leaf structure
• The Burkholderia endosymbionts can be found in 54 plant
species including: Ardisia, Pavetta, Psychotria; Sericanthe
• This interaction can be termed as obligate
24. General Characteristics - Germination
• Three types of germination are
seen in angiosperms
1. Hypogeal Germination
2. Epigeal Germination
3. Viviparous Germination
(Vivipary)
25. General Characteristics - Movement
• Angiosperms exhibit what is called movement of curvature
• Movement restricted only to bending or movement of some
body parts
• It is of two types:
1. Autonomic (spontaneous) movement of curvature
a) Autonomic movement of variation
b) Autonomic movement of growth
2. Paratonic (induced) movement of curvature
a) paratonic movement of growth
b) paratonic movement of variation
27. Reproduction in angiosperms – Sexual
Reproduction
• This involves the production of male and female gametes
• It is the transfer of the male gamete to the female ovule through the
process of pollination
• Unlike bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, angiosperms and
gymnosperms have a larger, photosynthetic and dominant sporophyte
• However, the ovules of flowering plants develop into fruits inside the
ovaries
28. Reproduction Cont’d
Sporophyte and gametophyte stage
compared to gymnosperms
• In angiosperms, the alternation of
generation found in gymnosperms is more
modified and gametophytes are reduced
size and cellular number
• The immature and mature
microgametophytes in angiosperms and
gymnosperms
• The megagametophyte is reduced to much
greater extent
• The presence of Archegonia
29. Reproduction Cont’d
Description of a typical flower
• A typical flower has four main parts or
whorl which include:
1. Calyx
2. Corolla
3. Androecium
4. Gynoecium
30. Reproduction Cont’d
• The calyx is composed of green leafy structures known as sepals. It
protects the inner part of the flower, and is the outer most whorl
• The corolla is comprised of petals which are usually brightly
colored. Its function is to attract insects to the flower
• Together, the calyx and corolla are known as the perianth.
• The number of sepals and petals varies depending on the plant;
whether it is a monocot or a dicot.
31. Reproduction cont’d
• The androecium which is the third part of the flower contains the male
reproductive structure.
• It has stamens with anthers that contain the microsporangia.
• The gynoecium is the inner most part of the flower.
• It contains the female reproductive components.
• The carpel is the individual unit of the gynoecium that has a stigma,
style and ovary
33. Reproduction cont’d
• A flower may be a complete flower or an incomplete flower
• There are two types of flowers in plants
I. The bisexual flower, which contains both the androecium and the
gynoecium. They are complete flowers and can also be referred to
as androgynous or hermaphrodite
II. The unisexual flowers contain the androecium and the
gynoecium on separate flowers. A unisexual flower is an
incomplete flower and can be termed as staminate or carpellate
flower.
34. Reproduction cont’d
• Unisexual flowers are of two types, namely;
a. Monoecious – both staminate and carpellate flowers
borne on the same plant
b. Dioecious – the staminate and carpellate flowers are borne
on separate plants
36. Reproduction cont’d
Development of the ovum in the ovary
• In angiosperms, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and
contains the female reproductive cells
• It has three major parts:
1. The integument
2. The nucellus
3. The female gametophyte
37. Reproduction cont’d
• The integument is a protective cell layer surrounding the ovule. It is
divided into an outer and inner integument. They develop into seed
coat when the ovule matures at fertilization
• The nucellus forms part of the inner structure of the ovule, forming
a layer of diploid (sporophytic) cells inside the integument.
• The female gametophyte is known as the megagametophyte and
can also be termed as the embryo sac in angiosperms.
39. Reproduction cont’d
Development of pollen grain in the
anther
• The male gametophyte develops and
reaches maturity in an immature anther
• In a plant’s male reproductive organ,
development of pollen takes place in a
structure called the microsporangium
• The sporangia, which are usually bi-lobed,
are pollen sacs in which the microspores
develop into pollen grain.
• These are all found in the anther, which is
at the end of the stamen (the long
filaments that support the anther)
42. Reproduction in Angiosperms - Pollination
• The process by which pollen grains are transferred from the
anther to the stigma of flowers
• Pollination can be achieved in either of the two processes:
Autogamy (self-pollination)
Allogamy (cross pollination)
43. Reproduction cont’d
Inbreeding Devices
• These are conditions that favor self-
pollination. They include the following:
Bisexuality e.g. Lilly, Rose, Tulip
Homosexuality
Cleistogamy e.g. peas, peanuts,
etc.
44. Reproduction cont’d
Outbreeding Devices
• This refers to the conditions that favor cross pollination, and
include the following:
Unisexuality e.g. Casta, Papaya, etc.
Dichogamy e.g. Ivy, Plantain, etc.
Self sterility (incompatibility) e.g. tobacco, potato
Herkogamy e.g. pansy
Heterostyly e.g. primula, Jasmine
50. Life Cycle of a Typical Flowering Plant
• Like gymnosperms, the lifecycle of a typical angiosperm is
heterosporous
• They carry out a unique process known as double
fertilization
• Before this process can occur, the ovule has to undergo
some changes
52. Life Span of a Flowering Plant
• Life span is the time taken by an organism
to complete its lifecycle
• On the basis of their lifespan, plants are of
four types, which include:
Ephemerals e.g. Anagalis arvensis
Annuals e.g. maize, wheat, etc.
Biennials e.g. henbane, Radish, carrot,
etc.
Perennials e.g. Bamboos, agave,
cotton, etc.
53. Classification of angiosperms
• The phylum Anthophyta has been historically and
typically divided into two main classes:
1. Monocot
2. Dicots
However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the
phylum consists of four main groups:
1. Basal angiosperms
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
4. Eudicots
54. Classification cont’d
Basal Angiosperms
• Consist of several families of woody shrubs and
herbs
• They are a broad group of the most primitive
angiosperms, and they constitute about 0.5% of
all living angiosperm species.
• The extinct ancestors of basal angiosperms are
thought to include the first angiosperms which
gave rise to all others.
• Are mostly woody plants
• Flowers are insect pollinated, bisexual and
radially symmetrical
55. Classification cont’d
Magnoliids
• Magnoliids are a monophyletic group
of about 20 families
• Along with basal angiosperms, they
are some times loosely referred to as
Paleoherbs (ancient herbs)
• The magnoliids constitute about 2.5%
of living angiosperms species
• Living groups of magnoliids include
both woody and herbaceous plants
56. Classification cont’d
Magnoliids
• They have spiral arrangement of flower parts
• Their carpels are sealed by cells
• Stigma sometimes extends down the carpel
• Pollen grain with a single opening
• Netted leaves venation
• Tap root system
• Two cotyledons
57. Classification cont’d
Monocots
• Plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves)
• the monocots have pollen grain with one
opening
• Their leaves have parallel venation
• They have scattered vascular bundles
• Fibrous root system
• Carpels sealed by cells
• Whorled arrangement of floral parts
58. Classification cont’d
• Dicots
• The dicotyledons are one of the
two groups into which all the
flowering plants or angiosperms
were formerly divided
• They are also known as dicotyls
• The name refers to one of the
typical characteristics of the group,
i.e. the seed has two embryonic
leaves
• There were about 200,000 known
species within this group
Structure of a dicot seed
59. Classification cont’d
Dicots
• Dicots roots generally have a distinct tap
root with a few major lateral branches
• The roots are seldom fibrous as they are
in monocots
• the vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
are arranged in a ring closed to the
outside of the stems
60. Classification cont’d
Eudicots
• Eudicots are a hugely diverse and abundant
group of flowering plants
• Commonly known as “true dicots”.
• They constitute about 69% of angiosperm
species
• This group contains 150,000 species and
approximately 319 families
61. Classification cont’d
Eudicots
• they have net-veined leaves (venation)
• Flower parts usually in multiples of four or
five
• Contain embryo with two cotyledons
• Vascular bundles arranged in a ring in
stem
• Consist of tricolpate pollen
62. Classification cont’d
Eudicots:
• The class is divided into two groups namely;
Basal eudicots
Ranunculales
Protales
Core eudicots
Rosids
Asterids
Carophyllids
63. Economic and Ecological Importance
• Human source of food,
nutrients, income, etc.
• Used as food and habitat for
wildlife
• Used for decoration
64. Economic and Ecological Importance
• Angiosperms are also used in the
production of medicine
• Some plants that can be used for
medical purposes are:
Sunflower – (controls high blood
pressure and ensures healthy skin)
Milk thistle - (used to treat liver
problems and treatment of
cancer)
Marigold - (used in treating
immune response and stomach
pains)
65. Summary
• Angiosperms are the most dominant form of plant in most terrestrial
ecosystem, comprising about 80% of all plant species.
• Most crops and ornamental plants are angiosperms.
• Their success comes from two innovative structures that protect
reproduction from variability in the environment: the flower and the fruit.
• The plant body can be differentiated into roots, stems and leaves, divided
into the root and shoot system
• Roots, stems, and leaves are vegetative organs, whereas flowers, fruits and
seeds are reproductive organs.
• Flowering plants mode of nutrition may be autotrophic, heterotrophic-
parasitic, saprophytic, or insectivorous.
• Germination in angiosperms may be epigeal, hypogeal, or viviparous.
• Their movement involves moving a body part primarily or permanently in
response to externally or internal stimulus.
• Angiosperms are economically important in decoration, papers production,
medication, etc.
66. Reference
• Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, Copyright 2004
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301
Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111
• https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/floweringplantsquizlet.com
• https://www.evoluntionaryedges.weebly.com/floweringplants
• https://science.jrank.org/pages/2761
• http://www.biologydiscussion.com/seed/germination/seed-
germination-types-with-diagram/15789
• http://leavingbio.net/structure-flowering-plants/
• https://www.cropsreview.com/plant-root-system.html
• https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-parallel-and-
reticulate-venation.html
• http://www.biologydiscussion.com/angiosperms/angiosperms-size-
habit-and-life-span-plants/70030
• https://en.m.wikipedia.orginal.org
67. “How you respond to the challenge in
the second half will determine what
you become after the game, whether
you are a winner or a loser”
Lou Holtz
“The power to become a winner or to
remain a loser lies within you, so
choose what you want to be”
Martin M. N. Forkaph
68. Group Ten (10) Members
Abigail D. Telyon Deborah W. Nurse
Mary A. Tajudee Richlyne G. Kermue
Gonee O. Mulbah Martin M. N. Forkpah